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AP Psychology Exam Review
AP Psychology Exam Review
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A basic review over all material covered in Units 1-14 in AP Psychology..
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1
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
remain in continuous wakefulness
become fearful/cautious
become aggressive
remain in continuous sleep
2
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
a sedative
a hallucinogen
an amphetamine
a narcotic
3
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
the internal state causes the facial expression
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
4
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
beta
alpha
delta
gamma
5
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
conformity
obedience
cognitive dissonance
groupthink
6
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
fill-feed
car-nose
tree-bird
boat-goat
7
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
content
absolute
construct
criterion-related
8
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
unrealistic demands from family/friends
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
9
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
he's just like his father
he always gets in fights
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
10
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
the semantic level of encoding
dyadic encoding
the triarchic level of encoding
attention encoding
11
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
pseudoinsomnia
narcolepsy
sleep apnea
insomnia
12
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
endocrine system
limbic system
reticular formation
leftbrain/right brain communication
13
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
censoring dissent from group members
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
14
Framing refers to...
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
presenting only part of the information required
presenting irrelevant information
15
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
social loafing
conformity
deindividuation
group polarization
16
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
attachment probing
strange situation
secure-avoidant
shared inhibition
17
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
centration
reversibility
egocentrism
conservation
18
The superego is Freud's term for...
the moral component of personality
the mediating agent between the id and ego
the conscious aspect of personality
the biological impulses that drive behavior
19
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
personality; standardized
standardized; intelligence
intelligence; standardized
intelligence; personality
20
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
medulla
hypothalamus
prefrontal cortex
occipital cortex
21
Homeostasis is a state of...
physiological instability
psychological instability
psychological stability
physiological stability
22
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
schema
script
chunk
semantic network
23
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
morphemic
mnemonic
phonemic
platonic
24
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
cortex
thalamus
location of injury
spinal cord
25
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
bipolar disorder
anxiety disorders
marital problems
schizophrenia
26
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
intelligence
creativity
reasoning
insight
27
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
complete storage failure
partial storage
partial retrieval
complete retrieval failure
28
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
hypnosis
sensation
perception
consciousness
29
A valid test is one that...
is reliable
is consistent
measures what it is supposed to measure
has been standardized but not normed
30
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
pathogens
prenatals
opiates
teratogens
31
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
high in neuroticism
low in extraversion
low in openness
high in agreeableness
32
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
hallucinations
reduction of inhibitions
total loss of personal control
resistance to pain
33
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
cannabis
narcotics
alcohol
sedatives
34
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
use the elimination by aspects strategy
are using the representativeness heuristic
use a holistic decision model
are using the availability heuristic
35
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
a headache
not really been asleep
not been dreaming
been dreaming
36
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
behavioral quality
attachment
personality
temperament
37
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
the principle of collectivism
the law of cognitive dissonance
the reciprocity norm
display rules
38
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
industry vs. inferiority
trust vs. mistrust
initiative vs. guilt
39
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
a superimposed stimulus
a false alarm
a just noticeable difference
subliminal perception
40
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
computerized tomography
electrographic tomography
positron emission tomography
magnetic resonance imaging
41
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
questionnaires
physiological recordings
psychological tests
direct observation
42
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
hearing a sound
seeing a flash of light
moving a part of his body
smelling an odor
43
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
an external attribution
a situational attribution
an internal attribution
a distinctive attribution
44
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
representativeness
consistency
predictability
accuracy of inference
45
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
reinforcement
observational learning
46
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
were put into a simulated prison
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
47
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
hypothalamus
corpus callosum
medulla
cerebral cortex
48
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
conjunction heuristic
availability heuristic
law of small numbers
representativeness heuristic
49
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
unconditioning
conditioned forgetting
spontaneous remission
extinction
50
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
predictive validity
criterion-related validity
content validity
standardized validity
51
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
long-term
sensory
short-term
intermediate-term
52
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
the cephalopedal trend
the cephalocaudal trend
encephalitis
the proximodistal trend
53
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
attributions
stereotypes
self-serving bias
prejudices
54
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
acetylcholine
endorphin
dopamine
serotonin
55
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
instinct theory
drive theory
evolutionary theory
incentive theory
56
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
efferent nerves
afferent nerves
sympathetic nerves
autonomic nerves
57
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
sequential
cross-sectional
longitundinal
time of testing
58
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
brightness
light purity
saturation
color
59
What is cognitive dissonance?
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
60
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
avoidance therapy
aversion therapy
psychotherapy
systematic desensitization
61
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
conversion disorder
bipolar disorder
panic disorder
fugue
62
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
mentalism
cognition
intelligence
introspection
63
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
genital
oral
latency
anal
64
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
an aptitude test
a personality test
an achievement test
an intelligence test
65
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
group differences in basic intelligence
genetic influences on IQ
changes in testing procedures
a variety of environmental factors
66
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
None of the Above
problem-solving theory
wish fulfillment theory
activation-synthesis theory
67
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
stirrup
temporal lobe
cochlea
oval window
68
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
pituitary
thyroid
thalamus
gonads
69
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
a potential score
IQ
a percentile score
mental age
70
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
illusions
obsessions
delusions
hallucinations
71
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
avoidance
neurogenic amnesia
suppression
repression
72
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
an approach-approach conflict
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
a risk-aversion conflict
an approach-avoidance conflict
73
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a projective test
a deceptive test
a self-report inventory
a behavior rating
74
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
retrieved
modeled
ablated
encoded
75
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the experimental group
the correlational group
the control group
the observational group
76
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
mechanical
logical-mathemathical
spatial
musical
77
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
thalamus
pineal gland
corpus callosum
parietal lobe
78
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
behavior
the unconscious
the brain
conscious experience
79
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test norms
test levels
test scores
test scales
80
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
poor police protection
crowded living conditions
job discrimination experienced by the residents
the personal qualities of the residents
81
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
exposure to light
amount of time alseep
amount of time awake
cultural practices
82
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
behavior is to motive
thought is to perception
feeling is to thinking
attitude is to action
83
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
conditioned emotional reactions
stimulus discrimination
spontaneous recovery
stimulus generalization
84
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
tone
light
food/meat powder
salivation
85
According to the medical model...
