2.5 & 2.6

and in 1346 and 1349, the bubonic plague killed about half of the people in ___.

Under the Song Dynasty (960–1279), many __ among the scholar gentry began to adopt its ideals into their daily lives.

book is also signifcant because it is a firsthand account of a middle-class medieval woman’s life.

The South Asian land-based Sinhala dynasties in Sri Lanka became centers of ____ study with many monasteries.

Along with religion, science and technology traveled the

influence was so strong under the Sinhala dynasties that __ priests often advised monarchs on matters of government.

A traditional African food source

In feudal Europe, overuse of farm land and ____, reducing agricultural production.

influenced Chinese literature by writing in the vernacular rather than the formal language of Confucian scholars

Literary and artistic interactions and cultural exchanges were documented by travelers such as

Mutinous __ armies weakened __ after attack in the Fourth __ in 1204

Through trade, the Indian religions of ___&___ made their way to Southeast Asia as well.

She dictated book to scribes who wrote down her descriptions of her pilgrimages to Jerusalem, Rome, Germany, and Spain.

Italian native from Venice visited court of Kublai Khan. He was impressed & wrote a book about his travels in 1295

relayed details travel experiences:such as being so overcome by sight of Jerusalem she nearly fell off her donkey.

The encounters also increased demand in Europe for newfound wares from the ____.

He was just 21 years old(1304–1353), a Muslim scholar from Morocco, set out to see the world he read about.

Knowledge of the world beyond Western Europe increased as ___ encountered both the __&__ cultures.

One reason for this free exchange was the stability of __ and the protection it offered merchants and travelers.

point of view of a devout Muslim: journey was to learn as much as he could about Islamic people & their accomplishments

It was drought-resistant, food-resistant, and capable of yielding two crops a year.

Islamic scholars translated ____ into Arabic, saving the works of Aristotle and other Greek thinkers from oblivion.

Factors Contributing to Decline of Cities

Many Europeans refused to believe his descriptions of China’s size, wealth&wonders until other Europeans made same trip

His point of view as a merchant kept him focused on trade-related matters.

Influenced literary&artistic culture of areas to which it spread, where themes, subjects, and styles were inspired by

30+ years, he traveled through Central Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, China, Spain, North Africa&Mali (Muslim Lands)

In some cases, the arrival of a new ___ served to unify people and provide justifcation for a kingdom’s leadership.

Improvements in __, such as the use of __, spread from India to Vietnam and China.

Bananas allowed the ___ with their metallurgy skills and farming techniques to migrate to places where ___ couldn't grow

Thanks, in part, to the writing of Marco Polo, we have a good picture of the city of __. It shows how trade supported __

A Gift to Those Who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities & Marvels of Traveling provides detail about cultures he visited

Seafaring technology improved with___Chinese,Indian&Southwest Asians expanded their ___ & other aspects of natural world

After a 5-day seige, the city fell to __ in 1453, an event some historians believe marks end of High Middle Ages.

came to China from its birthplace in India via the Silk Roads, and the 7th-century monk Xuanzang helped make it popular.

reached Europe from China in the 13th century and along with printing technology helped lead to a rise in

This trade brought diversity to ___, including a thriving community of Arabs.

Urdu language had infuences from Sanskrit-based Hindi, as well as from Arabic and Farsi, a Persian language.

The royal monuments at Angkor Thom are evidence of both Hindu and Buddhist cultural influences on ___.

also contributed to a decrease in agricultural products.

Leaders of states deepened Islamic ties through pilgrimages to Mecca.

Indonesian seafarers traveling across the Indian Ocean had introduced __ to __

Because of __ influence on Champa in present-day central Vietnam, some believe Champa rice may have originated in India.

With a reliable food supply in China, the ___, as did cities and industries, such as the production of ___

Production of ___ spread from China and influenced warfare as well.

Traditional Javanese stories, puppetry, and poetry absorbed Muslim characters and techniques.

Additional outbreaks occurred over the decades. As many as 25 million people in Europe may have died from

captivating descriptions of customs&people he met intrigued Europeans. He wrote about high levels of urbanization

Another once-thriving city, the heavily walled ___ in present-day Turkey, also suffered a series of traumatic setbacks.

