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AP Psych Exam Review
AP Psych Exam Review
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1
Elizabeth Loftus' research on wording and misinformation effects on memory best demonstrate
the reconstructive nature of memory
the rate at which people forget information
the serial position effect
the role of the hippocampus in memory
2
Of the following, children will most likely develop this skill first
cut with a knife
say a sentence
clap their hands
write with a pencil
3
If Pavlov's dogs began to salivate when they heard a sound similar to a bell they would show
unconditioned response
spontaneous recovery
stimulus generalization
stimulus discrimination
4
Which best describes how neurons communicate with one another
chemical signals at the synaptic cleft
hormones jump from one axon to the next
electrical signals between two myelin sheaths
physical contact between dendrites
5
which newborn reflex helps infants find and eat food
Moro
rooting
Babinski
stepping
6
Reading a job description written with masculine pronouns, people think of the employee as male
the social role hypothesis
linguistic relativity hypothesis
principle of continuity
gender schema theory
7
According to Freud, what is the dominant factor in determining our personality traits
secondary drives and needs
unconscious conflicts
parenting styles
genetics and nutrition
8
Research indicates that which factor most influences one's sexual orientation
hormones released in the womb
masculine/feminine personality traits
parenting style
traumatic childhood experiences
9
In people, rods, unlike cones,
respond more quickly to colors
are located in the center of the retina
have a lower absolute threshold for light
are unable to detect motion
10
a musicians ability to discern between 2 similar pitches depends on which concept
signal detection theory
absolute threshold
difference threshold
bottom up processing
11
10 YO Genna underwent a right hemispherectomy. What action best shows her neuroplasticity
understanding what was said to her
speaking aloud
moving her left hand
solving a logic problem
12
which psychologist would agree w/the following: behavior results from reinforcers & punishers
B.F. Skinner
Albert Bandura
Sigmund Freud
Carl Rogers
13
After studying for weeks and taking an AP exam, Conrad gets the flu. What theory explains this
Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory
Selye's general adaptation syndrome
James-Lange theory of emotion
Yerkes-Dodson law
14
A medication prescribed for major depression would most likely act on which neurotransmitter
adrenaline
acetylcholine
dopamine
serotonin
15
light enters the eye through an opening in the
blind spot
iris
retina
fovea
16
children who suffer brain damage can regain function more quickly than older patients due to
effective psychological environment
contralateral control
hemispheric lateralization
neuroplasticity
17
the limbic system plays an important role in
maintaining balance
planning for the future
regulating emotion
processing sensory information
18
Which technique would be most helpful in avoiding the problems associated with groupthink
encouraging contrary opinions within the group
responding to deindividuation among group members
identifying approach-avoidance conflicts
increasing group polarization within different groups
19
If a distribution of scores includes outliers, which measure of central tendency should be used
range
standard deviation
median
mean
20
In a class of 25 students, all but 2 score between 82 and 94. The 2 scores of 47 and 55 are
outliers
modes
variances
normally distributed
21
What kind of personality theorist would be most interested in the results of the MMPI
humanistic
biological
psychoanalytic
trait
22
Which best summarizes the results of Tolman's latent learning experiment
rats that received punishment ran the maze faster
rats who explored the maze first ran faster when reinforced
reinforcement had little impact on the rats' performance
rats that were continually reinforced ran the maze faster
23
An EEG of Lin during dreaming would most likely show
beta waves and delta waves
NREM
sleep spindles and k complexes
delta waves
24
A teacher whose class culture encourages intrinsic motivation uses which management style
postconventional
approach-avoidance
theory Y
James-Lange
25
what is the principle tool used in all forms of psychotherapy
biomedical interventions
secondary preventions
talking to a patient
cognitive-behavioral interventions
26
A variable ratio of reinforcement is often preferable to a fixed ratio because
fixed ratios allow both classical and operant learning
variable ratio schedules produce the quickest results
fixed ratio schedules are more time intensive
variable ratio schedules are more resistant to extinction
27
A person with a painful skin rash finds hard scratching temporarily relieves the pain
frequency theory
opponent-process theory
transduction theory
gate-control theory
28
what kinds of motivations best encourage positive behaviors to persist over time
extrinsic motivation
need for achievement
