Chapter 26 The Cold War

Americans wanted someone they could trust

pro-Soviet Communist govts would be established in Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia

military alliance in Eastern Europe headed by the USSR

 USSR launched first satellite ever into space Americans were alarmed US was falling behind USSR in missile technology

created by Congress because of Sputnik→to coordinate research in rocket science & space exploration

1946 US cryptographers cracked the Soviet spy code- provided strong evidence Rosenbergs were guilty

US accused Soviets of violating Declaration of Liberated Europe-Soviets pressured King of Romania to appoint Commie govt

CIA- secret speech to Soviet leaders broadcast to Eastern Europe-full scale uprising began- Soviet tanks rolled in

In 1949 Allies divided at 38th parallel of latitude-troops from the north invaded the south- UN intervenes

Chinese Nationalist govt leader since late 1920s, backed by the US

 provided funds for education & training in science, math, & foreign languages

Egypt seized control of canal→British & French troops invaded Egypt→USSR offered troops to Egypt- US made them all stop

 President quietly let Chinese know might continue Korean War “under circumstances of our own choosing”- nuclear attack

For 11 months, cargo planes supplied food, medicine, & coal→2 million tons of supplies symbolized US determination

U-2 pilot shot down & captured by the Soviets

US, Canada, Britain, France, Italy, Belgium, Denmark, Portugal, the Netherlands, Norway, Luxembourg, & Iceland

separating the shower curtain from the mainstream of water- usually hung on rings

 made it illegal to “combine, conspire, or agree with any other person" to establish totalitarian govt- vetoed by Truman

 5,540-word cable message explaining Communists believed they were in a long-term historical struggle against capitalism

1950 People’s Republic of China & Soviet Union signed treaty of friendship and alliance

In Korea in July 1953 negotiators signed an armistice→battle line between the two sides became border

Communist China saw advancing UN troops as a threat-launched massive attack across the Yalu River in November 1950

Once US lost China, it encouraged rapid recovery of Japan’s industrial economy

Great Britain, US, Soviet Union, & France would each control one zone→would also divide city of Berlin (in Soviet zone)

warned Chinese any attempt to invade would be resisted & hinted they would use nuclear weapons→China backed down

threatening to use nuclear weapons if a Communist state tried to seize territory by force

Soviet premier after Stalin’s death

In 1950 the US used its veto power in the UN Security Council to put representatives of new Communist China into the UN

Americans wanted someone they could trust

sold the secrets of atomic bomb to USSR

keeping communism within its present territory through use of diplomatic, economic, & military actions

After the war, Soviet troops remained in northern Iran→ began demanding access to Iran’s oil supplies

effort to secretly weaken a society & overthrow its govt

he announced “We will bury capitalism” →demanded US, Great Britain, and France withdraw troops from West Berlin

place families built in backyards w food & supplies to wait out radiation left over after an atomic blast

war fought to achieve a limited objective, ie. containing communism

MacArthur ordered daring invasion behind enemy lines at...

 Eisenhower decided to scale back conventional military to build up nukes because they gave “more bang for the buck”

Eisenhower warned us a new relationship developed between military & defense industry, a "military industrial complex"

 tactic of damaging reputations w vague & unfounded charges

 won election as president of Guatemala w Communist support- after CIA-trained forces invaded he left office

Time magazine editor former Communist Party member testified several govt officials were also former Communists or spies

right of all people to choose form of govt under which they will live

CIA staged covert operations to overthrow anti-US leaders and replace them with pro-US leaders in developing nations

 American aid to rebuild economies in Europe to stop the spread of communism satellite nations & USSR rejected the offer

formal disapproval by the Senate

Chinese revolutionary struggling against the Nationalist govt

Federal Republic of Germany→ US, Great Britain, & France announced they were merging their zones in Germany

separating the Communist nations of Eastern Europe from the West→Winston Churchill invented the term,

Communist countries of Eastern Europe→had to remain Communist and friendly to the Soviet Union

 economic growth key to world peace→ democratic govt w protections for people’s rights made countries more stable

willingness to go to the brink of war to force other side to back down

Commies vs. Nationalist govt got $2 billion in US aid-squandered advantage w poor military planning & corruption 1940's

Stalin demanded Polish govt be friendly to Soviet Union→FDR & Churchill recognize Polish government set up by Soviets

Between 1947 & 1951, 6 million federal employees screened for their loyalty-confirmed fears Commies infiltrated the govt

perjury means lying under oath in court

millions of Americans watched McCarthy bully witnesses. His popular support started to fade

US diplomat of embassy in Moscow proposed long term patient firm & vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies

 FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover urged HUAC to hold public hearings on Communist subversion→catapulted it to prominence

 hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

 Mossadegh moved against pro-US Shah→CIA sent agents to organize street riots & arrange a coup that ousted→Shah returned

wanted countries between Germany & Soviet Union under Soviet control

 to aid “free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures”

Truman concerned Germany would become communist ←vs→ Stalin equally convinced USSR needed reparations from Germany

For what reason did President Truman fire General MacArthur?

MacArthur pushed N.Koreans north to Yalu River, border with China

Dwight D. Eisenhower- WWII hero easily won presidency as a Republican→after Truman dropped out of race

Commies captured Beijing→Peoples Republic of China defeated Nationalists fled mainland for island of Taiwan (Formosa)

formal face-to-face meeting of leaders from different countries to discuss important issues

 land reform program took over land of the American-owned United Fruit Company→ CIA armed trained troops at secret camps

the act of ducking under the desk and facing away from windows during an atomic blast- taught to US schoolchildren 1950s

President Truman wanted to bomb Chinese cities with atomic weapons

served under FDR-accused of being a commie- sued for libel- evidence against him for perjury was hidden inside a pumpkin

nations w primarily agricultural economies

Julius & Ethel Rosenberg New York couple-govt charged them with heading a Soviet spy ring- executed in June 1953

era of confrontation & competition between US & Soviet Union that lasted from 1946 to 1990

Igor Gouzenko of Soviet Embassy defected-carried documents revealing massive effort to infiltrate govts of US & Canada

 many nations blamed European imperialism & US capitalism for problems→ looked to USSR as model how to industrialize