A dependent variable is?

A variable that is contingent on that of another

What is the most likely consequence of implementing evidence-based practice?

highest quality of care and best possible outcomes are more likely achieved

What is the most important reason for using a framework such as PICOT to formulate clinical questions?

increases chance that best evidence will be identified quickly/efficiently

How is statistical significance established at the outset of a research study?

By agreeing the level of the p-value to be used when analysing the results

How is clinical significance established at the outset of a research study?

determining minimum important difference that needs to be observed

What are the three essential elements of valid consent?

Capacity, enough information to make a decision and absence of duress.

Double blinding means...

The patient and investigators dont know the treatment being received.

The PARIHS Framework examines the interactions between 3 key elements for knowledge translation, these are?

Evidence, Context, Facilitation

What does data saturation mean in qualitative research?

No new themes of information are being identified

What is a cohort study?

Medical research used to investigate cause of disease and establish links

Mixed methods research allows what?

allows deeper exploration of diverse viewpoints and perspectives

which of the following is a ket assumption when undertaking QUALitative research?

its based on inductive reasoning

Evidence Informed Decision Making

What does the confidence interval represent?

range that the true value might lie given size of the difference observed

What are Beauchamp and Childress' 4 ethical principles?

Autonomy, Non-Maleficence, Beneficence and Justice

What type of clinical question would best be answered by interpretative/qualitative research designs?

Questions about meanings/experiences

What is one of the main purposes of intention-to-treat analysis?

maintain original group composition achieved following randomisation

Identify a key assumption made when undertaking qualitative research

Qualitative research is generally based on inductive reasoning

What do tests of reliability demonstrate about a test instrument?

The stability of the instrument

What are the barriers to change?

Psychological, organisational, resource, staff information and skill set

The hierarchy of evidence from top to bottom is...

RCTs, Clinical trials, observational studies, case reports, anecdotes

What sort of information might reasonably be considered confidential?

Any or all information of a personal, intimate or sexual nature.

What type of clinical question would best be answered by positivist research designs?

Questions about clinical outcomes

What are the benefits of EIDM?

Lessen gap between good research and practice

Which of the following are examples of QUANtitative data collection tools?

Experiments, clinical trials, closed questionnaires

What must be done before any research in healthcare settings or on patients, or tissue is carried out?

National & local ethics committee approached & advice and approvals gained

What is the main purpose of random allocation?

to promote internal and external validity

Researchers who fail to gain ethical approvals and carry out unethical research may face disciplinary action from...?

The law, professional bodies and their employers

Name two UK based organisations that provide advice and guidance on ethics in research...

Research Ethics Service and the NMC

Choose the correct 3 different research methodologies within the qualitative paradigm

