How do surface ocean currents differ from deep-ocean currents?

Surface currents are driven by wind, Deep currents are driven by thermohaline circulation, Surface currents do not extend through the thermocline.

Greenhouse gases include:

carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), water vapor (H2O)

The deep-ocean global "conveyor belt" circulation, or thermohaline circulation, is driven by

differences in water density, differences in water temperature, differences in water salinity

What separates a drainage basin from adjacent drainage basins?

a topographic high called a "divide"

Barrier islands might have features like:

bay barriers, spits and tombolos, lagoons and estuaries, tidal inlets

What processes change a rock's chemical composition, rather than just its texture or minerals

addition or removal of materials by water

Why could a large area of highly deformed rock be assumed to be part of an orogen?

Orogens are long features by their nature., Continental collision zones create high temp & pressure., Continental collision zones allow high deformation.

Earth's atmosphere initially was built by the:

outgassing of volcanic gases, contributions of comets

How does the residence time of water correlate to the size of the reservoir?

The larger the reservoir, the longer the residence time

What processes remove salts from the ocean?

settling to the seafloor, plants and animals using ions

One difference between a reverse fault and a thrust fault is:

Both occur under compressional stress., Thrust faults faults have dips less than 45*

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Exam 3 Review Game (Deformation, Metamorphic Rocks, and the Hydrologic Cycle)

