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Duplicate of AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
Duplicate of AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
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A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.
Flashcards
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Questions
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Answers
1
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
law of small numbers
conjunction heuristic
availability heuristic
representativeness heuristic
2
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
the triarchic level of encoding
the semantic level of encoding
dyadic encoding
attention encoding
3
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
brightness
color
saturation
light purity
4
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
resistance to pain
reduction of inhibitions
hallucinations
total loss of personal control
5
Homeostasis is a state of...
psychological stability
psychological instability
physiological instability
physiological stability
6
The superego is Freud's term for...
the moral component of personality
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the conscious aspect of personality
the mediating agent between the id and ego
7
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
the principle of collectivism
the law of cognitive dissonance
display rules
the reciprocity norm
8
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
None of the Above
problem-solving theory
wish fulfillment theory
activation-synthesis theory
9
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
parental investments
display rules
social scripts
investment differentiations
10
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
time of testing
sequential
longitundinal
cross-sectional
11
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
group polarization
deindividuation
social loafing
conformity
12
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
stirrup
temporal lobe
oval window
cochlea
13
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
sensation
consciousness
hypnosis
perception
14
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the correlational group
the observational group
the experimental group
the control group
15
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
trust vs. mistrust
initiative vs. guilt
industry vs. inferiority
16
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
subliminal perception
a false alarm
a just noticeable difference
a superimposed stimulus
17
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
amount of time alseep
amount of time awake
cultural practices
exposure to light
18
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
intelligence
introspection
cognition
mentalism
19
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
pitch
loudness
decibels
timbre
20
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
endorphin
serotonin
acetylcholine
dopamine
21
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
genetic influences on IQ
group differences in basic intelligence
a variety of environmental factors
changes in testing procedures
22
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
remain in continuous sleep
become aggressive
become fearful/cautious
remain in continuous wakefulness
23
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
hypothalamus
medulla
cerebral cortex
corpus callosum
24
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
observational learning
positive reinforcement
superstitious behavior
classical conditioning
25
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
Wilhelm Wundt
William James
Rene Decartes
G. Stanley Hall
26
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test scores
test norms
test scales
test levels
27
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
standard deviation
correlation coefficients
means
percentiles
28
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
brainstem
reticular formation
limbic system
cerebellum
29
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
evolutionary theory
instinct theory
drive theory
incentive theory
30
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
complete retrieval failure
complete storage failure
partial retrieval
partial storage
31
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
the confirmation bias
the gambler's fallacy
overestimating the improbable
the conjunction fallacy
32
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
pseudoforgetting
retrograde amnesia
anterograde amnesia
retroactive interference
33
Framing refers to...
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
presenting only part of the information required
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
presenting irrelevant information
34
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
ablated
encoded
retrieved
modeled
35
What is cognitive dissonance?
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
36
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
stereotypes
cultural direction
schematizing
cognitive structuring
37
A valid test is one that...
has been standardized but not normed
is consistent
measures what it is supposed to measure
is reliable
38
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
fixation
compensation
regression
displacement
39
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
intermediate-term
sensory
long-term
short-term
40
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
electrographic tomography
computerized tomography
positron emission tomography
magnetic resonance imaging
41
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
a delusion
an obsession
a compulsion
a phobia
42
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
schizophrenia
bipolar disorder
marital problems
anxiety disorders
43
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
chunk
semantic network
schema
script
44
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
humanistic
psychoanalytic
cognitive
behavioral
45
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a forensic psychologist
a clinical psychologist
a social psychologist
a developmental psychologist
46
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
step-wise conditioning
shaping
stimulus discrimination
selection
47
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
anxiety
mood
personality
schizophrenic
48
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
physical interaction
systematic hypothesis testing
abstract operations
logical reasoning
49
According to the medical model...
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
50
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
fear
sadness
surprise
happiness
51
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
maladaptive behaviors
the unconscious
the conscious
irrational thoughts
52
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
low in openness
high in agreeableness
high in neuroticism
low in extraversion
53
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
a continuous reinforcement schedule
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
54
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
an aptitude test
an intelligence test
a personality test
an achievement test
55
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a deceptive test
a projective test
a self-report inventory
a behavior rating
56
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
classical conditioning
insight learning
latent learning
operant conditioning
57
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
oral
anal
latency
genital
58
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
rabbit
loud noise
fear reaction
rat
59
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
functionalism
psychoanalysis
behaviorism
neodynamism
60
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
operant conditioning
observational learning
reinforcement
classical conditioning
61
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
pituitary gland
pancreas
sebaceous gland
thyroid gland
62
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
alpha
gamma
delta
beta
63
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
individualism
functionalism
attributionism
collectivism
64
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
the cephalopedal trend
encephalitis
the cephalocaudal trend
the proximodistal trend
65
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
reiteration
recall
relearning
recognition
66
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
defense mechanisms
id mechanisms
coping mechanisms
offense mechanisms
67
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
cornea
lens
iris
vitreous humor
68
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
spontaneous remission
unconditioning
extinction
conditioned forgetting
69
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
median
mean
midpoint
mode
70
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
flashbulb memories
sensory memories
non-declarative memories
episodic memories
71
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
are using the availability heuristic
are using the representativeness heuristic
use a holistic decision model
use the elimination by aspects strategy
72
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
phonemic
mnemonic
morphemic
platonic
73
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
concrete
postconventional
conventional
preconventional
74
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender stereotypes
gender roles
gender differences
gender behaviors
75
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
parietal lobe
pineal gland
corpus callosum
thalamus
76
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
fluid
procedural
crystallized
episodic
77
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
were put into a simulated prison
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
78
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
reversibility
conservation
egocentrism
centration
79
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
standardized validity
content validity
criterion-related validity
predictive validity
80
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
illusions
hallucinations
delusions
obsessions
81
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
give cookie
i wanted a cookie
cookie
I eated a cookie
82
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
an unconditioned response
escape learning
positive reinforcement
avoidance learning
83
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
a sedative
a narcotic
an amphetamine
a hallucinogen
84
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
the personal qualities of the residents
poor police protection
job discrimination experienced by the residents
crowded living conditions
85
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
basis for performing pro-social behavior
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
halo effect in aggression
86
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
the internal state causes the facial expression
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
87
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
food/meat powder
tone
salivation
light
88
Anhedonia is when a person...