intrinsic motivation
primary drives
29
en route
to the visual cortex, information from the eyes' retinas crosses at the
optic nerve
fovea
optic chiasm
feature detectors
30
A person who experiences flashbacks after a serious car accident is likely to be diagnosed with
post-traumatic stress disorder
dissociative identity disorder
bipolar disorder
panic disorder
31
Which of the following has been linked to a deficit of dopamine
autism
Parkinson's disease
major depressive disorder
Alzheimer's disease
32
which social psychology principle best explains prejudice
compliance strategies
in-group bias
self-serving bias
individualism
33
a test which places someone into personality categories (e.g.extravert/introvert) is based on
psychodynamic theory
trait theory
biological theory
social cognitive theroy
34
classical conditioning involves __________; operant conditioning involves __________
pairing stimuli; rewards and punishments
schedules; punishers
fixed intervals; variable ratios
learned responses; physiological reactions
35
One group receives an ad for 99% fat free milk; the other for 1% fat milk. What being tested
confirmation bias
inattentional blindness
representativeness heuristic
framing effects
36
authoritarian parents demonstrate
low warmth and high control
high warmth and high control
low warmth and low control
high warmth and low control
37
which of the following statistics provides most information about how spread out a data set is
range
median
mean
standard deviation
38
patients who are described as "split brain" have had what structure removed
hippocampus
medulla oblongata
corpus callosum
prefrontal cortex
39
Which of the following is LEAST likely to contribute to prejudice
scapegoating
out-group homogeneity
stereotyping
superordinate goals
40
Pat is laughing because she just won the lottery. Sal thinks she is a fun person. Sal's opinion
is influenced by the norm of reciprocity
is influenced by the self-serving bias
is influenced by the fundamental attribution error
is influenced by the just world hypothesis
41
a charity includes free address labels in its fundraising letters to increase contributions
out-group homogeneity
fundamental attribution error
self-fulfilling prophecy
reciprocity norm
42
Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation experiment studied what developmental concept
parenting style
attachment
assimilation
motor development
43
the somatic nervous system is part of the
autonomic nervous system
sympathetic nervous system
central nervous system
peripheral nervous system
44
When running for class president, Edy puts pictures of herself everywhere. Why might this help
deindividuation
mere-exposure effect
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
central route persuasion
45
How would a psychometrician interpret an IQ score of 145
slightly above average
the person has high verbal bot low logical intelligence
three standard deviations above the mean of 100
well below the average of 200
46
A librarian gives a prize for every five books students read. Her schedule of reinforcement is
continuous
fixed ratio
fixed variable
variable interval
47
When Susie went to prom with Dan, Max channeled his feelings of frustration into artwork
reaction formation
displacement
projection
sublimation
48
At what age is the onset of schizophrenia most typical
late 40s
mid 30s
puberty
early 20s
49
Which question would be most useful to test Kohlberg's idea of pre & post-conventional morality
at what age can children reason abstractly
should you tell a small lie to not hurt someone's feelings
If 3 are taken from a group of 12, how many are left
what is the best way to respond to a baby crying in her crib
50
Which theory would assert that a key motivation for people is spreading their genetic material
humanistic
cognitive
psychodynamic
evolutionary
51
Julie is more alert in the morning; John in the evening. This is because of differences in
personalities
daily activities
circadian rhythm
sleep cycles
52
A teacher ignoring her students' prior grades so her opinion of them is not influenced avoids
fundamental attribution error
cognitive dissonance
self-fulfilling prophecy
self-serving bias
53
Someone who fails an exam and reacts by studying longer probably has this locus of control
external
fundamental
situational
internal
54
How would a person with schizophrenia most differ from a person with a dissociative disorder
a person with a dissociative disorder has delusions
a person with dissociative disorder has trouble keeping jobs
a person with schizophrenia has more than one personality
a person with schizophrenia experiences hallucinations
55
According to humanist theory, psychological disorders are most likely caused by
unfulfilled needs
neurochemical imbalances
learned associations
unhealthy attributional styles
56
an A+ grade in a class is which kind of reinforcer
partial
secondary
continuous
primary
57
which structure in the eye is most responsible for color vision
rods
cones
optic nerve
cornea
58
what kind of symptom is common among all somatic symptom disorders
substance abuse and dependence
inappropriate or flat affect
