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Krista Version Duplicate of 2006PSY Week 9 - Language Flashcards | StudBud
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Krista Version Duplicate of 2006PSY Week 9 - Language
Krista Version Duplicate of 2006PSY Week 9 - Language
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1
Which is NOT a function of language?
Social learning
Thinking
Social interaction
Communication
2
Problems facing the perceptual system in regards to speech include...
Segmentation is difficult
All of the above
Background noise
Language is spoken rapidly
3
Techniques used to help complex process of discourse include...
Real world knowledge and Schemas
Parsing
Parentheticals
4
What are some things that assist us build appropriate schema or background knowledge?
Less text
Pictures and Titles
More text
5
What is meant by speech planning at the clause level?
Plan the group of words within the phrase that contain the subject only
Plan the group of words within the phrase that contain the subject and verb
Plan the group of words within the phrase that contain the object only
The expression of an idea using the present-progressive within a clause
6
Research has clearly shown that we read in a serial, as opposed to a parallel, manner when reading.
True
False
7
Syntactic priming is...
Tendency for speaker's sentence to copy structure of a prior sentence
An archaic strategy of sentence formation which denotes formality
The manipulation of another's speech patterns through verbal correction
A tactically formulated, synthetic sentence, which forms its own logic
8
Spreading activation theory = information about several words activated at same time, can have facilitation effect
False
True
9
Of the word pairs presented in rapid succession by Barrs et al. (1975), "deep cot" led to the most frequent errors
False
True
10
Viggliocco and Hartsuiker (2002) estimate that the average person makes a speech error once every 1,000 words.
False
True
11
When cognitive load is low, we plan our sentences the most.
No
Yes
Maybe
So
12
What is meant by speech planning at the phrase level?
We plan the group of words that express an idea
We plan the words within the phrase that contain the subject and verb
We plan the independent and the dependent clauses that express an idea
We plan the group of sentences that express an idea
13
Phonology refers to...
Pronunciation
Diction
Fission
Annunciation
14
In testing activation of orthographic information, the lexical decision task showed...
Faster performance when a word's phonology differed from its orthography
Slower performance when a word's phonology differed from its orthography
I don't remember what phonology and orthography mean
All words uttered (performed) at roughly the same rate
15
Fast speakers tend to plan more than slow speakers, thus making them faster
True
False
16
There are no individual differences in the number and nature of errors made when speaking
False
True
17
Spreading activation refers to...
If activation of the incorrect item is higher than the correct item = error
The expansion of an idea into a coherent explanation
The generation of synymous words at an increasing rate
18
Which sentence would demonstrate syntactic priming?
The practice exam is done
The exam was finished
19
‘Tuning in’ to the phonemes of our native language begins from about the first year of life
False
True
20
One of two categories of speech errors include...
Inhibitory
Adultery
Anticipatory
21
Presenting words that share the first syllable with the correct word is one strategy to mitigate tip-of-the tongue
False
True
22
Average reading rate (200-300 words per minute) is slower than speech perception.
True
False
23
If the word "candid" was on the tip-of-my tongue, which of the following words would help me remember it?
honest
cantankerous
Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch
antidisestablishmentarianism
24
Expert speakers plan ahead less than non-expert speakers (anticipatory)
True
False
25
The trace model (of speech perception) assumes three processing units or nodes at three different levels:
Features of the sounds of words
All of the above
Features of phonemes
Features of words
26
Listeners with high inhibitory control and ASD are less likely to ignore/have difficulty with common ground
True
False
27
What is a challenge for parsers (readers and listeners)?
The degree to which grammatical rules are agreed upon
Personal understanding of grammar
How archaic or novel one's language use is
Ambiguity of meaning in a sentence
28
Lexical Bias Effect refers to...
If speech errors are made, it is common that we substitute nonwords
We have words we know and hate to use above all else
We have words we know and like to use above all else
Even if speech errors are made, it is rare that we substitute nonwords
29
Complex sentences are planned more than simple ones
False
True
30
Why does "deep cot" induce the most errors?
