Translation

There can be an unusual base in the 3rd position on an ANTICODON that can pair with > 1 base. Where does it occur?

A change that specifies the same amino acid (CGA → CGG) (Arg → Arg)

What happens in termination?

Proteins translated into the lumen of the ER

An addition of one or more bases

Mutations can also be passed down from previous generations; but can be repaired

Once amino acid is attached, the tRNA is considered “charged”

Those proteins not destined to stay in the golgi or go back to the ER.... what happens?

If it is not a multiple of 3 bases that are inserted or deleted, the reading frame is shifted

Adding on all the amino acids until we get the stop codon to say that we’re done

AUG always starts the process in protein translation

What are the 3 steps in translation? (in order)

There is no sort of “punctuation” in the code and it doesn’t overlap

A change that specifies a different amino acid

(CGA → CCA) (Arg →Pro)

Ribosomal subunits are the same between humans and bacteria

What is the anti-codon of 5' AUG 3'?

A single base change (CGA → CGG)

Proteins that will be secreted or incorporated into membranes or organelles are translated into the ____

Proteins are made in the cytosol but need a signal as to where they’re going

If more than one codon can code for the same amino acid, what is this called?

What are the types of mutations?

2 binding sites for tRNAs = the peptidyl (P) and aminoacyl (A) sites

The third base shows what is a ___ that it can deviate from the base-pairing rules

There are 6 types of mutations

What is the enzyme that causes formation of the peptide bond, and its' characteristic/s?

What is the sequence of AUG in DNA

How are antibiotics used?

Formation of a complex between the methionyl-tRNA^Met, initiation factors, the mRNA, and the 40s ribosomal subunit

Where does post translational modifications?

Depending on what the anticodon is binding to, you’re going to get a completely different protein

What happens to the vesicles?

Methionine is not the start codon

What is the term that each codon only specifies one amino acid?

(CGA → CGG)

Signal-recognition particle (SRP) which causes the ___ to dock onto the ___ to complete protein synthesis

What is translation?

A change that produces a stop codon

What does frameshifting result in?

The large (60S) subunit binds to complete the ribosome

Proteins are made in the cytosol but need a signal as to where they’re going

Multiple ribosomes can attach to an mRNA = each producing the same protein

Multiple ribosomes can attach to an mRNA = each producing the same protein (what is this term?)

What are the types of mutations?

How does the cell know which organelle they are targeting? (e.g. nucleus, lysosome)

There can be multiple codons for a specific amino acid

How can mutations arise?

How many nucleotides in a codon?

Where are the signals encoded?

A loss of one or more bases

In translation, mRNA is translated again in the 5' to 3' direction into a protein

What are the 3 steps in translation? (in order)

When the protein is being translated, the first few amino acids that come out signals it where it needs to go

Stop codon is reached (UGA, UAG or UAA)

How many reading frames are possible for our code?

To catalyze the addition of amino acids to the corresponding tRNA, little ATP is needed

Good luckzies <3

IF there are multiple codons for that amino acid, which base is different within the codons?

Insertions and Deletions are a cause of this...

First tRNA coming into the the site

What are posttranslational modifications?

How does elongation occur?