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Answers

1
A very fine-grained, low-grade metamorphic rock with slaty cleavage:
gneiss
slate
schist
phyllite
2
The amount of water passing by a point on a channel's bank during a unit of time
channel
gradient
load
discharge
3
Temporary local variations against the more stable, longer-term background:
disposition
climate
weather
4
The average time interval between two floods of the same magnitude is the:
frequency
recurrence interval
expectation interval
amplitude
5
The compass orientation of the line of intersection between a planar feature & the horizontal
direction
dip
tilt
strike
6
How do surface ocean currents differ from deep-ocean currents?
Surface currents are driven by wind
Deep currents are driven by the Coriolis Force
Deep currents are driven by thermohaline circulation
Surface currents do not extend through the thermocline.
7
When the hanging-wall block moves down relative to the footwall block, it:
neither thickens nor thins the crust
thickens the crust
thins the crust
8
When ocean water is blown onshore by high winds of a storm:
normal conditions
storm surge
storm runoff
discharge
9
The natural outlet for groundwater that occurs where the water table intersects the surface
aquifer
recharge
discharge
spring
10
Foliation in low-grade metamorphic rock, which causes the rock to break in to flat fragments:
fracture
slaty cleavage
schistosity
cleavage
11
Greenhouse gases include:
carbon dioxide (CO2)
methane (CH4)
water vapor (H2O)
gremlins
12
The deep-ocean global "conveyor belt" circulation, or thermohaline circulation, is driven by
differences in water density
gremlins
differences in water temperature
differences in water salinity
13
What separates a drainage basin from adjacent drainage basins?
wetlands
natural levees
a topographic high called a "divide"
dams
14
An aquifer in which the water level is free to rise to its natural level
unconfined aquifer
pressurized aquifer
confined aquifer
unpressurized aquifer
15
A topographic high that separates adjacent drainage basins
peak
ridge
vista
divide
16
An average of weather patterns over a long period, generally on a regional or global scale:
weather
disposition
climate
17
A permanent but gradual change in shape or volume of a material, caused by bending or flowing
ductile deformation
elastic deformation
brittle deformation
18
Barrier islands might have features like:
bay barriers
spits and tombolos
lagoons and estuaries
tidal inlets
19
What processes change a rock's chemical composition, rather than just its texture or minerals
recrystallization
metamorphic facies
neocrystallization
addition or removal of materials by water
20
The force acting on a surface, per unit area, which may be greater in certain directions:
deformation
strain
pressure
stress
21
Why could a large area of highly deformed rock be assumed to be part of an orogen?
Orogens are long features by their nature.
This geologist would be making the wrong assumption.
Continental collision zones create high temp & pressure.
Continental collision zones allow high deformation.
22
The lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere, where weather occurs, is called the:
mesosphere
thermosphere
troposphere
stratosphere
23
Due to Earth's rotation, a freely moving body to veer from a straight path. This is called:
pressure gradients
the Coriolis force
longshore current
the surf zone
24
Earth's atmosphere initially was built by the:
outgassing of volcanic gases
sun/solar wind
gremlins- they do everything.
contributions of comets
25
A sedimentary deposit, commonly triangular, that forms where a stream enters standing water
delta
alluvial fan
floodplain
drainage basin
26
The product of metamorphism formed by recrystallization of limestone
gneiss
quartzite
slate
marble
27
Which fault type forces nearly horizontal old strata on top of nearly horizontal young strata?
reverse
normal
thrust
strike-slip
28
Precipitation that drains over the land or in stream channels
recharge
discharge
streams
surface runoff
29
A planar arrangement of textural features in metamorphic rock giving it a "layered" appearance
stripes
fracture
foliation
cleavage
30
Some minerals only form during certain temperature and pressure ranges. These are:
foliation minerals
xenoliths
phenocrysts
index minerals
31
When water is pumped from a well, this cone-shaped dip in the water table forms:
Cone of depression
Cone of shame (bark, wimper, wimper)
overburden
depletion
32
The three different types of streams are:
braided
meandering
straight
tangled
33
How does the residence time of water correlate to the size of the reservoir?
The larger the reservoir, the longer the residence time
The smaller the reservoir, the longer the residence time
The better the cust. service, the longer the residence time
The bigger the reservoir, the shorter the residence time
34
Natural lakes eventually become this:
deserts
canyons
wetlands
deltas
35
Rock that is metamorphosed at less than 400*C and 400 MPa:
low-grade metamorphic rock
these conditions are within the diagenesis zone
high-grade metamorphic rock
intermediate-grade metamorphic rock
36
Wave-washed sediment along a coast:
barrier island
reef
wave-cut cliff
beach
37
These channels occur where the gradient is low and include point bars, cut banks, and bends
braided
straight
meandering
tangled
38