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
86
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
ESB
stereotaxic inversion
tumor ligation
lesioning
87
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a forensic psychologist
a developmental psychologist
a social psychologist
a clinical psychologist
88
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
development of secondary sex characteristics
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
formal operations
post-conventional moral reasoning
89
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
Rene Decartes
G. Stanley Hall
William James
Wilhelm Wundt
90
What is somnambulism?
sleep-walking
sleep-talking
difficulty breathing when asleep
difficulty remaining asleep
91
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
classical conditioning
observational learning
positive reinforcement
superstitious behavior
92
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
loud noise
rabbit
rat
fear reaction
93
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
a continuous reinforcement schedule
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
94
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
the endocrine system
the autonomic nervous system
feeding
memory
95
An antagonist...
extends the absolute refractory period
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
96
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
irrational thoughts
maladaptive behaviors
the conscious
the unconscious
97
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
pseudoforgetting
retrograde amnesia
anterograde amnesia
retroactive interference
98
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
mode
median
mean
midpoint
99
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
demonstrates an illusory correlation
a self-serving attribution
a heuristic observation
a contravened stereotype
100
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
behaviorism
functionalism
psychoanalysis
neodynamism
101
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
similiarity
symmetry
closure
constancy
102
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
classical conditioning
state-dependent learning
operant conditioning
observational learning
103
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
psychoanalytic
cognitive
humanistic
behavioral
104
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
escape learning
avoidance learning
positive reinforcement
an unconditioned response
105
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
latent learning
insight learning
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
106
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
loudness
timbre
pitch
decibels
107
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
antagonists
neurotransmitters
action potentials
agonists
108
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
sensation
processing
perception
attention
109
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
concrete
postconventional
preconventional
conventional
110
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
cultural direction
stereotypes
schematizing
cognitive structuring
111
Negative reinforcement involves...
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
112
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
gustatory bulbs
sciatic receptors
smell buds
olfactory cilia
113
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
syntax
morphemes
linguistic heuristics
phonemes
114
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
fear the dark
tie shoe laces
print letters
sing a song
115
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
happiness
surprise
sadness
fear
116
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
standard deviation
means
percentiles
correlation coefficients
117
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
reiteration
relearning
recall
recognition
118
The function of sensory memory is to...
hold information for a lifetime
put information into long-term memory
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
119
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
offense mechanisms
defense mechanisms
coping mechanisms
id mechanisms
120
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
functionalism
attributionism
individualism
collectivism
121
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
a compulsion
a delusion
an obsession
a phobia
122
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
investment differentiations
social scripts
parental investments
display rules
123
Anhedonia is when a person...
has difficulty experiencing pleasure
has trouble getting along with people
has two different psychological disorders
experiences mild manic states
124
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender roles
gender stereotypes
gender behaviors
gender differences
125
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
episodic
fluid
procedural
crystallized
126
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
abstract operations
physical interaction
systematic hypothesis testing
logical reasoning
127
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
selection
step-wise conditioning
stimulus discrimination
shaping
128
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
thyroid gland
sebaceous gland
pituitary gland
pancreas
129
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
limbic system
cerebellum
reticular formation
brainstem
130
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
observational learning
punishment
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
131
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
unipolar
bipolar
dissociative
cyclical
132
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
i wanted a cookie
I eated a cookie
cookie
give cookie
133
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
lens
cornea
iris
vitreous humor
134
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
non-declarative memories
episodic memories
flashbulb memories
sensory memories
135
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Wernicke's area
Cannon's area
Broca's area
Sperry's area
136
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
subliminal threshold
sensory memory
just noticeable difference
absolute threshold
137
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
frustration
conflict
change
pressure
138
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
the conjunction fallacy
the gambler's fallacy
the confirmation bias
overestimating the improbable
139
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
heroin
marijuana
cocaine
mescaline
140
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
the relative threshold period
transduction incapacity
the absolute refractory period
transduction capacity
141
A perceptual set implies that...
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
people often see what they expect to see
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
142
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
fixed-ratio schedule
fixed-interval schedule
variable-ratio schedule
variable-interval schedule
143
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
stage 1
REM
stage 2
stage 4
144
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
halo effect in aggression
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
basis for performing pro-social behavior
145
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
excessive guilt
aggressiveness
social charm
manipulative behavior
146
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
lateral processing
bottom-up processing
bottom-to-top processing
top-down processing
147
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
compensation
displacement
regression
fixation
148
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
mood
personality
anxiety
schizophrenic
149
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
fast-mapping
semantic slanting
metalinguistic awareness
overextension
150
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
independently of autonomic arousal
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
before autonomic arousal
after autonomic arousal
