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From Pitt to Peel (1783 - 1846) Revision Flashcards | StudBud
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From Pitt to Peel (1783 - 1846) Revision
From Pitt to Peel (1783 - 1846) Revision
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A rather portly yet comprehensive revision quiz for OCR Pitt to Peel.
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237 cards
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Questions
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Answers
1
What was fought during the premiership of Lord Liverpool?
The Great War
The final campaigns of the Napoleonic Wars
The American Civil War
The Prussian Wars
2
What famous reformist literature was published in 1973?
Machiavelli's 'Prince'
Thomas Paine's 'Rights of Man
'The Origins of Anarcho-Syndicalism'
Mark Elder's 'Oppression of the Masses'
3
When it came to reform, what did Pitt favour?
Bog-standard
Obscure and limited
Elaborate and resplendence
Rational and necessary
4
Why was the economic situation in Britain highly favorable for revolution?
London had grown in size, possessing slum areas
Nationally, poor harvests increased the price of bread
Cheese had now been banned
Imports of French wine outweighed British exports
5
Between 1790 and 1791 what events caused the French Revolution to become more radical?
The establishment of a constitutional monarchy
The encouragement of anarcho-primitivism
The nationalisation of the Church
The encouragement of an autocratic monarchy
6
What were the aims of Napoleon's Continental System
Prevent French exports
Starve Britain of money
Encourage trading across Europe
Destroy British trade and re-export of colonial goods
7
What started the French Revolution?
France's failure to pursue financial reforms
Discontent erupting into violence at Estates General
The wholesale ban of cheese exports
The prohibiting of alcohol consumption
8
Who was Home Secretary between 1822-27?
George Canning
Robert Peel
Earl of Clancarty
Lord Sidmouth
9
What arguably exacerbated the agricultural slump?
Increase in population
Demobilisation of 300,000 soldiers and sailors
An influx of Irish who worked cheaply.
The Speenhamland system in agricultural zones- low wages
10
What nation-wide event occurred in 1794?
Riots in Nottingham, Coventry, Sheffield, and Sussex
King's coach was attacked by mob in October
Poor harvests, high prices and reduction in trading
Cries of 'No King', 'No war', No famine', 'No Pitt'.
11
What did Pitt do in order to reduce the appeal of smuggling?
Reduce tobacco duty from 10% to 1%
Reduce tea duties from 119% to 25%
Increase the duty on wine
Decrease the duty on silk
12
What did Charles James Fox see the revolution as?
The establishment of the 'chauvinist state'
The establishment of a protectorate
The establishment of an autocratic monarchy
A belated route to a constitutional monarchy
13
What were the defects to the administration Pitt inherited?
Too many women were working in Parliament
It was small. Only 3000 employees (two thirds in customs)
Resources were often inefficiently deployed
Well paid, senior government posts were used as a reward
14
According to Crane's
Anatomy
, what are the conditions necessary for revolution?
People are unable to think for themselves
Discontent amongst the lower classes only
Discontent amongst the people of all the social classes?
Economic distress caused by trade disruption
15
What elements were believed could bring revolution to Britain?
Political organisations with a broad membership
Support for revolution given by political elite
Opposition to a corrupt political system
An increase in French imports
16
Why would ordinary people have to rely on direct protest to express discontent?
Feared to engage in dialogue with the government
Refused to communicate with the government
They had little to no voice in Parliament
Could not travel to Parliament
17
France's invasion of the Low Countries led Britain to...?
Join a European Coalition against France in 1793
Declare war unilaterally
Appease France with further trading terms
Repeal the Eden Treaty
18
What was Liverpool's government's determination?
To protect the landed interest
The protect the commons
To further revolutionary ideas
19
With the emergence of the French Revolution, what happened to the radical societies?
They began to open membership to a range of people
They restricted anyone earning less than £70
They restricted the masses
20
What made Luddism worse?
A decline in trade brought about by economic warfare
An increase in taxation
A reduction in taxation
An increase in trading
21
What was the policy of the government to tackle radicalism?
Do nothing
Enact repressive legislation
Use propaganda effectively to create alarm and panic
Begin their own colonial campaign
22
What did groups such as the County Association call for?
The ursupation of the King
The abolishment of the House of Lords
Reform of the franchise, an end to royal influence
An end to the government entirely
23
What was the Seditious Meetings and Assemblies Act?
Magistrates could disperse meetings if necessary
Ban on family gatherings
Ban on meetings of more than 50 people needed permission
Ban on gala dinners
24
What did Pitt introduce to encourage a reduction in corruption
A reduction on tea imports for MPs
A dining allowance
An increase in royal sinecures
Higher pay as an incentive to properly collect taxes
25
What were the effects of these continued poor harvests?
Threatened food supplies driving prices upwards
A lack of countryside employment
Debased the coinage
Lowered food prices across the countryside
26
What did Pitt introduce in 1795 after the King's carriage was struck with stones?