Phenomenology, ethnography and grounded theory

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#NRS502 Revision - OCT2022

67 termsStudBud Administration1,085 plays

50 Questions taken from DLE tiles and the mock exam.

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Questions 67

Answers

1
A dependent variable is?
variable that determines the cause
A variable that predicts an outcome
A variable that is contingent on that of another
A variable that is not dependent on that of another
2
Which of these tests would be used to demonstrate association between ordinal variables?
Spearmans Correlation
Pearson's Correlation
Chi Squared
Frequencies
3
'These are used to determine the statistical significance of observed differences between groups'
mean
inferential statistics
median
descriptive statistics
4
What is the most likely consequence of implementing evidence-based practice?
Patients and their families will always be involved with the decisions made
All healthcare decisions will be based on highest quality research availble
There will be no variation in care given to patients with same condition
highest quality of care and best possible outcomes are more likely achieved
5
What is the standard of consent required in law in the UK?
Assumed Consent
Valid Consent
Implied Consent
Forced consent
6
What is the most important reason for using a framework such as PICOT to formulate clinical questions?
It helps identify the patient population
It guarantees that all relevant evidence will be identified
increases chance that best evidence will be identified quickly/efficiently
It ensures the right comparison is included within the question
7
Which QUALitative methodology may be used when looking at how behaviour of individuals is influenced by their culture?
ethnography
phenomenology
grounded theory
narrative
8
How is statistical significance established at the outset of a research study?
By agreeing the level of the p-value to be used when analysing the results
By ensuring a sufficiently large sample can be recruited
By determining the minimum important difference that needs to be observe
By ensuring all patients can be followed up
9
Can QUALitative research include numbers?
No
Yes
10
What does RCT mean?
Random Controlling Trails
Random Controlled Trails
Raised Controlled Trials
Randomised Controlled Trials
11
Which of the following statements is true of inductive reasoning in research?
it is used in quantitative research
It is used in experimental research
it can generate theory
it takes a positivist approach
12
These are used to determine the statistical significance of any observed differences between groups
mean
Descriptive statistics
inferential statistics
median
13
How is clinical significance established at the outset of a research study?
By ensuring all patients can be followed up
by agreeing level of the p-value to be used when analysing results.
Ensuring a sufficiently large sample can be recruited
determining minimum important difference that needs to be observed
14
What are the three essential elements of valid consent?
Capacity, enough information to make a decision and absence of duress.
Capacity, enough information and duress
Capacity, no information to make a decision and an absence of duress.
no capacity, enough information and an absence of duress.
15
Double blinding means...
The patient and investigators do know the treatment being received.
the patient does not know the type of treatment they are receiving
The patient and investigators dont know the treatment being received.
The patient, investigator and data analyst do not know the treatment
16
The PARIHS Framework examines the interactions between 3 key elements for knowledge translation, these are?
Evidence, Context, Facilitation
Evidence, Context, Familiarisation
Evidence, Commitment, Facilitation
Evidence, Commitment, Facilitation
17
What does data saturation mean in qualitative research?
P values are statistically significant
No new themes of information are being identified
Themes are still being explored
Recruitment numbers reach the power calculation
18
What is a cohort study?
Medical research used to investigate cause of disease and establish links
Compares patients with a disease with patient who do not have disease.
Participants are not randomised in groups, but placed there
Scientific experiment with random assignment
19
Which QUALitative methodology may be used to study participants who have experienced a particular phenomenon?
Ethnography
Phenomenology
Grounded Theory
Narrative
20
Mixed methods research allows what?
allows deeper exploration of limited viewpoints and some perspectives
allows deeper exploration of diverse viewpoints and perspectives only
allows deeper exploration of diverse viewpoints and perspectives
allow limited exploration of viewpoints and perpectives
21
which of the following is a ket assumption when undertaking QUALitative research?
it is based on deductive reasoning
it is based on objectivity
its based on inductive reasoning
it tests a hypothesis
22
Which of the following is NOT an example of a QUALitative research methodology
narrative
ethnography
grounded theory
experiemental
23
What does EIDM mean?
Evidence Informed Decisive Making
Evidential Informed Decide Making
Evidence Informed Decision Making
Evidence information decision making
24
What does the confidence interval represent?
level of confidence that can be demonstrated about the results of a study
range that the true value might lie given size of the difference observed
The actual magnitude of the results obtained in a study
The statistical significance of the range of values obtained from a study
25
What kind of bias is in an RCT when those collecting the outcome data know which groups patients have been allocated to?
Performance Bias
Attrition Bias
Measurement Bias
Selection Bias
26
What are Beauchamp and Childress' 4 ethical principles?
Autonomy, Non-Maleficence, Beneficence and Justice
Autonomy, Non-Maleficence, No benefit and Justice
Autonomy, Non-Maleficence, beneficence and Non-justice
Autonomy, maleficence, beneficence and justice
27
Thematic analysis does include one of the following
p-value
measurements
inferential statistics
coding
28
What type of clinical question would best be answered by interpretative/qualitative research designs?
Questions about meanings/experiences
Questions about diagnosis
Questions about prognosis
Questions about clinical outcomes
29
Which statement is correct about inductive research?
Is used in quantitative research
It tests hypothesis
Uses a positivist approach
Generates theory
30
What is one of the main purposes of intention-to-treat analysis?
ensure data analysis is valid
ensure results are statistically significant
maintain original group composition achieved following randomisation
ensure the intervention and control groups are balanced
31
Identify a key assumption made when undertaking qualitative research
Qualitative research is generally based on deductive reasoning
Qualitative research is generally based on inductive reasoning
Qualitative research is focused on hypothesis testing
Qualitative research is primarily analytical
32
What do tests of reliability demonstrate about a test instrument?
The stability of the instrument
That an instrument can be used more than once
