The term evolution is used to describe

Heritable changes in characteristics of population from one gen to the next

silence the expression of specific mRNAs

Isotopes are different forms of the same element that

Differ in their number of neutrons

When one atom loses an electron to another atom, it results in the formation of

Cations and Anions that can form ionic bonds

The mitochondrial ATP synthase

makes ATP at the expense of the proton gradient by electron transport.

Eukaryotes such as animal and plants cells differ from prokaryotes in that prokaryotes

Lack internal compartmentalization

A comparison of mitochondria and chloroplasts shows that

Both generate ATP via an H+ electrochemical gradient

Which of the following statements about biological evolution is FALSE?

Individuals in a population evolve

Tends to occur under dry and hot conditions

You are given two nucleic acids; one RNA and the other DNA. What are the main features to determine which is the DNA?

DNA will have thymine instead of uracil in its nitrogenous base

The ATP made during glycolysis is generated by

Substrate-level phosphorylation

Which of the following best describes natural selection?

The differential survival and reproduction of individuals

What does NOT happen in the cytokinesis of plant cells?

Formation of cleavage furrow to seperate the cells

The most significant role played by pH buffers is to

Limit major shifts in the amount of H+ and OH- in solution

In the reaction A- +B --> A + B-

Molecule A is oxidized and molecule B is reduced

In the reaction, 6CO2 + 6H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6O2, which side should energy be placed on?