'The Treason Acts'
'The Gagging Acts'
'The Polar Acts'
'The Asphyxiation Acts'
27
Why was it a wise measure?
Reduced the drain on gold which could be used for war
Made those trading silver very happy
People resented paper notes
It stopped the panic of lack of money in the economy
28
What is an example of 'mercentalism'?
Tobacco Act
Navigation Acts
Sugar Act
Shipping Acts
29
Why was the Treasonable Practices Act regarded as overly repressive?
Tom Paine had been outlawed
Attacked public meetings and pamphlets
Extended 'treason' to include speaking and writing
30
As well as urging for the reform of parliament, what else did radical societies call for?
An end to the Eden Treaty
Lower taxes
A ban on all French imports
The restoration of common land
31
What was the premise of the Sinking Fund?
£1 million set aside in tax to buy government shares
People could make money on government debt
Interest rates on debt paid to buy more stock
32
What did the Government not challenge directly when reforming the administration?
Rewarding supporters with free tea
Rewarding supporters by granting them a salaried office
The idea of office holding as property
33
Why was Pitt concerned about the East India Company?
By 1784, it virtually had its own army
Had its own revenue collection and trade policies
Had gained controls of large areas of northern India
Was un-democratic
34
What helped to spread radical ideas across the country?
Wine
Documentaries
Symbols
Mass meetings
35
What was the national debt in 1815?
£834 million
£504 million
£230 million
£234 million
36
What was the big division in the Whig party over the French Revolution?
Those who opposed the Eden Treaty
Burke who opposed it and Fox who supported it
Between those who wanted to relocate to France
37
What were British reform associations compared to in France?
Machiavellibins
Jacobins
Cocobins
38
What considerations did Pitt need to make when introducing trading policies?
A need to outsource a growing number of British products
A need to generate wealth to reduce debt
Ensure that the price of wine was reduced by 50%
Ensure that France could not trade more than Britain
39
Who was King of England throughout Pitt's tenure?
Henry VI
Edward VIII
George III
George IV
40
What occurred in 1791 that made Pitt fearful that Britain could end up like France?
A celebration of the storming of Bastille
Anger over Emancipation
Poor harvests and anger over food prices
Anger over silk exports
41
What body prompted Pitt to reform?
Lord North
Whigs
King George III
Parliamentary Accounts Committee
42
Which prominent Whigs were members of this society?
Lord North
Earl Grey
Charles Grey
Charles James Fox
43
What did Pitt ensure when reforming the administration?
Not sweeping it away, but reforming from within
Maintaining the current administration
Halving the number of departments
Starting from scratch and abolishing all departments
44
In his efforts to advocate unniversal suffrage, what society did he establish?
The Sheffield Corresponding Society
The London Corresponding Society
The Society of the Friends of the People
The London Society for Constitutional Information
45
Why could Pitt count on a majority of the Lords after the election?
Peers were linked to or part of George III's household
The King created new peers during Pitt's reign= loyalty
Peers were bribed to offer loyalty
46
What 'Company' did Pitt tackle the independence of in 1784?
Petrograd Company
East India Company
North American Company
Napoleon Company
47
What does Pitt introduce for newspapers in 1792?
Shut down all newspapers
Reduce the number of pages in a newspaper
Offer subsidies to newspapers that oppose reform
Restrict the printing press
48
True or False? The radical tradition had not died out with the repression of the 1790s
False
True
49
What repressive legislation was passed in 1794 and removed one's right to a fair trial?
Act reforming the judiciary
Act suspending habeas corpus
Act suspending the right to vote
Act suspending the power of arrest
50
What, according to Disraeli, was Lord Liverpool?
The Socialite
The Arch Mediocrity
The Grand Old Reformer
The Liberalite
51
Initially, what were the reform societies?
Small, covert affairs with very limited discussion
Leagues led by a multiplicity
Discussion groups led by middle class or radical aristocrats
52
What were important limitations to the radical threat between 1791-97?
The war in France encouraged loyalist activity in Britain
The war in France encouraged armed rebellion
The French Revolution encouraged the end to the monarchy
The different elements (mutinies and societies) didn't unite
53
What idea did Adam Smith propose?
There would be more wealth for people to purchase goods
There would be peace between nations- they would be trading
If nations traded without restriction, economies would grow
54
True or False? The executions of Louis XVI in 1973 shocked rather than inspired?
True
False
55
What did Pitt establish to limit the influence of the East India Company?
Economic Council
Board of Control
Board of Directors
Council of Information
56
What society did Whig politicians favouring reform establish in 1792?
Society of the Friends of the People
Society of the Friends of the Anarchists
Society of the Friends of Primitives
Society of the Friends of the Whigs
57
What has Lord Liverpool's Ministry been viewed as?
Doubtful
Reactionary
Laisse-Faire
Useless
58
What did Frewin achieve?
Custom duties reduced by 25%
Customs Department abolished
Custom duties increased by 4.5%
Money from duties paid into central fund and audited
59
Why did the King urge Pitt to call an election?