has difficulty experiencing pleasure
experiences mild manic states
has trouble getting along with people
has two different psychological disorders
89
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
absolute threshold
just noticeable difference
subliminal threshold
sensory memory
90
What is somnambulism?
sleep-walking
difficulty remaining asleep
sleep-talking
difficulty breathing when asleep
91
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
metalinguistic awareness
overextension
fast-mapping
semantic slanting
92
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Wernicke's area
Broca's area
Cannon's area
Sperry's area
93
A perceptual set implies that...
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
people often see what they expect to see
94
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
strange situation
shared inhibition
secure-avoidant
attachment probing
95
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
pituitary
thyroid
gonads
thalamus
96
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
opiates
teratogens
pathogens
prenatals
97
The function of sensory memory is to...
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
put information into long-term memory
hold information for a lifetime
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
98
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
consistency
predictability
accuracy of inference
representativeness
99
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
conflict
change
pressure
frustration
100
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
reasoning
insight
creativity
intelligence
101
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
he's just like his father
he always gets in fights
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
102
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
fugue
panic disorder
conversion disorder
bipolar disorder
103
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
feeding
the autonomic nervous system
memory
the endocrine system
104
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
symmetry
similiarity
closure
constancy
105
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
insomnia
narcolepsy
pseudoinsomnia
sleep apnea
106
Negative reinforcement involves...
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
107
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
observational learning
punishment
108
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
occipital cortex
prefrontal cortex
hypothalamus
medulla
109
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
intelligence; personality
personality; standardized
intelligence; standardized
standardized; intelligence
110
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
smell buds
olfactory cilia
gustatory bulbs
sciatic receptors
111
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
attitude is to action
thought is to perception
behavior is to motive
feeling is to thinking
112
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
spatial
logical-mathemathical
mechanical
musical
113
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
sing a song
fear the dark
print letters
tie shoe laces
114
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
transduction incapacity
the relative threshold period
transduction capacity
the absolute refractory period
115
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
bottom-to-top processing
lateral processing
top-down processing
bottom-up processing
116
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
been dreaming
a headache
not really been asleep
not been dreaming
117
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
stimulus discrimination
stimulus generalization
conditioned emotional reactions
spontaneous recovery
118
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
attachment
temperament
behavioral quality
personality
119
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
state-dependent learning
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
observational learning
120
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
sympathetic nerves
afferent nerves
efferent nerves
autonomic nerves
121
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
a distinctive attribution
a situational attribution
an internal attribution
an external attribution
122
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
marijuana
heroin
mescaline
cocaine
123
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
censoring dissent from group members
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
124
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
post-conventional moral reasoning
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
formal operations
development of secondary sex characteristics
125
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
conformity
groupthink
obedience
cognitive dissonance
126
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
syntax
morphemes
phonemes
linguistic heuristics
127
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
moving a part of his body
smelling an odor
hearing a sound
seeing a flash of light
128
An antagonist...
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
extends the absolute refractory period
129
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
fixed-interval schedule
variable-ratio schedule
variable-interval schedule
fixed-ratio schedule
130
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
unrealistic demands from family/friends
131
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
behavior
the unconscious
conscious experience
the brain
132
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
stage 4
stage 1
stage 2
REM
133
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
avoidance therapy
systematic desensitization
psychotherapy
aversion therapy
134
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
attention
sensation
perception
processing
135
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
action potentials
antagonists
neurotransmitters
agonists
136
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
an approach-avoidance conflict
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
an approach-approach conflict
a risk-aversion conflict
137
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
cannabis
sedatives
alcohol
narcotics
138
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
content
criterion-related
absolute
construct
139
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
after autonomic arousal
independently of autonomic arousal
before autonomic arousal
140
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
direct observation
psychological tests
physiological recordings
questionnaires
141
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
a self-serving attribution
demonstrates an illusory correlation
a contravened stereotype
a heuristic observation
142
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
stereotypes
prejudices
attributions
self-serving bias
143
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
manipulative behavior
excessive guilt
social charm
aggressiveness
144
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
boat-goat
fill-feed
car-nose
tree-bird
145
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
cyclical
bipolar
dissociative
unipolar
146
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
avoidance
suppression
neurogenic amnesia
repression
147
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
a potential score
a percentile score
IQ
mental age
148
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
endocrine system
leftbrain/right brain communication
limbic system
reticular formation
149
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
ESB
stereotaxic inversion
lesioning
tumor ligation
150
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
thalamus
spinal cord
location of injury
cortex