Chemical composition of a rock is altered by addition or removal of material by solution
pore fluid
metamorphism
metasomatism
veins
39
A measure of how much of the mass of the atmosphere overlies a particular location is:
dew point
relative humidity
humidity
air pressure
40
What processes remove salts from the ocean?
sea salt production for health food stores
settling to the seafloor
plants and animals using ions
41
The Earth's axis is tilted about:
24.5 degrees
23.5 degrees
22.5 degrees
21.5 degrees
42
The rate at which rock is forced to change its shape or volume
brittle-ductile transition
brittle deformation
strain rate
ductile deformation
43
One difference between a reverse fault and a thrust fault is:
Reverse faults have dips less than 45*
Both occur under compressional stress.
Both occur under tensional stress.
Thrust faults faults have dips less than 45*
44
A plot of the frequency of past floods of different sizes:
flood-prediction curve
flood-frequency curve
discharge probability curve
45
What is the transitional zone between the surface and deep ocean zones?
Tropopause
Stratopause
Halocline
Thermocline
46
A region of continental crust that has remained tectonically stable for a very long time
craton
oregon
orogen
crouton
47
The shape of the ground not necessarily a reliable guide to the shape of the underlying strata.
False
True
48
A high-grade metamorphic rock with pronounced schistosity; individual mineral grains visible
slate
schist
gneiss
phyllite
49
Rock that is metamorphosed at more than 400*C and 400 MPa:
low-grade metamorphic rock
intermediate-grade metamorphic rock
these conditions are within the melting zone
high-grade metamorphic rock
50
The subsurface water contained in pore spaces in regolith and bedrock is:
surface water
groundwater
water table
pore water
51
The process by which groundwater seeps downward and flows under the influence of gravity
recharge
discharge
percolation
52
Meteorite impacts can create shock metamorphism of high pressure and low temperature
True
False
53
Earth's oceans have three layers, including:
Surface layer: about 100 m thick
Thermocline: temperature decreases rapidly to ~ 1500 m
Deep Zone: constant temperature of ~2*C.
54
This is the measure of how much water vapor an air mass can possibly contain:
humidity
temperature
dew point
relative humidity
55
At the Earth's Equator, the Intertropical Convergence Zone (or ITCZ)
is low pressure
has rising air
has falling, converging air
is usually cloudy because of evaporation and condensation
56
Folded rocks that form an arch; the oldest rocks are in the core.
syncline
monocline
anticline
57
When the felsic bands of a gneiss melt but the mafic bands are only metamorphosed, it's called:
an igneous rock
a metamorphic rock
a migmatite
nonfoliated
58
A degree of stress, beyond which a material is permanently deformed
elastic band
elastic deformation
elastic limit
elastic rebound
59
The process by which water changes from a vapor into a liquid or solid
condensation
evaporation
transpiration
precipitation
60
When we measure the strike and dip of sedimentary rocks, we measure:
the orientation of boulders
the ground surface
the bedding planes at an outcrop
61
What distinguishes burial metamorphism from regional metamorphism?
Regional metamorphism is always high pressure
Regional metamorphism is always high temp, high pressure.
Both always occur under seawater.
Burial metamorphism is low-temperature, low-pressure.
62
A hard structure on a shallow ocean floor, usually but not always built by coral:
barrier island
reef
wave-cut cliff
beach
63
Air moves from areas of high pressure to low pressure, creating:
still air
a pressure gradient
wind
64
Above the water table; pore spaces are mostly filled with air here:
phreatic zone
water table
groundwater
vadose zone
65
A temporary change in shape or volume from which a material rebounds after stress is removed
elastic deformation
elastic rebound
elastic band
elastic limit
66
If one limb of a fold dips more steeply than the other, we call this fold:
a stable fold
a plunging fold
an asymmetrical fold
a symmetrical fold
67
What likes above the water table?
the zone of aeration
the saturated zone
the phreatic zone
the vadose zone
68
The two halves of a fold, on either side of the axial plane, are called:
arms
hinges
flanks
limbs
69
Ozone (O₃) is concentrated in the stratosphere in the:
Chlorofluorocarbons
stratopause
Ozone hole
Ozone layer
70
Water has ________________ heat capacity than land.
the same
a higher
a lower
71
Why does the Ozone Hole allow more UV radiation from the sun to reach the Earth's surface?
The ozone hole can never be repaired.
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) broke down O3, allowing UV in
The Ozone layer absorbs dangerous UV radiation.
72
An aquifer overlain by a confining layer or aquiclude, with a restricted recharge zone
confined aquifer
unpressurized aquifer
unconfined aquifer
pressurized aquifer
73
A coastal cliff cut by wave action at the base of a rocky coast is called a:
wave-cut cliff
barrier island
beach
reef
74
When the hanging-wall block moves up relative to the footwall block, it's a:
strike-slip fault
thrust fault
reverse fault
normal fault
75
A layer of impermeable rock
spring
aquiclude
discharge
aquifer
76
The process by which water taken up by plants passes directly into the atmosphere