To provide Pitt with more political experience
Felt it was wrong to remain PM with only royal backing
60
What was Pitt able to pass in March 1784?
The Gagging Acts- aimed to limit the spread of radicalism
Mutiny Bill- annual measure to confirm military discipline
Income tax
Habeas Corpus- right to a fair trial
61
What were the aims of the London Corresponding Society?
To correspond with other groups across the country and unite
To plot and overthrow of the monarchy
To plot the rise of anarcho-primitivism
To plot a coup
62
Who was Chancellor of the Exchequer between (1823-1827)?
Frederik Robinson
Viscount Castlereagh
William Huskisson
Earl Bathurst
63
What did the execution of Louis XVI and the French advance into Austrian-Netherlands cause?
Fear of France stirring up revolution at home
Fear of Britain wanting an autocratic monarchy
Fear of Britain advocating anarcho-syndicalism
Fear of popular unrest and revolution at home
64
What was the Treasonable Practices Act?
Ban on supporting the King
Ban on expressing views that bring government in contempt
Ban on practicing magic
Ban on lending loyalty to the government
65
What was passed in 1798-99 to regulate Newspapers?
Newspaper Publications Act
Newspaper Censorship Act
The Tabloid Act
The Combination Acts
66
What were the other ways Pitt raised money?
Increasing tax on smaller houses with less windows
Increase the number of government jobs
Reducing the import duty on tea
Increases on indirect taxes
67
Who was Charles James Fox?
Lord North
The Whig Leader
The Marquess of Rockingham
68
After refusing to serve under Lord Shelburn (PM 1782-83) what did Fox do?
Established a new party
Went into opposition against Pitt alone
United in opposition to his former enemy Lord North
Retired
69
By 1790, what did Edmund Burke remark in his
'Reflections on the Revolution in France?'
Extremism was essential for an ordered state
Oppression is the best way to avert extremism
Extremism offered a tantalising alternative to monarchy
Extremism was replacing trad. values with security in place
70
What was the 'consolidated fund'?
A fund in which all custom duties were paid
A fund in which all Peers' wages were paid
A fund in which all MPs pensions were paid
71
What financial reform was repealed in 1789 due to dear of revolt?
A tax on whigs
A tax on retail shops
A tax on large houses with many windows
A tax on servants
72
The poor summers of 1792 and 1794-5 caused wheat prices to increase to how many shillings?
43 shillings (from 30)
58 shillings (from 46)
34 shillings (from 13)
98 shillings (from 23)
73
What was the significance of the 1784 election?
Gave a vote of confidence to a minister intent on reform
A display of universal suffrage
Opened the way for less instability and greater change
74
How many prosecutions were there for treason in the first year of the Gagging Acts'?
60
35
200
40
75
What does Luddism also show?
Outbreaks of violence needed large numbers of troops
Occurred at times of hardship with no political philosophy
Merely hatred of employers taking away jobs for profit
Trading was very unpopular
76
What did many see the Luddite break-outs as?
Protests were difficult to control
A warning that workers could organise themselves
Farming was a threat to society
New machinery was a step in the right direction
77
What was the aim of each Society?
To meet and plan how to end the French Revolution
To meet and plan how to overthrow the monarch
To meet and plan how to assassinate Pitt
To meet and discuss political ideas and reform measures
78
With regards to securing the Empire, what did Pitt pass in 1791 relating to Canada?
The Bilateral Canada Agreement
The Ex-French Colony Act
The Canadian Act
The Canada Act
79
What did the French issue that encouraged citizens to rise up against their rulers?
Edict of Paternity
Edict of Fraternity
Edict of Maternity
Edict of Eternity
80
What were the duties of Pitt during the French Revolution and Wars?
Maintain the loyalty of, and Britain's hold on Empire
Finance the war, Britain was fighting an idea
Accept huge bonuses
81
What did the Eden Treaty aim to achieve?
Restrict trading with France
Trade could build alliances and prevent conflict
Ensure wine was much cheaper
Ensure the wholesale ban of cheese
82
What had Pitt achieved by the time the election arrived in March 1784?
Gained integrity for refusing to accept sinecures
Set out ideas for reform ('national revival')
He had public recognition as patriotic and loyal to the King
Introduced a bill designed to bolster representation of MPs
83
What was the impact of these reform groups?
Heightened the divide between the Whigs and the Tories
Destroyed the British monarchy
Increased political awareness across the country
Exacerbated divide between reformers and non-reformers
84
What were the aims of these groups?
To unite with reformers
To demand universal suffrage
To demand lower food prices
To attack reformers and dissenters
85
Why did Pitt introduce such repressive legislation?
Britain had to be made safe
To encourage the French Revolution to come to Britain
To appease the King
Could no risk domestic problems, like the Gordon Riots
86
Why would the government have been threatened if radicalism spread nationally?