It is the funniest sounding word combination
Via spreading activation, it has the most possible word alternatives
It creates a vivid image in participants' minds that can be confronting
It was presented more rapidly than the other word combinations in the test
31
Languages most often use between 20-50 phonemes
True
False
32
Orthography refers to...
Orientation
Spelling
Writing style
Listening techniques
33
How are morphologically complex words (e.g., undrinkable) pronounced and understood?
These words are stored in a mental lexicon or assembled "on the spot"
Complex words draw our attention and greater concentration
Mental images are used to make sense of derivations
It is still unknown why and how these words are understood
34
Spreading activation level - Phonological
Commiseration
Annunciation
Renunciation
Pronunciation
35
Which of the following is a function of language?
Expressing indignation
Expressing identity
36
"The ball moves above the tree and the finger"
Simple
Complex
Incorrect
37
Spreading activation level - Syntactic
Gemination
Grammar, structural outline
System of word creation/formation
Nonverbal communication structures
38
Mixed-error Effect refers to...
"I thought there would still be some cookies left but there CAN."
Incorrect word related to correct word both semantically and phonemically
Incorrect word unrelated to correct word both semantically and phonemically
39
What do sound exchange errors reveal about planning?
The results are inconclusive
Humans are not plans of fanning
sounds of words are potentially only planned shortly in advance
40
Which is NOT a function of language...part #2
expressing emotions
recording information
Pretending to be animals
Pretending to be human
41
Read the below words, which one is formed by derivation?
de-riv-a-tion
Whole-hearted-ly
Super-cali-fragi-listic-expi-ali-do-cious
42
Regression (i.e., going back) in the text accounts for 10% of saccades
False
True
43
Rapid saccades across text are separated by periods of fixation. It is in this fixation that...
The brain takes in what has been received during saccadic activity
The eyes become blind to the text momentarily
The eyes actually extract information from the text (reading)
The eyes take in the text as a whole
44
According to Pickering and Ferreira (2008), we are mostly conscious of syntactic priming.
True
False
45
“Syntactic traffic cop” do what?
Help us from inadvertently sounding like stereotypical Australians
Inhibits words not belonging (syntactically or grammatically)
Are the cause of the stuttering phenomenon
46
Semantic substitutions refer to...
"Where is my fruit bat?"
“Where is my tennis bat?”
Unrelated words change the intended meaning of the sentence
47
What factors contribute to reading speed?
Individual differences
Speed can be predicated on one's reason for reading in the first place
All of the above
Ease/readability of text
48
Word exchange errors =
"Here; the damp smell of the air."
"The air in here smells damp."
“The damp in here smells air."
"Air here: damp in smell."
49
In their experiment on speech rate, Ferriera and Swets(2002) found...
(Math) task difficulty affected time to start speaking but not time to say
Speakers do not do as much planning as possible prior to speaking
Task type affected the rate of speaking
(Word) task difficulty affected time to start speaking and finish speaking
50
Other influences on word processing speed include...
Word length
Age of acquisition
Context effects (faster if word matches context of sentence semantically)
All of the above
51
Common ground refers to...
The most common spaces we gather to speak and use pragmatics
Extent knowledge and beliefs are shared between speaker and listener
A euphemism for pragmatic-house
Space for the commoners to grovel
52
What do word exchange errors reveal about planning?
We plan our words early, perhaps clause-by-clause
We do not make daily efforts to speak in conscious interactions
We pick each word as it is necessary, but make mistakes when stressed
We do not make conscious efforts to speak in daily interactions
53
Readers fixate around 80% on ________
Function words (e.g., articles, prepositions)
Content words (e.g., nouns, verbs)
Content words (e.g., bird, fly)
54
A major listening difficulty was established by Mattys et al. (2009)?
Informational masking (top-down)
Stimulus masking (bottom-up)
Semantic masking (top-down)
55
In solving ambiguities in a sentence, other theories argue...
Ambiguities are subjective and can't necessarily measured
We use all sources of information - syntactic, semantic, world knowledge
56
Sentence parsing
refers to our understanding of how words are combined in a sentence (i.e., grammatical structure)
True
False
57
Focusing on planning increases cognitive load, however failing to plan leads to mistakes.