transpiration
evaporation
condensation
precipitation
77
Why are some metamporphic rocks foliated, while others are not?
Foliated rocks are composed of two or more minerals.
Nonfoliated rocks do not contain micas.
Nonfoliated rocks are composed of only one mineral.
78
A material's ability to store heat:
heat ability
heat capacity
latent heat
patent heat
79
A particular kind of stress inw hich the forces acting on a body are the same in all directions
stress
deformation
strain
pressure
80
Earth's atmosphere is made of just less than 1%:
nitrogen
oxygen
argon
carbon dioxide
81
Why is rock buried deep underground more likely to undergo ductile deformation than brittle?
Deeper rocks are hotter because of the geothermal gradient.
Higher temperature and pressure allows ductile deformation.
Deeper rocks are under more pressure
There's ductile gremlins down there.
82
During the Northern Hemisphere's summer, the Southern Hemisphere experiences:
summer
spring
fall
winter
83
A measure of the salt content of a solution is its:
pH
halite concentration
salinity
conductivity
84
Earth's atmosphere is made of 0.04%:
argon
carbon dioxide
nitrogen
oxygen
85
How does shear stress differ from compressional stress?
Shear "smears out" the material.
Compressional forces material together.
Shear moves material parallel.
Compressional shortens and thickens the material.
86
In a right-lateral strike-slip fault, the block across the fault from the observer has moved:
down
to the left
up
to the right
87
What information do the strike and dip of a rock layer provide?
If the rocks are deformed by compressional stress
How steeply the rocks are tilted from horizontal
If the rocks are deformed by tensional stress
Clues about an area's geologic structures
88
The product of metamorphism formed by recrystallization of sandstone
quartzite
marble
gneiss
slate
89
Removal of groundwater causes ____, which reduces the permeability and porosity of a material.
creeping
compaction
pumping
slumping
90
Excessive nutrients in a body of water that causes algal blooms and dissolved oxygen depletion
eutrophication
swampification
pollution
oligotrophication
91
How does regional metamorphism in a subduction zone differ from that in a collision zone?
They both occur at low T, high P.
Subduction: rocks metamorphosed under low T, high P.
They both occur at high T, high P.
Collision: rocks metamorphosed under high T, high P.
92
Metamorphism that occurs when rock is metamorphosed adjacent to an intruded body of hot magma
blueschist and eclogite metamorphism
regional metamorphism
contact metamorphism
burial metamorpism
93
How do temperature and pressure affect the grade of metamorphism?
Higher T and P causes high-grade metamorphism.
High grade metamorphism is possible in low T conditions.
Low grade metamorphism is possible in high P conditions
Lower T and P causes low-grade metamorphism.
94
Why do caves and sinkholes develop in certain regions?
Disolvable bedrock includes limestone and marble.
Not all regions have bedrock that can be dissolved by rain.
Only warm places can have karst.
It's those gremlins... AGAIN!
95
Streams flood because they accommodate the normal discharge PLUS:
recharge
storm runoff
storm surge
a plethora of rubber duckies
96
What factors contribute to flooding of a particular stream?
amount of precipitation
elevation above river level
Urbanization / reduction of infiltration
maximum river discharge
97
When the hanging-wall block moves down relative to the footwall block, it's a:
normal fault
strike-slip fault
reverse fault
thrust fault
98
A current within the surf zone that flows parallel to the coast is called
the surf zone
longshore current
a rip current
the breakers
99
When one mineral creates new grains of the same mineral during metamorphism, it's called:
pressure solution
neocrystallization
recrystallization
plastic deformation
100
A body of water that flows downslope along a clearly defined natural passageway
stream
load
channel
gradient
101
The highest elevation reached by high tide is the:
upper tidal range
average sea level
runup height
high tide line
102
If you have ever flown in a commercial airplane, you have reached Earth's:
thermosphere
stratosphere
mesosphere
troposphere
103
What do geologists mean by the term "stream"
A channel that flows up-gradient
A small channel, smaller than a river.
A body of water that flows downslope along a channel
A long piece of paper used at the coolest geo parties
104
These surface water bodies are created by humans for recreation, drinking water, and energy
swamps
divides
reservoirs
playas
105
A fine-grained metamorphic rock with pronounced foliation, produced by metamorphism of slate
gneiss
phyllite
schist
slate
106
Tides are controlled by the gravitational pull of the:
Sun
Earth's Moon
Mars
Earth
107
Metamorphism has an upper and lower limit:
Upper limit- melting occurs
Metamorphism: rocks get warm but don't melt
Lower limit- diagenesis occurs
Lower limit- nothing occurs
108
Winds get their names from:
the direction sailors hope they take them to
the direction they blow to
the direction they blow from
109
Folded rocks that form a trough; the youngest rocks are in the core.
monocline
syncline
anticline
110
When grains are "smooshed" or otherwise distorted during metamorphism, it's called:
recrystallization
plastic deformation
pressure solution