The plague was introduced to Europe by way of trading routes. A major epidemic broke out between 1347 and 1351.

centers of Islamic scholarship bustling markets & sources of fresh water & food for merchants traveling the silk roads

however, declined after a series of conquests by nomadic invaders and in 1389–90 was ravaged by Tamerlane.

Increases in population put pressure on resources.

Their demand for __ became so high that it became key factor in massive use of enslaved people in Americas in the 1500s

The known ____ became a larger place.

Later, when Khmer rulers had become __, they added __ sculptures and artwork onto buildings while keeping the __ artwork

Through merchants, missionaries, and conquests, Islam spread over a wide swath of Africa, ___ & ___

The sea-based Srivijaya Empire on Sumatra was a ____ kingdom, while the later Majapahit Kingdom on Java was ____

Few crops had as signifcant an impact as quick-ripening __, which introduced by __ & then offered to China as tribute

As __ grew, people tended to migrate southward to original rice growing region contributing to the ___

Technological developments, such as gunpowder and paper from ___, were diffused by trade.

Exposure to new ideas from Byzantium&Muslim world would contribute to __ and the subsequent rise of secularism.

In other places, it either fused or coexisted with the native

conveyed intense spiritual visions & feelings of mystical experiences & trials of everyday life for woman w/ 14 children

They studied __ from ancient Greeks, Mesopotamians, and Egyptians, making advances in __, including __.

In opening up to global trade, however, Western Europeans also opened themselves to ___

Had an impact on land use:Terraced farming in uplands & paddies in lowlands; grown where once land was thought unusable

As caliphs conquered lands beyond the Arabian Peninsula, they spread __, the __, and the cultivation of __

The nutrition-rich food led to a spike in population. Many Indonesians settled on the island of ___.

___ artwork and sculptures of ___ gods adorned the city. (KHMER EMPIRE)

the educated elite studied Confucian classics, while Buddhist doctrine attracted the peasants.

With its emphasis on equality, Islam also attracted lower-caste Hindus.

The development of printing had made ___ scriptures widely available to the Confucian scholar gentry.

syncretic faith that originated in China, frst appearing in the Tang Dynasty but developing further in the Song Dynasty.

___was the___in southern China:home of poets like Lu Yu&Xin Qiji & other writers&artists. Located at southern end of___

English mystic whose book was one of earliest autobiographies in English, if not the frst, could neither read nor write.

Timbuktu became a center of Islamic learning.

countries in China’s orbit, also adopted Buddhism, along with Confucianism.

Swahili language is a blend of Bantu and Arabic and is still widely spoken today.

Other cities on the trade routes that grew and thrived included

Drastically reduced populations, __ declined in Europe. Shortage of people to work on land had lasting effects on

The Khmer Empire in present-day Cambodia, also known as the Angkor Kingdom, was the most successful kingdom in __.

Hangzhou was large:home to about 1 million people but other Chinese cities were larger. ___ had two million people

Scholars also brought back ___ texts from India and techniques for ___ from China.

The known ____ became a larger place.

Monks related __ to familiar Daoist principles & __ doctrines fused with elements to create syncretic faiths like

outside of Great Zimbabwe was so severe that people had to abandon the city in the late 1400s.

fused rational thought with the abstract ideas of Daoism and Buddhism and became widespread in ___ and Vietnam.

reached well past former boundaries, incorporating new people, goods, and ideas within its authority.

Muslim rulers on Java combined Mughal Indian features, local traditions, and Chinese-Buddhist and Confucian traits.

Factors Contributing to Growth of Cities

Before Islam, Hinduism and Buddhism were popular.

After Islam arrived, Buddhists converted more than Hindus because disillusioned by the corruption among Buddhist priests

The known ____ became a larger place.

It also became its offcial state ideology.

Architecture blended Hindu designs with Islamic patterns.

To grow ___ farmers increased land for cultivation, which enriched diets and led to population growth.

Like important cities such as Novgorod,Russia; Timbuktu,Africa; & __; it grew&prospered as merchants exchanged goods

Although some leaders didn't want its native religions diminished Chan Buddhism remained popular amongst citizens

Bhakti poets and missionaries sought links between Hinduism and Islam.