The left side, this reaction is endergonic

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BIO Final Review

100 termsStudBud Administration19 plays

Combination of questions from all previous exams

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Questions 100

Answers

1
NADPH is produced by
The calvin cycle alone
Both light reactions and the Calvin Cycle
Neither the light reactions nor the calvin cycle
Light reactions alone
2
What is the major lipid found in membranes?
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Saturated fatty acids
3
Which of the following is NOT a protein involved in DNA replication?
Single-stranded binding proteins
DNA ligase
Helicase
Replication fork
4
A mutation causes a gene to become overactive, contributing to uncontrolled cell growth. Which term describes this gene?
Tumor suppressor gene
inherited gene
Spliced gene
Oncogene
5
The term evolution is used to describe
Changes in the number of individuals in a population
The ability of an organism to pass on traits is has learned
Any change in and individual that is observed
Heritable changes in characteristics of population from one gen to the next
6
MicroRNAs (miRNAs)
are cut by an enzyme called reverse transcriptase
Are long RNA molecules
Are only in animals
silence the expression of specific mRNAs
7
Where does glycolysis takes place?
Cytosol
Mitochondrial inner membrane
Mitochondrial intermembrane space
Mitochondrial matrix
8
Transcription begins near a site in the DNA called the ______.
Transcription unit
enhancer
promoter
response element
9
Isotopes are different forms of the same element that
Differ in their number of neutrons
Differ in their number of protons
Are all produced artificially
Cannot form ions
10
When one atom loses an electron to another atom, it results in the formation of
A polar covalent bond and a new molecule
Cations and Anions that can form ionic bonds
A nonpolar covalent bond that is difficult to break
A covalent bond between the two
11
The mitochondrial ATP synthase
makes ATP at the expense of the proton gradient by electron transport.
Is a soluble protein located in the mitochondrial matrix
Usually hydrolyzes ATP to establish a proton gradient
Is an entirely peripheral membrane protein
12
The cytoskeletal structure(s) that composed of actin and regulate cell shape, cell movement and muscle contraction are
Microtubules
Microfilaments
Both microfilaments and microtubules
Intermediate filaments
13
Imagine that a cell had no motor proteins. Which process would be LEAST affected?
Flagella function
Protein synthesis
Vesicle transport
Cilia function
14
Sickle-cell anemia is a human disease that occurs as a result of what type of mutation in the beta-globin gene?
Missense
frameshift
silent
Nonsense
15
Eukaryotes such as animal and plants cells differ from prokaryotes in that prokaryotes
Lack true DNA
Use the cell's membrane rather than ribosomes for making proteins
Contain numerous organelles
Lack internal compartmentalization
16
The gonads produce steroids. The specific steroid-producing organelle in gonad cells is
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Lysosomes
Smooth ER
17
Which level of organization is common to all life forms?
organelle
tissue
organ
cell
18
A comparison of mitochondria and chloroplasts shows that
Both generate ATP via an H+ electrochemical gradient
Both use an increase in pH in their inner-membrane space to produce ATP
They have very different electron transport protein complexes
Only mitochondria contain ATP synthase
19
Which of the following statements about biological evolution is FALSE?
Individuals in a population evolve
Species change over time
Natural selection produces change in species
Most populations are genetically diverse
20
The nucleus of an atom is composed of
Protons and Electrons
Neutrons
Protons and Neutrons
Protons
21
Which of the following characteristics is shared by animals and fungi?
autotrophic
Secrete digestive enzymes
phototrophic
Chitin cell walls
22
Photorespiration
Requires CO2
Tends to occur under dry and hot conditions
Uses a 3-carbon sugar precursor
Occurs in C4 plants
23
After a night of drinking too much alcohol, a person will rely on which organelle to help detoxify and recover?
Lysosomes
Peroxisomes
Smooth ER
Mitochondrion
24
If a specimen contains 30% adenine in its DNA, how much cytosine will it contain?
30%
10%
20%
40%
25
Which compound has the highest free energy and produces the most ATP per molecule when oxidized?
Pyruvate
Glucose
CO2
Acetyl CoA
26
You are given two nucleic acids; one RNA and the other DNA. What are the main features to determine which is the DNA?
DNA will have thymine instead of uracil in its nitrogenous base
Adenine will be present in the DNA
DNA will have ribose as the sugar in its backbone
RNA will be double stranded
27
The cell wall is a common feature to
Animal cells only
Prokaryotic cells only
Prokaryotic and plant cells
Plant cells only
28
What structure best represents a polymer?
A fatty acid
A nucleotide
A protein
A monosaccharide
29
The ATP made during glycolysis is generated by
Oxidation of NADH to NAD+
Substrate-level phosphorylation
Photophosphorylation
Chemiosmosis
30
The largest molecule of the following is
A disaccharide
Sucrose
A polysaccharide
Glucose
31
A dehydration reaction
Results in a water molecule splitting
Forms glucose monomers from glycogen