The naval mutinies proved the forces could not be relied on
The government could not levy taxes high enough
The government only had 65,000 troops to protect the nation
Radicals would encourage France to invade Britain
87
Who was commonly known as the 'Father of Reform'?
Charles Grey
Major John Cartwright
Charles James Fox
William Pitt
88
What did Pitt's trading policies recognise?
Britain needed to halt its current trading
Britain needed to regulate its current trading
Britain needed to expand it overseas trade
Britain needed to trade different types of good
89
By how many times did the national debt exceed the annual revenue from taxes?
Ten times
One time
Twenty times
Six times
90
What is the best known example of a 'radical' society?
Conservative Syndicate
Whigs Unite
Society of the Friends of the People
London Corresponding Society
91
As there was no effective police force, what did the state rely on to subdue Luddism?
Station 12,000 troops in agricultural areas
Station the government in industrial areas
Station 12,000 troops in industrial areas
Send infantries of 100 troops
92
What was the process of 'retrenchement'?
Increasing the pay of officials to reduce corruption
Cutting the number of government jobs (750 fewer existed)
Reducing the pay of officials
93
What was the result of the Spithead mutiny?
Lord Howe secured legislation to deal with the grievances
The Admiralty was executed
All mutineers were executed
Ships were set alight
94
Why was the reform movement under Liverpool more varied?
More orators were speaking at mass meetings
Corresponding societies began to emerge
Conspirators aimed to murder the cabinet
95
Why did Fox have a bad reputation?
Womaniser and gambler
Extravagant in support of Prince Regent
Unprincipled in his coalition with Lord North
Respectable
96
What did the influx of full-time factory workers cause?
Higher wages
The supply of labour increase
Lower production
More hardship when trade fell
97
What happened in France between 1792 and 1793?
Trial and execution of Louis XVI
Proclamation of a Republic
Calls for a dictatorship
Calls for abolition of the monarchy and a continental war
98
What has 'Pitt's Terror' been viewed as?
A progressive step toward reform
A step in no direction with regards to reform
A retrogressive step toward reform
99
Who did the Treaty favour more?
Britain
France
100
Who was Lord Liverpool?
A member of the Royal Household
A member of the East India Company
A leading Tory serving numerous roles such as Foreign Sec.
A former Home Secretary
101
What was the total estimated number of voters in Britain?
24,000
40,000
11,000
14,500
102
What electoral reform proposition was defeated in Parliament in 1785?
The attempt to introduce universal suffrage
The attempt to allow women to stand for office
The attempt to abolish 36 rotten boroughs
103
Approximately how many soldiers and sailors returned from the French wars looking for work?
13,000
20,000
300,000
40,000
104
The biggest financial achievements owed a lot to (?)
The American Revolution
War between 1799 and 1806
Peace between 1783 and 1793
The French Revolution
105
What groups emerged in opposition to the established reform societies?
Fox and North groups
Whig and Tory groups
Pitt and George groups
Church and Kings groups
106
What does Richard Brown argue in relation to the French Revolution in Britain?
It caused widespread debate in British society
It would lead to an increase in finances
People would believe it would lead to reform in Britain
It would lead to mass genocide
107
What did Pitt's financial reforms encourage?
Political loyalty
'Good-housekeeping'- reduced debt, fairer tax burdens etc.
More spending
Revolution
108
True or False? Pitt's financial reforms were original
False
True
109
Why could the mutiny be perceived as a threat?
The willingness of the navy to mutiny
The risk of sailors contracting scorbutus
The danger posed if they had united with others
110
What did Pitt's financial reforms achieve?
The debt being turned into a narrow surplus by 1792
Disunity in government
An increase in tax avoidance
An increase in the national debt
111
Who was the President of the Board of Trade between 1823-27?
Goderich
Bathurst
Huskisson
Robinson
112
What was 'Luddism'
A form of manufacturing
Protests against machines of the industrial revolution
Celebration of the industrial revolution
A resentment of the old systems of industry
113
Why was this repeal unfair?
It encouraged equality
Burden shifted to indirect taxes which poor mostly paid
Taxes paid off interest on national debt- owned by the rich
It increased government revenue
114
What was Pitt initially more concerned with?
The image of Britain
The quality of British produce
Domestic reforms and trade deals with France
His image on the European stage
115
What was the impact of the Sinking Fund
Short-term debt was reduced
Long-term debt was reduced
Public debt had been reduced by £10 million by 1793
Public debt increased
116
What was the result of the 1784 election?
More than 100 MPs who had supported Fox, lost their seats
52 MPs supported Pitt regardless
14 were 'crown party' MPs (those who owed loyalty to King)
117
Why was support in the House of Commons so important for Pitt?
Pitt would not be able to carry on day-to-day government
The front bench would be desolate
Pitt would not be able to pass legislation
Pitt would feel isolated
118
What according to Eric Evans, had more of an impact on Britain's finance than trade?
