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Duplicate of AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
Duplicate of AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
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A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.
Flashcards
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Questions
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Answers
1
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
the principle of collectivism
display rules
the reciprocity norm
the law of cognitive dissonance
2
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
action potentials
neurotransmitters
agonists
antagonists
3
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
bipolar
unipolar
cyclical
dissociative
4
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
problem-solving theory
None of the Above
wish fulfillment theory
activation-synthesis theory
5
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
behavioral
humanistic
psychoanalytic
cognitive
6
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
cognitive dissonance
conformity
obedience
groupthink
7
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
excessive guilt
manipulative behavior
social charm
aggressiveness
8
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
bottom-up processing
bottom-to-top processing
lateral processing
top-down processing
9
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
partial retrieval
partial storage
complete retrieval failure
complete storage failure
10
Negative reinforcement involves...
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
11
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
symmetry
constancy
similiarity
closure
12
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
overextension
semantic slanting
metalinguistic awareness
fast-mapping
13
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
aversion therapy
systematic desensitization
psychotherapy
avoidance therapy
14
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
sensory
intermediate-term
short-term
long-term
15
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
a distinctive attribution
a situational attribution
an internal attribution
an external attribution
16
A valid test is one that...
measures what it is supposed to measure
is consistent
has been standardized but not normed
is reliable
17
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
a headache
been dreaming
not really been asleep
not been dreaming
18
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
midpoint
mean
mode
median
19
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
script
chunk
schema
semantic network
20
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
availability heuristic
representativeness heuristic
conjunction heuristic
law of small numbers
21
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
are using the availability heuristic
use the elimination by aspects strategy
use a holistic decision model
are using the representativeness heuristic
22
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
crowded living conditions
poor police protection
the personal qualities of the residents
job discrimination experienced by the residents
23
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
low in openness
low in extraversion
high in neuroticism
high in agreeableness
24
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
platonic
mnemonic
phonemic
morphemic
25
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
leftbrain/right brain communication
reticular formation
limbic system
endocrine system
26
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
sing a song
tie shoe laces
fear the dark
print letters
27
A perceptual set implies that...
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
people often see what they expect to see
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
28
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
longitundinal
sequential
time of testing
cross-sectional
29
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
pitch
decibels
timbre
loudness
30
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
a variety of environmental factors
changes in testing procedures
genetic influences on IQ
group differences in basic intelligence
31
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
personality
attachment
behavioral quality
temperament
32
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
standard deviation
means
correlation coefficients
percentiles
33
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
fear reaction
rat
rabbit
loud noise
34
Framing refers to...
presenting only part of the information required
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
presenting irrelevant information
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
35
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
observational learning
punishment
36
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
cornea
lens
iris
vitreous humor
37
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
obsessions
hallucinations
delusions
illusions
38
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
offense mechanisms
defense mechanisms
coping mechanisms
id mechanisms
39
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
cannabis
narcotics
alcohol
sedatives
40
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
creativity
intelligence
reasoning
insight
41
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
positron emission tomography
computerized tomography
magnetic resonance imaging
electrographic tomography
42
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
recognition
recall
relearning
reiteration
43
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the correlational group
the control group
the observational group
the experimental group
44
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
conformity
social loafing
deindividuation
group polarization
45
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
memory
the endocrine system
the autonomic nervous system
feeding
46
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
instinct theory
incentive theory
evolutionary theory
drive theory
47
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
were put into a simulated prison
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
48
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
hypothalamus
corpus callosum
medulla
cerebral cortex
49
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
cognition
introspection
intelligence
mentalism
50
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
an approach-avoidance conflict
a risk-aversion conflict
an approach-approach conflict
51
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
strange situation
secure-avoidant
attachment probing
shared inhibition
52
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
episodic
fluid
crystallized
procedural
53
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
behavior
conscious experience
the unconscious
the brain
54
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
food/meat powder
light
salivation
tone
55
Homeostasis is a state of...
physiological stability
psychological stability
psychological instability
physiological instability
56
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
give cookie
i wanted a cookie
cookie
I eated a cookie
57
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
postconventional
concrete
conventional
preconventional
58
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
reticular formation
cerebellum
limbic system
brainstem
59
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
sensory memories
non-declarative memories
flashbulb memories
episodic memories
60
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Cannon's area
Broca's area
Sperry's area
Wernicke's area
61
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
cognitive structuring
stereotypes
schematizing
cultural direction
62
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
acetylcholine
serotonin
dopamine
endorphin
63
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
change
frustration
pressure
conflict
64
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
reinforcement
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
observational learning
65
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
industry vs. inferiority
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
trust vs. mistrust
initiative vs. guilt
66
The superego is Freud's term for...
the moral component of personality
the conscious aspect of personality
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the mediating agent between the id and ego
67
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
genital
oral
anal
latency
68
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a self-report inventory
a deceptive test
a projective test
a behavior rating
69
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
conditioned forgetting
unconditioning
extinction
spontaneous remission
70
What is somnambulism?
