What is an example of cultural transmission?

Chimps learning to use tools by watching others

What is an example of an ultimate question?

Why did cooperative behavior evolve?

How is altruism explained in kin selection?

Costs are outweighed by fitness benefits

What is the cost of teaching in animals?

Energy expenditure with no immediate fitness gain

What role does sexual selection play in shaping behavior?

Shapes traits that enhance mating success

How does gene flow differ from genetic drift?

Gene flow involves movement between populations, drift is random

Which of these is an example of genetic-environment interaction?

Birdsong shaped by both genetics and learning

What describes ultimate questions?

Focus on evolution and adaptation

Why is haplodiploidy not the sole explanation for eusociality?

Other ecological and social factors contribute

Which sensory modality example influences behavior?

Nocturnal bats using echolocation for hunting

Why might some behaviors appear maladaptive but persist in a population?

They provide hidden fitness benefits in certain conditions

What is the difference between direct and inclusive fitness?

Inclusive fitness includes direct fitness and kin benefits

How might a population bottleneck affect behavior?

Reduce variation, leading to fixed traits

Which scenario demonstrates reciprocal altruism?

Bats sharing food and receiving help later

Which is NOT a requirement for teaching?

Direct fitness gain for the tutor

Which option reflects how Tinbergen's question about function relates to waggle dances?

How does waggle dancing increase food gathering?

What is a key benefit of comparative studies?

Generate broad evolutionary insights

Why is haplodiploidy important for eusociality?

Females are more related to sisters

What is a suitable experiment to study noise on túngara frogs' mating?

Playing noise recordings and measuring mating call changes

What is a cost of observational approaches?

Results are correlational, not causal.

Why are phylogenetic relationships important?

Trace evolutionary origins of behavior

What are the 3 conditions for natural selection?

Heritability, advantage, variation

Why is heritability important for natural selection?

Allows traits to be passed to the next generation

What is the haplodiploidy hypothesis?

Focuses on sibling relatedness in females

Can evolution occur without natural selection?

Yes, through drift, mutation, and migration.

How does genetic drift affect evolution?

Causes random allele frequency changes

What defines animal behavior?

Internally coordinated responses to stimuli

What does Hamilton's rule predict?

Altruism evolves if the benefit to kin outweighs the cost.

How does kin selection influence cooperative behavior in animals?

Increases fitness by helping relatives reproduce

Why is kin selection key in group living?

Increases indirect fitness benefits

What describes behavioral adaptations?

Enhances fitness and reproduction

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Animal Behavior: Exam 1 Review