Peace from 1783 to 1793
Reduction of government offices
Changes in manufacturing (greater efficiency)
Abolition of royal sinecures
119
What were the famous comments about Pitt's new ministry?
"A kingdom trusted in a school boy's care"
The bleak ministry
The Tory ministry
A "mince pie ministry"
120
What were the political causes of discontent 1812-22?
Seat redistribution had not occurred
Parliament championed equality
Parliament was transparent
Parliament did not represent the nation
121
Who was Foreign Secretary between 1822 - 27?
Castlereagh
Canning
Huskisson
Robinson
122
What were the financial impacts of the Eden Treaty
Massively increased British cheese reserves
Turned deficit of £2.5 million into a surplus of £2 million
Massively increased government debt
Massively increased government borrowing
123
Between 1973 - 1800 Pitt became...?
Reformer to the reactionary, from necessity, to hypocrisy
A tyrant
From reactionary to reformer
A dictator
124
What occurred in Leeds in 1812?
Enclosure was encouraged
The university was burnt down
New machines destroyed in Cleckheaton in Yorkshire
The burning down of a new factory
125
What was the significance of the Mutiny Bill
It would determine whether Pitt had the authority to govern
It would prevent naval mutinies
It would facilitate court-marshalling
126
What did the emergence of war with France cause in Britain?
A love for the French
Impressment of men into the Army and Navy
High levels of taxation
Economic distress caused by trade disruption
127
The news of Napoleon's rise and victories in France caused the British government to become...?
More repressive
More liberal
Totalitarian
Tyrannous
128
What two Acts were passed in 1797 prevent further naval mutinies after Spithead and the Nore?
Act against administrating unlawful oaths
Act for Preservation of the Navy
Act against Mutinies
Seduction from Duty and Allegiance Act
129
What was 'mercantilism'?
Power to increase share of world trade through protection
Power to seize ports
Power to seize vessels
130
Who was tried in 1794 for imagining the King's death and was acquited?
William Pitt
Joe Brooks
Thomas Hardy
George Washington
131
Who had previously introduced a 'sinking fund'?
The Whigs
Recommended by the Commission for Examining Public Accounts
The King
Sir Robert Walpole
132
Before reform, what the state associated with?
Corruption and the power of a few great men
Financial prudence
Revolution
Egalitarianism
133
By the early 1790s, how many government offices were eradicated?
750
450
304
201
134
What problems did Pitt's government face during the radical years?
Threat of invasion, maintaining food supplies and radicalism
Poor trade
The repeal of the Eden Treaty
135
What did Lord Erskine (Lord Chancellor) remark about Pitt's reactions to radicalism?
They were overreactive and exaggerated
Necessary and Proper
Acceptable in a liberal democracy
Unnecessary, there was no threat of revolution
136
What arguably enabled Pitt to seize control during the election?
The appeal of Pitt's reforming promises and independence
The influence of the crown (patronage)
The dislike of the artificial Fox-North coalition
Pitt's humour
137
What was introduced in 1797, again to regulate the newspapers?
Taxes on printed matter
The encouragement of radical gazettes
Wholesale ban on tabloids
The encouragement of anti-government legislation
138
What did the grievances of the mutineers at Spithead concern?
The lack of British exports to France
The quality of Pitt's leadership
The quality of British vessels
Pay, poor provisions and influence from France
139
What was distinctive about radical activity and thus why it was not effective?
They were calling for an end to habeas corpus
Bulk of activity undertaken by minor landowners-not national
They were calling for the death of the King
Undertaken in countryside under the watchful eye of gentry
140
2. How were MPs elected to Parliament?
MPs were elected in houses, sending 2 MPs
MPs were elected in fields, sending 3 MPs
MPs were elected in counties or boroughs. Each sent 2 MPs
MPs were elected in cities, sending 1 MP
141
Before becoming Prime Minister, what Treaty did Lord Liverpool negotiate?
Treaty of Amiens
The Eden Treaty
The Maastricht
The Paris Treaty
142
Who did Pitt appoint to reform 'Customs'?
John Barry
Michael Barrimore
Richard Frewin
John Trebnam
143
What did the French issue in November 1792 calling on people to overthrow their rulers?
Declaration of Anarchists
Compromise of Aggressors
Edict of Fraternity
Declaration of Revolution
144
What did Pitt's income tax ensure?
War could now be ended
The majority of wartime expenditure was financed by taxes
War was viable
War was now financially impossible
145
What influenced Pitt's financial and administrative reforms?
Servicing an increasing debt was eating government revenue
Influence during his time as Chancellor of the Exchequer
Pressure from country- saw the government as ineffective
Appease the masses by pretending to end corruption
146
What was passed between 1799-1800 to prevent workers uniting for higher wages?
The Combination Acts
The Hovering Act
The Wages Acts
The Gagging Acts
147
What did the Canada Act establish and ensure?
The loyalty of Canada to Britain throughout the wars
Divide Canada into two zones, upper Canada being English
The cooperation with French Canadians
The removal of all French Canadians
148
What did the Government do in order to avert radical movements?