Is used to form polymers
Breaks down complex molecules to simple ones
32
How many nucleotides are in a single codon
9
3
2
1
33
Passive diffusion
Occurs only with small ions
Is a spontaneous process
Is the process which molecules move from area of low to high concentration
Requires the presence of a transmembrane protein
34
Which of the following best describes natural selection?
The process that makes individuals look like their parents
The potential for all species to increase in number
The differential survival and reproduction of individuals
Chance variation in traits
35
What organelles can divide on their own and have their own DNA?
Mitochondria and chloroplasts
Peroxisomes and lysosomes
Chloroplasts and peroxisomes
Ribosomes and Mitochondria
36
All of the following are a form of potential energy that can be used by a cell EXCEPT
An electrical/ion gradient
NADH
ATP
Nitrogen
37
The process that produces mRNA from DNA is called
Transcription
Post Translation
Replication
Translation
38
What does NOT happen in the cytokinesis of plant cells?
Cell wall forms between the two daughter cells
The two nuclei are segregated into separate daughter cells
Formation of cleavage furrow to seperate the cells
Vesicles from the golgi apparatus fuse to form the cell plate
39
A bacteria use sulfur instead of oxygen as final electron acceptor. What would they produce during anaerobic respiration
H2O
H2S
O2
S2
40
An explanation for a biological process that is substantiated by a large body of evidence is called a ______.
hypothesis
Biology
prediction
theory
41
Glycogen is to animal cells as ________ is to plant cells.
Cellulose
Lipid
Protein
Starch
42
Which molecule passes through a lipid bilayer most readily?
Carbon dioxide
RNA
Glucose
K+
43
Cellular respiration produces the most energy in the form of ATP from which of the following?
Glycolysis
Production of lactate
oxidative phosphorylation
The citric acid cycle
44
DNA methylation
increases transcription
decreases crossover
inhibits transcription
Increases crossover
45
The most significant role played by pH buffers is to
Limit major shifts in the amount of H+ and OH- in solution
Keep pH low
Prevent fluctuations in the salinity of solutions
Increase the strength of acids and bases
46
In the reaction A^- +B --> A + B^-
Molecule A is oxidized and molecule B is reduced
Molecules A and B are both oxidized
Molecule A is reduced and molecule B is oxidized
Molecules A and B are both reduced
47
What type of bonding is likely to occur between two water molecules or strands of DNA?
Ionic
Hydrogen
Both hydrogen and covalent
Covalent
48
__________ keep proteins in their correct three-dimensional active structure.
Chaperones
Vesicles
Microtubules
Lysosomes
49
In the reaction, 6CO₂ + 6H₂O --> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂, which side should energy be placed on?
The left side, this reaction is exergonic
The left side, this reaction is endergonic
The right side, this reaction is exergonic
The right side, this reaction is endergonic
50
Which of the following characteristics do all viruses have in common?
They all infect eukaryotes
They are all non-cellular
They have DNA genomes
They all have a broad host range
51
The strongest chemical bonds in cells are
Covalent Bonds
Ionic Bonds
Van der Waal forces
Hydrogen Bonds
52
Glycosylated proteins and lipids within the plasma membrane are most important for
Cell recognition
Ion transport
Cell energy storage
Enzymatic activity
53
Which membrane component is most important for allowing large and charged molecules to pass through the membrane?
Peripheral Proteins
Cholesterol
Glycosylated lipids
Transmembrane proteins
54
Which type of cell would have the hardest time exporting waste?
Irregular shaped and long
Long and wide
Smooth and small
Large and round
55
Which of the following are produced during the citric acid cycle?
ATP and NAD+
A photon gradient
Pyruvate, ATP and NADH
ATP, NADH, and FADH2-
56
In the periodic table, the value that refers to the number of protons and neutrons is:
Atomic molarity
Molecular molarity
Atomic mass
Molecular number
57
Which of the following is the highest (or most complex) level of structure for genetic material?
Nucleotide
Chromosome
DNA
Gene
58
How many covalent bonds can Carbon form
4
1
2
3
59
In water, MgCl₂ dissociates into Mg²⁺and Cl^-. Based on this information what type of bond is involved in MgCl₂?
Polar covalent
Ionic
Electromagnetic
Hydrogen
60
Carbon & hydrogen have similar electronegativities and form hydrocarbon molecules. What type of bonds are formed
hydrogen
Polar covalent
Nonpolar covalent
Ionic
61
Chromosomes are replicated during the ______ phase.
G1
G2
M
S
62
The amount of available energy that can be used to do work is called
enthalpy
Kinetic energy
Heat
Free energy
63
________ is a polymer of glucose.
Triglyceride
DNA
Cellulose
Protein
64
Which of the following statements about stem cells is NOT accurate?
Stem cells can undergo mitosis
Some stem cells differentiate into more than one type of specialized cell
Different stem cells vary in potency
Stem cells are only found in embryos
65
Identify the non-lipid molecule.
Triglycerides
Cholesterol
Glycogen
Steroids
66
The LEAST hydrophilic substance is
oil
an acid
salt
an ion
67
The major class of macromolecules that stores energy and makes up the major component of plasma membranes are