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Questions 39

Answers

1
What is an example of cultural transmission?
Reflexive predator avoidance
Instinctive migration routes in birds
Web-building behavior in spiders
Chimps learning to use tools by watching others
2
What is an example of an ultimate question?
What triggers startle reflex?
Why did cooperative behavior evolve?
What mechanisms enable locomotion?
How does hunger affect feeding behavior?
3
How is altruism explained in kin selection?
Random interactions determine success
Costs are outweighed by fitness benefits
Benefits are always direct
Relies solely on environmental factors
4
What is an instinctive behavior?
Birdsong shaped by learning
Foraging strategies in bears
Tool use in primates
Spider web design
5
What is the cost of teaching in animals?
Energy expenditure with no immediate fitness gain
Eliminating genetic diversity in behaviors
Reducing skill acquisition in learners
Promoting selfish behaviors in groups
6
What role does sexual selection play in shaping behavior?
Drives survival adaptations only
Prevents mate competition in groups
Promotes random mating strategies
Shapes traits that enhance mating success
7
How does gene flow differ from genetic drift?
Gene flow reduces genetic variation, drift increases it.
They are two terms for the same process
Drift results from migration, gene flow from chance
Gene flow involves movement between populations, drift is random
8
Which of these is an example of genetic-environment interaction?
Instinctive nest building in birds
Territorial aggression in all male animals
Birdsong shaped by both genetics and learning
Reflexive blinking in response to light
9
What is Hamilton's rule?
rC > B
rB > C
C > rB
C = r/B
10
What describes ultimate questions?
Examine physiological mechanisms
Study immediate behavior causes
Focus on evolution and adaptation
Analyze short-term behavior goals
11
Why is haplodiploidy not the sole explanation for eusociality?
Other ecological and social factors contribute
It eliminates need for cooperative behaviors
It reduces genetic relatedness in colonies
It applies only to mammals
12
Which sensory modality example influences behavior?
Reflexive startle response to sounds
Nocturnal bats using echolocation for hunting
Random foraging paths in mice
Spider web design
13
Why might some behaviors appear maladaptive but persist in a population?
They provide hidden fitness benefits in certain conditions
They are caused by random mutations only
They are influenced solely by environmental factors
They are always genetically determined
14
What is the difference between direct and inclusive fitness?
There is no difference
Inclusive fitness includes direct fitness and kin benefits
Inclusive fitness includes only offspring survival
Direct fitness includes relatives’ reproduction
15
How might a population bottleneck affect behavior?
Cause random environmental adaptations
Increase genetic diversity in behaviors
Enhance mutation-driven behaviors
Reduce variation, leading to fixed traits
16
Which scenario demonstrates reciprocal altruism?
Parent birds feeding their offspring
Bees defending the hive and dying in the process
Bats sharing food and receiving help later
Wolves hunting in coordinated packs
17
What do proximate questions address?
Phylogenetic relationships
Development and mechanisms
Long-term survival benefits
Adaptive value and evolution
18
Which is NOT a requirement for teaching?
Benefit for the learner
Direct fitness gain for the tutor
Tutor modifies behavior for students
Faster skill acquisition by student
19
Which option reflects how Tinbergen's question about function relates to waggle dances?
What genetic changes caused waggle dances?
How do bees learn waggle dances?
How does waggle dancing increase food gathering?
Why do waggle dances occur in all bee species?
20
What is a key benefit of comparative studies?
Simplify experimental design
Focus on single-species behavior
Generate broad evolutionary insights
Provide direct causal relationships
21
Why is haplodiploidy important for eusociality?
Reduces offspring dependence
Females are more related to sisters
Eliminates relatedness asymmetry
Encourages outbreeding
22
What is a suitable experiment to study noise on túngara frogs' mating?
Removing predators from noisy habitats
Playing noise recordings and measuring mating call changes
Observing frog calls in silent environments
Examining frog diet in noisy habitats
23
What is a cost of observational approaches?
Results are correlational, not causal.
Expensive and time-consuming
Difficult experimental design
Requires phylogenetic data
24
What increases indirect fitness in kin selection?
Low population density
Close genetic relatedness
High mutation rates
Random mating patterns
25
What approach identifies long-term trends?
Experimental
Comparative
Descriptive
Observational
26
Why are phylogenetic relationships important?
Trace evolutionary origins of behavior
Eliminate need for experimental studies
Establish causal relationships directly
Simplify understanding of behaviors
27
What are the 3 conditions for natural selection?
Heritability, advantage, variation
Random mutation, adaptation, fitness
Genetic drift, adaptation, fitness
Mutation, variation, survival
28
Why is heritability important for natural selection?
Increases mutation rates
Allows traits to be passed to the next generation
Guarantees all offspring have advantageous traits
Ensures genetic variation is preserved
29
What does the term 'r' represent in Hamilton's rule?
Number of offspring
Genetic relatedness
Fitness cost
Total benefit
30
What is the haplodiploidy hypothesis?
Focuses on sibling relatedness in females
Relates to environmental adaptation
Explains altruism in unrelated groups
Promotes genetic diversity
31
What is an example of a behavior shaped by natural selection?
Camouflage in prey species
Learned song variations in birds
Random food choices in animals
Trial-and-error foraging
32
Can evolution occur without natural selection?
No, allele frequency is constant.
Yes, but only with artificial selection.
No, natural selection is required.
Yes, through drift, mutation, and migration.
33
How does genetic drift affect evolution?
Promotes selective advantages
Inhibits mutation effects
Causes random allele frequency changes
Increases adaptation rates
34
What defines animal behavior?
Group responses to danger
Internally coordinated responses to stimuli
External environmental reactions
Reflexive actions only
35
What does Hamilton's rule predict?
Costs always exceed benefits
Altruism evolves if the benefit to kin outweighs the cost.
Altruism evolves only in diploid species
Inclusive fitness decreases altruism
36
Which approach provides direct causal relationships?
Experimental
Comparative
Descriptive
Observational
37
How does kin selection influence cooperative behavior in animals?
Limit genetic diversity within a group
Promotes survival of unrelated individuals
Increases fitness by helping relatives reproduce
Reduces competition for resources
38
Why is kin selection key in group living?
Prevents all competition
Increases indirect fitness benefits
Limits resource availability
Ensures genetic variation
39
What describes behavioral adaptations?
Relates only to survival
Occurs through drift alone
Enhances fitness and reproduction

Animal Behavior: Exam 1 Review Flashcards | StudBud