Held a series of public Treason Trials (Hardy and Sheffield)
The King was executed
Displays of generosity in which gold was handed out
Arrest leading members of prominent Corresponding Societies
149
What did the King urge Pitt to do in 1784?
Choose a cabinet
Pledge allegiance to the King
Join the Whigs
Call an election
150
Pitt's repression was ultimately led by whom?
Commoners
Gentry
The King
Justices of the Peace
151
What financial measure in 1797 removed all gold from economy and introduced paper money?
Suspension of cash payments by the government
Suspension of cash payment by the Bank of England
Suspension of cash payments by the Crown
152
What dangerous events occurred in April and May 1797?
The dismantling of the London Corresponding Society
The attempted assassination of Pitt
The arrival of the French in Britain
Naval mutinies at Spithead and the Nore
153
True or False? The various group's aims were not uniform?
True
False
154
What did Pitt aim to tackle in his trading policies
Exporting
Importing
Deporting
Smuggling
155
What did the government introduce to reduce the threat posed by Luddism?
Make perpetrators pay a fine
Make machine breaking punishable by death
Make perpetrators replace machinery
Make those who break machines work in new factories
156
True or false: A prime minister could also be a member of the House of Lords?
False
True
157
How many warships did Pitt build and equip in his peacetime ministry after 1784?
24
33
60
21
158
What did Pitt's trading policies demonstrate?
State could introduce policies for expanding economy
England was a protectionist state
Britain had nothing to trade
Pitt was isolated
159
What did the Combination Acts do?
Offered faster applications of the law
Ban people from combining resources
Ban people from exchanging goods
Forbade societies for the purpose of political reform
160
Was radicalism a danger?
Radicalism was much stronger in years of economic problems
The radicals were not one united group
Enthusiasm for the Revolution eventually declined
Food riots were particularly dangerous to government
161
What did radical groups sympathetic to the events in France begin to do?
Call for the introduction on anarcho-syndicalism
Denounce the French Revolution
Form societies to debate the best way forward and recruit
Call for the cessation of trading ties with France
162
What does historian John Brewer's 'fiscal-military state' theory refer to?
All currency was decorated with military insignia
The Treasury was fortified
Tax-collectors who were armed by the government
An increase in war taxation and an increase in size of army
163
What started to be collected in 1797 to raise government revenues?
Mansion Tax (243d in £)
Council Tax (24d in the £)
Bedroom Tax
Income Tax (2d in the £) over £60
164
What was Pitt hoping for before calling an election?
The King's agents would exert royal influence to gain seats
Establish a reputation in Parliament as a statesman
Establish more pocket boroughs
165
What did the Sheffield Corresponding Society do to increase its appeal?
Abolish annual subscriptions and allow anyone to join
Ban members of the middle classes
Encourage the royal family to join
Increase annual subcriptions
166
By 1975 what was the London Corresponding Societies membership?
14,000
5,000
2,000
3,000
167
What did the 1793 Aliens Act prevent?
The suspension of the science-fiction genre
French Republicans visiting England and exchanging ideas
The welcoming of interstellar life-forms into Britain
The arrival of all European immigrants
168
Who was arrested in 1794 by order of the government?
Charles James Fox
Members of the Sheffield Corresponding Society
William Pitt
Leading London radicals
169
What was the nature of the reform movement?
Calling for a ban on trade
Some aimed at slowing down the pace of industrial change
Calling for an inequal parliament
Speaking out against a corrupt political system
170
During the severe drought of 1812 what did wheat prices rise to?
340s a quarter
119s a quarter
123s a quarter
126s a quarter
171
What did the Indian Act's language confirm?
Cooperation
Pitt's determination to effect radical change
Disunity
A special relationship
172
What did this Act establish?
Banning imports of goods worth smuggling
Legalising smuggling for all
The extension of Customs officials to 12 miles offshore
Allowing only those with a license to smuggle
173
What did the end of the French War do to manufactured goods?
Lower their price
Ensure they were increasingly obsolete with end of war
Increase their production
174
What assessment was given of Liverpool after his death?
He possessed qualities to carry a nation to safety
Not distinguished by any originality of views
A disappointing figure
175
Opposition to a corrupt political system in Britain dated back to when?
1745 and Miles Davis
1780s Robert Miles
1760s and John Wilkes
1756 and John Roberts
176
What violent event occurred in April of 1812?
Poisoning of farmer's soil
Armed clash between 100 machine breakers and soldiers
The ripping down of hedges
Ripping down of crops
177
In 1784 what was the estimated total national debt?
£1.5 million
£243 million
£456 million
£127 million
178
What highlighted the differing aims of the groups?
Some only wanted voting to be restricted to property owners
Some wanted no reform at all
Some wanted death to George III
Some wanted universal suffrage
179
By what percentage did smuggling exceed imports?