sleep-talking
sleep-walking
difficulty remaining asleep
difficulty breathing when asleep
71
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
William James
Rene Decartes
G. Stanley Hall
Wilhelm Wundt
72
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
behavior is to motive
attitude is to action
feeling is to thinking
thought is to perception
73
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
schizophrenia
anxiety disorders
bipolar disorder
marital problems
74
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
efferent nerves
autonomic nerves
afferent nerves
sympathetic nerves
75
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
thalamus
pineal gland
parietal lobe
corpus callosum
76
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
fixed-ratio schedule
variable-interval schedule
fixed-interval schedule
variable-ratio schedule
77
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
an amphetamine
a hallucinogen
a sedative
a narcotic
78
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
light purity
color
saturation
brightness
79
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
narcolepsy
insomnia
pseudoinsomnia
sleep apnea
80
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
the cephalopedal trend
encephalitis
the proximodistal trend
the cephalocaudal trend
81
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
mechanical
musical
spatial
logical-mathemathical
82
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
pituitary gland
pancreas
sebaceous gland
thyroid gland
83
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
transduction incapacity
transduction capacity
the relative threshold period
the absolute refractory period
84
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
consciousness
perception
sensation
hypnosis
85
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
a continuous reinforcement schedule
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
86
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
latent learning
insight learning
87
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
ESB
lesioning
tumor ligation
stereotaxic inversion
88
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
sciatic receptors
smell buds
olfactory cilia
gustatory bulbs
89
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
a false alarm
a superimposed stimulus
a just noticeable difference
subliminal perception
90
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
overestimating the improbable
the confirmation bias
the conjunction fallacy
the gambler's fallacy
91
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
hypothalamus
prefrontal cortex
medulla
occipital cortex
92
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
an obsession
a compulsion
a delusion
a phobia
93
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
egocentrism
centration
reversibility
conservation
94
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
linguistic heuristics
syntax
morphemes
phonemes
95
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
censoring dissent from group members
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
96
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
temporal lobe
oval window
stirrup
cochlea
97
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
hallucinations
total loss of personal control
resistance to pain
reduction of inhibitions
98
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
the internal state causes the facial expression
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
99
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
formal operations
post-conventional moral reasoning
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
development of secondary sex characteristics
100
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
surprise
happiness
sadness
fear
101
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
regression
fixation
displacement
compensation
102
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
hearing a sound
seeing a flash of light
moving a part of his body
smelling an odor
103
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
processing
attention
sensation
perception
104
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
teratogens
prenatals
pathogens
opiates
105
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
stereotypes
self-serving bias
attributions
prejudices
106
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
standardized; intelligence
personality; standardized
intelligence; standardized
intelligence; personality
107
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
remain in continuous sleep
become fearful/cautious
become aggressive
remain in continuous wakefulness
108
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
superstitious behavior
classical conditioning
positive reinforcement
observational learning
109
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
predictive validity
content validity
standardized validity
criterion-related validity
110
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
selection
step-wise conditioning
shaping
stimulus discrimination
111
According to the medical model...
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
112
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
stimulus discrimination
spontaneous recovery
stimulus generalization
conditioned emotional reactions
113
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
bipolar disorder
conversion disorder
panic disorder
fugue
114
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
a personality test
an aptitude test
an intelligence test
an achievement test
115
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
physical interaction
abstract operations
systematic hypothesis testing
logical reasoning
116
An antagonist...
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
extends the absolute refractory period
117
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
the semantic level of encoding
the triarchic level of encoding
attention encoding
dyadic encoding
118
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
IQ
mental age
a percentile score
a potential score
119
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
attributionism
collectivism
functionalism
individualism
120
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test scores
test norms
test levels
test scales
121
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
gonads
thalamus
thyroid
pituitary
122
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a social psychologist
a developmental psychologist
a clinical psychologist
a forensic psychologist
123
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
construct
content
criterion-related
absolute
124
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
unrealistic demands from family/friends
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
125
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
the unconscious
maladaptive behaviors
the conscious
irrational thoughts
126
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
REM
stage 1
stage 4
stage 2
127
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
tree-bird
car-nose
fill-feed
boat-goat
128
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
parental investments
social scripts
investment differentiations
display rules
129
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
physiological recordings
direct observation
psychological tests
questionnaires
130
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
classical conditioning
state-dependent learning
operant conditioning
observational learning
131
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
retrograde amnesia
anterograde amnesia
retroactive interference
pseudoforgetting
132
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
location of injury
spinal cord
thalamus
cortex
133
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
before autonomic arousal
after autonomic arousal
independently of autonomic arousal
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
134
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
demonstrates an illusory correlation
a heuristic observation
a self-serving attribution
a contravened stereotype
135
Anhedonia is when a person...
has two different psychological disorders
has difficulty experiencing pleasure
has trouble getting along with people
experiences mild manic states
136
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
representativeness
accuracy of inference
predictability
consistency
137
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
halo effect in aggression
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
basis for performing pro-social behavior
138
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
exposure to light
amount of time awake
amount of time alseep
cultural practices
139
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
repression
neurogenic amnesia
avoidance
suppression
140
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender stereotypes
gender differences
gender roles
gender behaviors
141
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
absolute threshold
sensory memory
just noticeable difference
subliminal threshold
142
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
alpha
delta
beta
gamma
143
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
cocaine
heroin
mescaline
marijuana
144
The function of sensory memory is to...
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
hold information for a lifetime
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
put information into long-term memory
145
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
he always gets in fights
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
he's just like his father
146
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
personality
mood
schizophrenic
anxiety
147
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
an unconditioned response
avoidance learning
positive reinforcement
escape learning
148
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
neodynamism
behaviorism
psychoanalysis
functionalism
149
What is cognitive dissonance?
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
150
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
retrieved
encoded
ablated
modeled