disconnection from reality and delusions
experiencing a physical problem without a physical cause
59
What kind of therapy involves both cognitive and behavioral interventions
rational emotive behavior therapy
aversion therapy
counterconditioning
systematic desensitization
60
negative reinforcers __________ a stimulus in order to ___________ a behavior
remove : increase
remove : punish
add : decrease
remove : decrease
61
Which of the following models of personality is the least deterministic
psychodynamic
humanistic
evolutionary
biological
62
REM sleep deprivation generally causes what kinds of side effects
interference with memory tasks
sleep apnea and night terrors
heightened manifest dream content
intense, prolonged periods of Stage 3 & 4 sleep
63
testing the problem-solving skills of 10, 20, and 30-year-olds in a study uses this method
social-cognitive study
developmental study
cross-sectional study
longitudinal study
64
what is the first step in any example of classical conditioning
rewarding a conditioned response with a conditioned stimulus
following a response with a reinforcement or punishment
pairing an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus
reinforcing for a behavior similar to the desired behavior
65
which would a researcher need to use to determine whether experiment data is significant
counterbalancing
standard deviation
descriptive statistics
inferential statistics
66
Abraham Maslow theorized that people are motivated by
desire to achieve in the eyes of others
achieving physiological homeostasis
reinforcement of primary and secondary needs
satisfying needs on a hierarchy
67
What is true about experiments that is not of other research methods
they can gather data from a large number of people quickly
they involve more research participants than other studies
they can determine causal relationships between variables
they take place in more realistic, real-life settings
68
Most people can taste 1g of salt in 1qt of water. Which concept is related to this statement
difference threshold
sensory adaptation
absolute threshold
frequency theory
69
What area of psychology focuses on subjective well-being, optimism, self-esteem, and happiness
health psychology
psychometrics
positive psychology
social psychology
70
which type of therapist is most likely to prescribe lithium for a patient with bipolar disorder
psychoanalyst
psychiatrist
clinical psychologist
cognitive psychotherapist
71
What would Piaget test to see if a child is in pre-operational or concrete operational stage
conservation
object permanence
universal ethical principles
attachment
72
What was one of the factors that increased conformity in Asch's studies
size of the group
presence of an authority figure
placebo effect
wearing guard uniforms
73
Withdrawal symptoms are most directly caused by this process
antagonists
tolerance
activation-synthesis
dissociation
74
Choosing 20 people at random from a large lecture class of 400 is an example of
random sampling
random assignment
representative assignment
assignment to conditions
75
A test that identifies people with the potential to be great lawyers is an example of a(n)
IQ test
EQ test
achievement test
aptitude test
76
turning up the volume on a radio changes which aspect of sound
transduction of the wave
amplitude of the wave
pitch of the tone
frequency of the wave
77
Which theory explains how experiences from infancy through old age influence personality
Erikson's psychosocial stage theory
Piaget's cognitive development theory
Harlow's contact comfort theory
Kohlberg's moral development theory
78
Restarting your printer over and over but failing to notice it is out of paper demonstrates
divergent thinking
low experiential intelligence
a mental set
belief perseverance
79
Intelligence researchers like Gardner and Sternberg argue that schools focus too much on
traditional and analytical subjects and methods
nonessential subjects like art and music
environmental factors that influence intelligence
meeting the needs of students with disabilities
80
Garcia and Koelling's research on aversions established which UCS/CS pairs as most powerful
performing a task and receiving food
movement and electrical shocks
nausea and food or drink
punishment and aversion
81
After repeated firings, neural connections are strengthened. What is this process
semantic encoding
long-term potentiation
state-dependent memory
proactive interference
82
Lou believes he is capable of succeeding in nursing school. His mindset is associated with
low self-esteem
an extraverted personality
high self-efficacy
a strong superego
83
The fact that our ears are located on opposite sides of our head best helps us with
hearing high frequencies
detecting absolute threshold
sound localization
sensory adaptation
84
When like-minded groups take more extreme positions than individuals comprising the group
deindividuation
social facilitation
groupthink
group polarization
85
A low level of glucose in Sam's bloodstream would most likely make him want to
pursue a romantic interest
go for a run
make new friends
eat a meal
86
The WISC is a...