Nucleic acids
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Proteins
68
Which of the following diseases is associated with faulty DNA repair mechanisms?
malaria
Alzheimer's disease
diabetes
xeroderma pigmentosum
69
All organic molecules contain
Oxygen and Carbon
Carbon and Nitrogen
Hydrogen and Carbon
Hydrogen and Oxygen
70
The equation, C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ --> 6CO₂ + 6H₂O, describes which of the following processes?
Photosynthesis
Cell Respiration
Glycolysis
Cell fermentation
71
The phenomenon through which populations of organisms change over several generations is termed ______.
Homeostasis
Reproduction
Biological Evolution
Growth and development
72
The process of breaking glycogen down to glucose is an example of: ____.
Anabolism
Dehydration
Catalysis
Catabolism
73
What would you predict about a reaction that has a delta G less than 0?
The reaction reduces entropy
The reaction will require energy and is spontaneous
The reaction will yield energy and is spontaneous
The reaction will increase enthalpy
74
Fatty acids must be converted to _______ before they can be used for respiratory ATP production.
Pyruvate
Acetyl CoA
Carbon Dioxide
Glucose
75
Which of the following organelles are most likely to be able to divide and reproduce much like a cell does?
Peroxisomes only
Mitochondria only
Both mitochondria and chloroplasts
Mitochondria, chloroplasts, and lysosomes
76
Subunits sometimes build up to form a macromolecule. Which molecule is least likely to be a subunit of a macromolecule?
Nucleotides
Amino Acids
Steriods
Glucose
77
Fuels such as gasoline are nonpolar and have high potential energy because they are largely composed of
Sulfates
Alcohols
Hydrocarbons
Carboxylic acids
78
Ribosomes are the structures in the cell that produce
Proteins
Lipids
Steroids
Glucose
79
What type of bonds directly form from the unequal sharing of electrons?
Ionic
Hydrogen
Polar Covalent
Nonpolar covalent
80
How many net ATP and NADH molecules are produced from one molecule of glucose during glycolysis?
3 ATP, 4NADH
2 ATP, 2NADH
2 ATP, 6NADH
4 ATP, 2NADH
81
Plasma membranes are a feature of
Animal cells only
Prokaryotic cells only
All cells
Eukaryotic cells only
82
If one were to double the amount of enzyme in a reaction with an initial G of -5 kcal/mole, what would the delta G be?
-5kcal/mole
-10kcal/mole
-20kcal/mole
+10kcal/mole
83
The organelle responsible for the biosynthesis of proteins that are destined for secretion by the cell is the
Golgi Apparatus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Vesicle
Lysosome
84
A species that has three sets of homologous chromosomes can have _ different combinations of chromosomes in its gametes?
27
6
8
3
85
A researcher examined a strain of E. coli producing a shortened protein required for glucose metabolism. Mutation?
Silent mutation
Nonsense mutation
Frameshift mutation
Missense mutation
86
Sister chromatids separate during
Prophase of meiosis I
Anaphase of Meiosis II
Metaphase of meiosis I
Anaphase of meiosis I
87
A functional group that forms covalent bonds between R groups with a polypeptide and that stabilizes tertiary structure
NH2
COOH
PO4
SH
88
What would be an expected feature of a plasma membrane that had no integral membrane proteins?
The membrane would be unable to transport sodium ions
The membrane would collapse
The membrane would have no fluidity
The membrane would have no cholesterol
89
In sexually reproducing organisms, the diploid phase of the life cycle begins at
Fertilization
Meiosis
Gamete Formation
Mitosis
90
Water...
Evaporates and increases body temperatures
Is a nonpolar molecule
Has cohesive properties
Has a low heat of vaporization
91
The atomic number of an atom is
The number of protons and neutrons in the atom
The number of neutrons in the atom
The number of protons and electrons in the atom
The number of protons in the atom
92
During glycolysis, glucose is broken down into
Acetyl CoA
ATP
Pyruvate
NADH
93
Which of the following are the final by-products of glucose oxidation during aerobic cell respiration?
Only ATP and heat
CO2 only
ATP, heat, and CO2
ATP only
94
How does an enzyme work to catalyze a reaction?
It raises the temperature of a reaction
It allows the reaction to proceed through different intermediates
It lowers the activation energy of a reaction
It supplies the energy to speed up a reaction
95
Changes in ________ represent the predominant cause for biological evolution.
Genetic makeup
Homeostasis
Energy
Growth and Development
96
The structure that easily distinguishes a plant cell from an animal cell is
Chloroplasts
The plasma membrane
The nucleus
Mitochondria
97
What protein influences the ability of RNA polymerase to transcribe genes?
snRNPs
DNA polymerase
DNA helicase
Transcription factors
98
The building blocks of DNA are.
Amino acids
Genes
Chromosomes
Nucleotides
99
Which of the following types of physical mutagens produces thymine dimer mutations?
Ultraviolet light
Thymine dimers
Microwave
X-Rays
100
Which of the following statements is true?
Electron transport chain and ATP synthase are in the cytosol
Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondria matrix
The citric acid cycle occurs in the cytosol
The citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondria matrix.

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