15%
14%
20%
2%
180
How many sinecures had Pitt abolished by 1792?
13
12
80
28
181
What 1790 landmark parliamentary defeat confirmed a hardening opinion to radicalism?
Pitt's defeat in abolition of Whigs bill
Henry Flood's defeat in parliamentary reform bill
John Locke's defeat in allowing more naval mutinies
Adam Smith's defeat in Wealth of Nations bill
182
What method did Pitt employ to reform the administration from 'within'
Increase pay for the more efficient departments
Appoint and support strong admins to take charge of dept.
Reduce the pay for the less efficient departments.
183
Why can Pitt's terror be seen as effective?
It rushed through repressive legislation after the mutinies
It used agents to influence opinion (newspaper subsidies)
Church and King groups were encouraged to attack reformers
There were 200 prosecutions for treason (no habeas corpus)
184
According to Ruth Mader what made the French Revolution threatening?
The implementation of radical legislation
Ordinary people organising into political groups- first time
People uniting in opposition against the Revolution
185
What was arguably the impact of the Whig's division?
Pitt was appointed as prime minister
Whigs disbanded
The Whigs lost 100 seats in the 1784 general election
Whigs gained 50 seats in the general election
186
What did the rise of the 'radical orator' in the early 1790's cause?
An influx of elocution lessons
Many people now being able to speak with confidence
The rise of the public speaker
A threat to government's ability to control political ideas
187
What was the purpose of this tax?
To discourage the sale of newspapers altogether
To price cheap periodicals off the market
To price cheap loyalist literature off the market
188
What did King George III particularly dislike?
He disliked party conflict and the war against the colonists
He disliked Pitt
He disliked Shelburne
He disliked the Fox-North coalition
189
What example demonstrates that Pitt did not support promotion on merit entirely?
Police Commissioner
The Post Master General
The High Commissioner
Fire Commander
190
What happened when sailors refused to sail back out to sea?
Sailors were mad to walk the plank
The Channel fleet was immobilized and sailors held elections
The Admiralty were overthrown
Pitt resigned
191
What did Pitt procure in 1792 in an attempt to calm radical activity?
a curfew on all citizens inhabiting London
A ban on all British goods leaving France
A ban on all French goods entering Britain
An act against 'seditious meetings and publications'
192
How did the naval mutiny at Spithead occur?
Admirals refusing seamen food and resources
Seamen complaining of poor conditions were sent back to sea
Seamen demanding to fire a canon ball at Westminster
Seamen demanding to sail to France
193
Regarding the election, what did Pitt urge the King to do?
To stop hassling him
To let him consider his options
To stand firm
To write again soon
194
What did the countryside continue to face under Lord Liverpool?
High levels of crop yield
The introduction of synthetic fertilizer
The banning of enclosure
Perennial problem of bad harvests
195
What is meant by "The French Revolution made Pitt a Tory"?
Pitt's trading policies were repressive
Pre-empted his days as a liberal, progressive reformer
Pitt's domestic policies were lenient
Immigration policy
196
What was the impact of this reduction?
The quantity of tea being imported reduced
The quantity of tea (1789) passing through customs doubled
Pitt compromised by reducing charge for smuggling herbal tea
The Exchequer got an extra £200,000 in revenue
197
What did E.P Thompson see the reform societies as?
"The first stage of Pitt's resignation"
"The last stage of a monarchy"
"The last stage of democracy"
"The first state in the political self-education of a class"
198
What other factors reduced the appeal of the Whigs?
Fox appeared to support hereditary monarchy over parliament
Their support of the protection of trade- opposed to Eden Tr
The onset of war made Fox's support of France unpatriotic
199
What did this achieve?
Increased government revenue that had been reduced
Ensured higher levels of poverty
Reduced government revenue
Increased the national debt
200
What does Pitt introduce to encourage opposition to reform associations in June 1792?
Financing of loyalists to support Church and King
Funding for a joint meeting of the Jacobins and George III
Increased funding of European trade
Funding of radical groups calling for the death of the King
201
What were the financial impacts of this reduction?
The Government had lost £2 million to smuggling
Government revenue had increased by £3 million
The Government could no longer afford to regulate customs
202
What were the effects of the Sheffield Corresponding Society broadening their membership?
It had a hundred new members each week for two years
It had one new member by 1793
It had over 2,500 members by June 1792
203
What was repealed in 1816, as Pitt had promised?
Indirect tax
The Hovering Act
Window Tax
Income Tax
204
When did Luddism largely die down?
By the end of 1813
The beginning of 1816
The end of 1870
205
The publication of parliamentary debates reveal about Fox's speeches?
They were not in English
They were overexaggerated and extreme
Pitt could seem dull but his speeches were more compelling
There were illiterate
206
What two pieces of legislation formed the 'Gagging Acts'?
The Treasonable Practices Act
The Hovering Act
The Factory Act
The Seditious Meetings and Assemblies Act
207
Who was Major John Cartwright?