Intelligence test
personality test
Personality inventory
none of these
87
A doctor determining whether an accident caused structural damage to the brain would use
MRI
PET
rTMS
EEG
88
when first born, humans' dominant sense is
hearing
smell
sight
touch
89
Harlow's rhesus monkey experiment illustrated
the importance of physical contact to development
that primates can make and use tools
the danger of separating babies from their natural parents
that language is a uniquely human skill
90
Delusions and hallucinations are most characteristic of
obsessive-compulsive disorder
dissociative identity disorder
antisocial personality disorder
schizophrenia
91
Dan is a toddler who avoids eye contact and resists to changes to routine. He shows symptoms of
Down syndrome
mental retardation
fetal alcohol syndrome
autism spectrum disorder
92
in the nature vs. nurture debate, nature is most closely associated with
environment
temperament
culture
family
93
Erikson's initiative vs. guilt stage is most closely related to Freud's
phallic stage
latency period
anal stage
oral stage
94
Which best explains the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory
people follow a pattern of alarm, resistance, exhaustion
an event causes an emotion and a physiological response
perceived control over life reduces stress and improves mood
physiological reaction and cognitive labeling cause emotion
95
Vance's psychiatrist diagnoses him with bipolar disorder. Which medication would he prescribe
lithium
benzodiazepines
L-Dopa
SSRIs
96
People who are easily hypnotizable are likely to score highly on which Big 5 trait
neuroticism
conscientiousness
extraversion
openness
97
which of the following terms applies to IQ tests
achievement
triarchic
projective
standardized
98
An artist making a drawing could use which of the following to add depth to the picture
linear perspective
closure
convergence
retinal disparity
99
Milgram's obedience study was criticized based on what ethical grounds
lack of informed consent
lack of debriefing
violation of confidentiality
risk of psychological harm
100
Bandura's theory of reciprocal determinism states personality results from the interaction of
genetics, the unconscious, and social facilitation
id, ego, and superego
rewards, punishments, and reinforcers
traits, the environment, and behavior
101
According to Piaget, when we can't ______ new information, we change our schemas through ______
reward : punishment
assimilate : accomodate
reduce : stereotypes
ignore : adaptation
102
According to Kohlberg, in order to reason at the postconventional level, people must
be able to take another person's perspective
believe in God
have been exposed to good, moral role models
resolve the integrity vs. despair conflict
103
which of the following most impacts the speed of motor development
concrete operational exercises
early gross motor practice
myelination of brain neurons
secure attachment with parents
104
people who catch violent movies are more likely to behave violently: this statement reflects
insight learning
latent learning
counterconditioning
observational learning
105
Which of the therapies below is no longer used to treat patients
prefrontal lobotomy
electro-convulsive shock therapy
free association
gestalt therapy
106
4YO Kate sits right in front of all the other kids to watch a magician. According to Piaget,
Kate lacks object permanence
Kate is demonstrating egocentrism
Kate has a lack of conservation
Kate cannot reason hypothetically
107
Which is one of the key factors distinguishing major depressive disorder from sadness
specific changes in the brain
sadness is paired with heightened senses and mania
normal sadness is much less intense than depression
lasts longer than 2 weeks without an obvious cause
108
A personality test which calls Jan an extravert the first time and an introvert the next lacks
standardization
aptitude measures
test-retest reliability
construct validity
109
if the College Board left out questions about neuroscience on the AP exam, the test would lack
content validity
predictive validity
test-retest reliability
split-half reliability
110
What number will tell that two variables have a strong relationship?