False
True
58
Bertram and Hyona (2003) proposed...
High frequency words are more likely to part of the mental lexicon
All of the above
Short words are more likely to be part of the mental lexicon
Difficult polymorphemic words (e.g., honeymoon) more likely to be stored
59
Egocentric Heuristic refers to...
Considering one's own opinion before listening to the speaker
Thinking/understanding speaker based on what one wants to hear
Listeners rely solely on their own knowledge to interpret speaker
60
Does this picture refer to the distributed cohort model? Discuss what this image represents.
False
True
61
Typically, we speak at a rate of...
200-300 words per minute
150-200 words per minute
750-1000 words per minute
55-125 words per minute
62
How are humans generally faster at reading than perceiving speech?
Words in written form (at least in English) are separated by a space
Faster reading ability only applies to introverted personalities
We don't have to pretend to be interested in what we are reading
63
Spreading activation level - Semantic
Abstract representation of ideas
Concrete description of meaning
Concrete representation of ideas
Abstract description of meaning
64
Spatial and temporal information on reading refers to...
Where people look and with whom they look
Where people look and how angrily they look
Where people look and why they look
Where people look and when they look
65
Pragmatics = we use context and other information to comprehend sentences correctly.
False
True
66
Dell (1986) argued we make speech errors due to narrowing activation
False
True
67
Spreading activation level - morphological
Spelling
Vocabulary
Sounds
Concrete ideas
68
The sound represented by the letter /t/ is an example of a phoneme
True
False
69
Tip-of-the-tongue state
Idea or concept in mind but can’t find the correct word to express it
If you get this wrong you will bring dishonour to your pet
70
Findings suggest complex sentences are planned at the phrase level, taking longer to form in our minds
True
False
71
In solving ambiguities in a sentence, Garden path theory argues...
Semantic information is ignored (left to grow) until meaning is revealed
We use it to do thing with that
"Students cook and serve grandparents" LMAO
We apply semantic information to deal with misinterpretations
72
Facilitation effect is exhibited when a picture of an arm is presented beside a picture of dog but not a picture of art.
True
False
73
Number-agreement errors refer to...
Grammatical errors involving singular and plural structures
Purposely stating an incorrect number to denote emphasis
"I've told you that a thousand times already."
74
What is a phoneme?
Meaningful words in a spoken language
Meaningful sounds in a spoken language
Meaningful errors in a spoken language
Meaningful phenotypes in a spoken language
75
Confusion in solving ambiguities may occur when the incorrect syntactic structure is activated more than the correct one
True
False
76
Strategies to to reduce processing demands include...
Preformulation and Underspecification
Overspecification – typically via nouns and proper nouns
Prefabrication – typically via word contractors
77
Instead of a hard-and-fast rule about the amount of planning we do pre-speech, we actually have some flexibility.
True
False
78
Low cognitive load = more planning of sentences
False
True
79
Word frequency effect refers to...
Words on the same frequency are grouped in our minds for efficiency
If a word appears less frequently we recognise it faster (sore thumb)
Words that we are more familiar with being recognised faster
The sound frequency of a word dictates how well and how fast we hear it
80
Models of Speech Perception - Psychologists may use computational models to simulate speech perception processes
False
True
81
a main finding of Mattys et al. (2009)?
Bottom-up, but not top-down, processing is used in speech perception
Both types of masking impaired task (listening) performance
Neither types of masking impaired task (listening) performance
82
Syntactic priming is NOT a method of reducing speech load.
False
True
83
The letter /t/ can represents the same phoneme(s) regardless of the language
True
False
84
“The ball and the tree move above the finger”
Karmaşık
Complex
Złożony
Complicado
85
What makes tip-of-the tongue happen?
Phonological processing successful but predicate is not formed correctly
Semantic processing successful but agglutination unsuccessful
Phonological processing successful but semantic processing unsuccessful
Semantic processing successful but phonological processing unsuccessful
86
Sound exchange errors (spoonerisms) =
"Don't dold dack."
“Don’t bold hack.”
"Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet"
"Ton'd dolb kach."