A secret informer within Liverpool's Ministry
A royal falconer
A leading radical who wrote about giving the vote to all men
A radical who wrote about extending the franchise to women
208
What new ideas arose that attacked protectionism?
Trade should be restricted
Trade shouldn't be restricted as greater benefits would flow
Trading tariffs should be increased
Britain should seize more ports
209
What was there widespread dislike of?
The 'new corruption'
The 'old corruption'
The 'frugal corruption'
The 'fiscal corruption'
210
What did Pitt's administrative reforms achieve?
Increased procedures to ensure tax was collected effectively
Reduced office holding
Asserted the state's right to oversee the East India Company
Increased office holding
211
By 1815, what key elements for discontent were once again in place?
A rising population and large industrial workforce
The government was pro-French
Britain was vulnerable to trade fluctuations
High wheat prices
212
What did the Eden Treaty achieve?
Less wine for Britain
More cheese for Britain
Low duties on the import of wines and reductions of duties
213
Why were the Combination Acts introduced?
To ensure people's wages were in line with inflation
A fear of a rise of Jacobinism
Pitt determined for industry not to be held ransom in wars
To allow the flourishing of seditious meetings
214
When was Pitt chosen by George III to form a government?
20th November 1784
19th December 1783
21st December 1782
18th August 1783
215
After 1783, when would the Whigs next seize power?
1830
1824
1833
1802
216
True or False? mot radical protest was more to do with the economy than political radicalism?
True
False
217
Why was Pitt's terror limited?
Britain was effectively ruled through loyalist groups
Juries rarely convict when 'sedition' carried death penalty
Laws could not be passed through Parliament
It was dependent on laws which could be criticised (Fox)
218
What Treaty was passed in 1786?
The Eden Treaty
The Greek Treaty
The America Treaty
The Eve Treaty
219
Whilst the Sinking Fund seemed positive, what were its disadvantages?
It only dealt with long -term debt
It eradicated all government debt
Short-term debt increased by 37 million between 1783 and 93
220
What financial reform did Pitt introduce in 1786?
The Pitt Fund
The Sinking Fund
The Lottery
The Interest Fund
221
What did Eric Evans suggest about the threat of the radical movement?
"A threat at times when food prices were low"
"A threat at times when trade was at a low"
"A threat at times when hunger provided ears for propaganda"
222
What did some political radicals view the French Revolution as?
An event that encouraged isolation
An event that encouraged oppression of the masses
An event in the direction of tolerance and political part.
An event that encouraged singing
223
What was the view on the interest payments of government debt?
Debt funding was able to take money from away from business
It benefitted the few, with some yielding 6 percent rates
They were too expensive
They were too cheap
224
What was the difference between the new reform societies and the County Associations of 1770?
Reform societies were far more expensive to join
Reform societies had a much more diverse membership
Reform societies were far more discriminatory
225
What happened France during 1789?
Cheese was destroyed
Paris crowds stormed the Bastille prison
King Louis XVI is forced to accept a new constitution
Royal family forced to leave their home in Versailles
226
1. How was Britain ruled in 1783?
The King ruled through a constitutional monarchy
Britain had a written Constitution that outlined governance
The King ruled through an autocratic monarchy
Britain had no written Constitution just individual laws
227
What was a well-known radical publication?
Adress to the people of the Sheffield Society
Address to the people of the London Corresponding Society
Adress to the people of the Society of the Friends of Whigs
228
What did the Continental system establish?
The American Decrees
The United Province Decrees
The Prussian Decrees
The Berlin Decrees
229
What was the Board's purpose?
Dissolve the Company
Plunder the Company
Nationalise the Company
'superintend, direct, and control' property and activities
230
Why were many surprised at Pitt's appointment?
Tthe majority of MPs supported the Fox-North Coalition
The rest of his cabinet sat in the House of Lords
Pitt had limited political experience
231
What had France introduced to wage economic war against Britain in 1806?
The Continental System
The Monetary System
The Coinage System
The Reductive System
232
William Pitt was an MP for which type of 'borough'
Pocket
Regional
Urban
Rotten
233
What Act did Pitt introduce in 1787 to further tackle smuggling?
The Felony Act
The Hovering Act
The Customs Act
The Smuggling Act
234
What did the death of Louis XVI cause Pitt to do
Reward those whose supported the Revolution
View those who supported the Revolution as English Jacobins
Create a climate of fear and decry reformist societies
235
With the outbreak of war, what financial reform did Pitt introduce in 1799?
A mutiny bill
A poll tax
The Eden Treaty
An income tax on all income over £60
236
What did these Decrees establish?
Berlin was no longer allowed to trade
No vessel coming from Britain could enter French ports
No French exports were allowed to enter Berlin
237
When the French Wars began what happened to the Whigs?
Often failed to oppose government action
High profile members left and united with Pitt and Tories
Fox and his supporters were now only 50 strong
Rarely went up to Parliament, once all seen in one carriage