That an instrument measures what it is supposed to measure
That an instrument reflects performance
33
Which of these is not a sampling method used in qualitative research?
convenience
probability
Purposive
snowball
34
What are the barriers to change?
psychological, organisational, research, staff info and skill set.
psychological, organised, research and staff information
Psychological, organisational, resource, staff information and skill set
psychological, organised, research, staff info and skill set
35
The hierarchy of evidence from top to bottom is...
RCT, Observational studies, clinical trials, case reports
observational studies, case reports, RCTs, clinical trials
RCTs, Clinical trials, observational studies, case reports, anecdotes
RCT, clinical trials,anecdotal findings, observational studies, casereports
36
What does RTA stand for, when discussing frameworks for translation into practice?
Knowledge to achieving framework
Knowledge to Attention Framework
Knowledge to Action Framework
Knowledge to Actioning Framework
37
What is not a data collection method in qualitative research
focus groups
video observation
likert scale
interviews
38
Which question formation tool is useful for developing QUALitative research questions?
SPIDAR
SPEDAR
SPIPER
SPIDER
39
What sort of information might reasonably be considered confidential?
Any or all information of a personal, intimate or sexual nature.
only intimate information is confidential
No information is considered confidential
Only information of a sexual nature is confidential.
40
What type of clinical question would best be answered by positivist research designs?
Questions about meanings
Questions about experiences
Questions about the lived experience
Questions about clinical outcomes
41
Which of these tests would be used to demonstrate association between nominal variables?
Spearman's Correlation
ANOVA
Pearson's Correlation
Chi Squared
42
Which of these is only a sampling method in quantitative research?
Convenience
Snowball
Probability
Purposive
43
If a scale were developed to measure overall health and response categories were: ‘excellent’ ‘good’ ‘average’ or ‘poor’
Interval
Nominal
Ordinal
Ratio
44
What are the benefits of EIDM?
to not improve overall approach to health
Decrease information for patients
Lessen gap between good research and practice
Less effective use of resources
45
Which of the following are examples of QUANtitative data collection tools?
Experiments, clinical trials, closed questionnaires
experiements, questionnaires. focus groups
Interviews, focus groups, open questionnaires
experiements, surverys and one-to-one interviews
46
What must be done before any research in healthcare settings or on patients, or tissue is carried out?
Non-national ethics commitees much be approached and approval not sought.
NHS Ethics committee are approached and advice is given
National & local ethics committee approached & advice and approvals gained
No approach needs to be made to national and local committees.
47
What is the main purpose of random allocation?
to ensure the sample size is equal between groups
to ensure the study is reliable
to promote internal and external validity
to ensure the study is double blinded
48
Researchers who fail to gain ethical approvals and carry out unethical research may face disciplinary action from...?
The law only
Employers only.
Professional bodies and employers only
The law, professional bodies and their employers
49
Name two UK based organisations that provide advice and guidance on ethics in research...
Research Ethics Service and the NMC
NMC and the Royal College of Nurses
WHO and National Ethics Committee
Research Panel Board and the RCN.
50
A nurse wanted to explore the working culture in an A&E dept., which research methodology is best suited to this study?
Ethnography
Grounded Theory
Survey
Phenomenology
51
Choose the correct 3 different research methodologies within the qualitative paradigm
Mixed methods, case study, randomised controlled Trial
Survey, grounded theory, case study
Phenomenology, ethnography and grounded theory
Phenomenology, ethnography, randomised controlled trial
52
Thematic Analysis does not include the following...
measurements
familiarisation of data
coding
defining them
53
Explanatory sequential means doing data collection which way round?
Qualitative then Quantitative
Quantitative then Qualitative
54
A catagorical variable is...
no one thing is higher than the other
two distince types of things
is designed to rank the data
made up of groups of data like a cat or a dog
55
Which of the following best describes the qualities of QUALitative research?
Interpretivist, inductive, subjective and transferable
Positivist, cause and effect, deductive, objective and generalisable
56
Which type of clinical question may best be answered using an interpretive/QUALitative research design?
questions about meaning/experience
questions about prognosis
questions about clinical outcomes
questions about diagnosis
57
Pragmatism means...
Pragmatism involves merging of positivist and interpretivist philosophies
involves just using the positivist philosophies
involves just interpretivist philosophies
58
Probability Sampling means...
Every member or element has a lower probability than zero of being selected
Subjects happen to be in the right place at the right time
not every element of the population has an opportunity to be selected
Every member / element has a probability higher than zero of being selected
59
What best describes the importance of including confidence intervals with research results?
they indicate the p-value
they indicate whether the sample is large enough
indicate clinical significance when results not statistically significant
they tell you if data is missing
60
Which of the following sampling methods would you expect to see in QUALitative research study?
Stratified
Simple Random
Systematic
Purposive
61
Are you going to pass this exam??
YES
YES
YES
YES
62
What sort of bias is of concern with survey analysis?
confounding bias
sampling bias
researcher bias
selection bias
63
A p-value needs to be what, to be considered statistically significant
Only less than 0.05
>0.05
0.05 or below
0.005 only
64
What is Mode?
a set of data values that appears the most often
would be the mean of the two middle numbers of the data
It implies an average of the data
a set of data values that appears least often
65
What does PARiHS mean
Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health services
Promoting Acting on Research Implementation in Health Services
Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Heat Services
Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Healthy Services
66
Which research design allows us to observe the same participants over a period of time?
RCT
Case STudy
Longditudinal Survey
Case Control Study
67
Why might data collected from qualitative research be considered less important than data obtained from RCTs?
The findings from qualitative research based on interview data
The findings from qualitative research are not usually generalisable
The findings from qualitative research are not methodologically robust
The findings from qualitative research generally lack rigour

#NRS502 Revision - OCT2022 Flashcards | StudBud