a mean that is the same as the median
correlation coeifficient
standard deviation
probability
111
The case study of Phineas Gage was significant because it was one of the the first examples of
treating a brain-damaged patient with psychotherapy
a specific brain area associated with emotional changes
using a CAT scan to document the extent of the injury
treatment with drugs that alter neurotransmission
112
An American's prototype of a chair is most likely to include
four legs and a seat
pens, pencils, and a computer
an armchair, chairlift, and wheelchair
a desk and/or table
113
Maria slams the car door and yells at her kids. Now when they hear a car door slam they cringe
instrumental learning
operant conditioning
observational learning
classical conditioning
114
physiological reactions like surprise or shock are controlled by which part of the NS
endocrine system
sympathetic nervous system
serotonin system
somatic nervous system
115
Runners in a park increase their speed when another runner comes into view. This illustrates
social facilitation
social roles
disinhibition
conformity
116
Someone who can't move the muscles needed for accurate speech might have brain damage where
Gage's area
hippocampus
Broca's area
Wernicke's area
117
Amy has a cat. The first time she sees a rabbit she calls it a cat. Her mistake is due to
assimilation
discrimination
habituation
accommodation
118
What theory of emotion are cognitive psychologists likely to support
Schachter two-factor theory
James-Lange theory
opponent process theory
social facilitation theory
119
Lara is attracted to Craig but can't stand his friends and family. Her conflict is classified
approach-approach
she does not have a conflict
avoidance-avoidance
approach-avoidance
120
Which is most directly involved speed of the electrical signal?
synaptic cleft
terminal button
neurotransmiters
myelin
121
Which is a common criticism of Freud's personality theory
Genetics was not advanced enough to be used as Freud tried
it doesn't apply to people with disorders
his evidence comes from therapy sessions, not empirical data
his research wasn't representative of the population
122
You girlfriend dumps you. "I always knew she was bad news" your friend says. This demonstrates
overconfidence
self-serving bias
a theory
hindsight bias
123
the "c" in the word
cat
is best described as a
phoneme
grapheme
morpheme
holobase
124
psychogenic amnesia is an indication of which kind of psychological disorder
schizophrenic
dissociative
anixety
personality
125
counterconditioning lies at the heart of which therapeutic approach
client-centered therapy
systematic desensitization
token economies
REBT
126
Which is an important technique used by humanist psychologists during therapy
secondary central dispositions
factor analysis
unconditional positive regard
defense mechanisms
127
which kinds of personality theorists would make use of a projective test
psychoanalyst
trait
social-cognitive
humanist
128
Why are psychoanalysts interested in talking with patients about dreams
neurotransmitter anomalies cause dream disturbances
disturbing dreams are obstacles to self actualization
symbols in dreams represent unconscious conflicts
counter conditioned behaviors are often revealed in dreams
129
Sigmund Freud made this perspective popular in Western Europe at the turn of the 20th century
evolutionary
psychoanalytic
cognitive
behavioral
130
Which structure is located at the most central and protected part of the brain
sensory cortex
cerebral cortex
medulla
cerebellum
131
Bandura's Bobo doll experiment evidenced the importance of __________ in social learning
sublimation
modeling
mirror neurons
latent learning
132
James is interested in the processing strategies children use to learn new information. He is a
clinical psychologist
personality psychologist
sociocultural psychologist
cognitive psychologist
133
Which of the following is found in Jung's model of the collective unconscious
functional fixedness
inferiority complexes
repressed memories
archetypes
134
Which personality theory is criticized for its overly optimistic view of human nature
psychoanalytic
cognitive
trait
humanistic
135
Knowledge of different categories of trees is an example of what type of long-term memory
procedural memory
semantic memory
episodic memory
eidetic memory
136
A therapist who tells a client to write down their depressed thoughts is using this perspective
behavioral
cognitive
pharmacological
structuralist
137
How would drive reduction theory explain a person eating half a bowl of M&M's and stopping
people eat in moderation to prevent being seen as selfish
humans are instinctively driven to eat sugar and fat
the person stopped when their body had reached homeostasis
they were satisfying the 2nd step on the hierarchy of needs
138
damage to the occipital region of the brain would most likely affect which sense
balance
touch
hearing
sight
139
learned helplessness is most likely to be directly related to
the self-serving bias
an external locus of control
unconditional positive regard
the Oedipus complex
140
After a natural disaster Faye says, "Serves them right for not having better warning systems."
Barnum effect
just world bias
false consensus effect
self-serving bias
141
our ability to perceive depth depends on what other perceptual abilities
top-down and bottom-up processing
vestibular and kinesthetic senses
binocular and monocular cues
proximity and similarity
142
What factors are ignored when people commit the fundament attribution error
behavioral
situational
dispositional
social
143
which technique controls for both experimenter and subject bias
single blind study
counterbalancing
Hawthorne effect
double blind study
144
which brain structure is involved in hunger motivation
medulla
amygdala
cerebellum
hypothalamus
145
A musician who signs a recording contract stops playing for fun. This is best explained by
latent learning
the law of effect
social learning theory
the overjustification effect
146
Ryan suffers from constant, low-level arousal of his autonomic NS. He most likely suffers from
obsessive-compulsive disorder
major depressive disorder
generalized anxiety disorder
post-traumatic stress disorder
147
Which statement best represents the relationship between performance and arousal
too little or too much arousal is harmful to performance
performance steadily increases as arousal increases
performance is best at low and high levels of arousal
performance continually decreases as arousal increases
148
which disorder would respond best to cognitive behavioral therapy
major depressive disorder
dissociative identity disorder
bipolar disorder
schizophrenia
149
which structure is part of the inner ear
auditory canal
malleus (hammer)
tympanic membrane
basilar membrane
150
Which is most closely associated with creativity
divergent thinking
hypothesis testing
contextual intelligence
functional fixedness
151
What is the purpose of the DSM
discuss theories related to the treatment of disorders
describe the biopsychosocial causes of disorders
explain the symptoms and cures of disorders
list the diagnostic criteria and symptoms of disorders
152
seeing someone at the grocery store and remembering their name is an example of
recall
episodic memory
retroactive memory
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
153
which is an example of an implicit memory
remembering how to tie your shoelace
describing the taste of a birthday cake
recalling the name of your JH math teacher
recognizing a celebrity
154
What research method could study the relationship between owning a hybrid car and being vegan
naturalistic observation
case study
correlation study
experiment
155
In the 3-box model of information processing, memories are first stored in
long-term memory
procedural memory
sensory memory
short-term memory
156
Which concept is most relevant to Noam Chomsky's theory of how children learn language
phonemes and morphemes
language acquisition device
serial position effect
linguistic relativity hypothesis
157
When Wade is late to basketball practice his coach makes him run laps. Wade is not late again
positive reinforcement
positive punishment
negative reinforcement
modeling
158
Sherif's Robbers Cave study indicates that this principle best reduces tensions between groups
group polarization
diffusion of responsibility
superordinate goals
deindividuation
159
Lana learns how to be goalie as her coach gradually rolls the ball faster at parts the goal
token economy
behavior shaping
higher-order conditioning
law of effect
160
Which part of the brain is "newest" in an evolutionary sense
cerebral cortex
pons
cerebellum
hypothalamus