neocrystallization
111
Why are the heights of tides not the same in every location?
Different locations have different tidal timing each day
The amount of sea animals changes the tidal range
the gravitational pull is different at different locations
wind can add or subtract from a tide
112
The energy that the ocean absorbs when water evaporates, and when water freezes:
heat ability
heat capacity
patent heat
latent heat
113
Folded rocks where only one limb is present (like one-half of a U)
monocline
sycline
anticline
114
An imaginary plane that divides a fold in half along its axis:
the axial plane
the fold plane
the airplane
the imaginary fold plane
115
A diagram that shows geologic features that occur underground:
Geologic Cross Section
Geologic map
Geographic Map
Topographic Map
116
An elongated region of crust that was deformed and metamorphosed during continental collison
orogen
oregon
craton
crouton
117
Replenishment of groundwater:
recharge
percolation
discharge
118
A graph that shows the stream's discharge as a function of time is a:
hydrographic map
hydrologic graph
hydrologic map
hydrograph
119
A fracture in rock along which movement has occurred along a fracture surface:
a fracture
a fault
a crack
a joint
120
In a left-lateral strike-slip fault, the block across the fault from the observer has moved:
to the right
to the left
up
down
121
A drop in surface elevation of the land caused by compaction or groundwater pumping:
flooding
subsidence
depression
settling
122
These are examples of NONfoliated rocks
marble
gneiss
quartzite
slate
123
The reason that the Earth has seasons is because:
the Milky Way Galaxy is spinning.
the Earth rotates every 24 hours.
the Earth's axis is tilted 23.5 degrees.
variety is the spice of life.
124
A regional weather system that involves unusual warming of equatorial Pacific surface water:
La Niña
a tropical cyclone
El Niño
125
What is the geologic difference between an unconfined and a confined aquifer?
Unconfined aquifers have a confining layer beneath them.
Confined aquifers have confining layers above and beneath.
An unconfined aquifer lacks a confining layer above it.
An unconfined aquifer lacks a confining layer beneath it.
126
Ranges of temp and pressure can be grouped into metamorphic zones, or:
metamorphic foliation
metamorphic regions
metamorphic facies
metamorphic areas
127
A body of rock or regolith that is water saturated, porous, and permeable:
spring
aquifer
discharge
recharge
128
Earth's atmosphere is made of 78%:
argon
nitrogen
oxygen
carbon dioxide
129
These got their name because their consistent direction carried trade ships occurs the ocean
southeasterlies
trade winds
northeasterlies
Columbus Day winds
130
Mineralogical, textural, chemical, & structural changes that occur in a rock bc of Temp & Pres
metamorphism
foliation
crystallization
sedimentation
131
When air falls, it creates an area of:
low atmospheric pressure at Earth's surface
high atmospheric pressure at Earth's surface
no atmospheric pressure change at Earth's surface
132
Upwarping strata form these, with the oldest rocks in middle:
domes
synclines
plunging synclines
basins
133
A map that shows the locations, kinds, and orientations of rock units:
Topographic Map
Geographic Map
Google Maps
Geologic Map
134
The relatively flat valley floor adjacent to a stream channel, flooded when a stream overflows
drainage basin
alluvial fan
delta
floodplain
135
Metamorphism of an extensive area of the crust, associated with plate convergence or subduction
contact metamorphism
blueschist and eclogite metamorphism
burial metamorpism
regional metamorphism
136
Mixing occurs in the oceans by the process(es) of:
upwelling
seamonsters
downwelling
137
Where do hurricanes and other tropical cyclonic storms get their energy?
warm air masses over the ocean
cold air masses over the ocean
cold ocean surface water
warm ocean surface water
138
When rock layers are tilted farther than the vertical orientation, they are:
in serious trouble
overturned
overtilted
extravertical
139
How would slate and granite respond differently to stress?
Slate would break along slaty cleavage. (Think blackboard)
Granite would break along its foliation.
Slate would deform ductily, granite brittly.
Granite would break wherever the stress is highest.
140
A measure of how easily a solid allows fluids to pass through it
connectedness
porosity
permeability
openness
141
A coarse-grained, high-grade metamorphic rock with separation of dark and light minerals
gneiss
slate
schist
phyllite
142
Unconsolidated sediment deposited in a recent geologic time by a stream
stratified drift
delta deposits
till
alluvium
143
What are some beneficial effects of coral reefs?
They recycle nutrients in shallow coastal environments.
They are highly productive ecosystems with diverse life.
They provide physical barriers that dissipate wave energy.
They have important aesthetic and economic resources.
144
A bend or warp in layered rock is a:
fault
fold
bend
hinge
145
How do waves in deep water behave differently from waves in shallow water?
Waves can fully rotate in deeper water, so they don't break
As waves approach the beach, they "break" in shallow water.
Breaking waves in shallow water make up the surf.
Some waves can resist breaking in shallow water.
146
These channels occur where the gradient is high and the channel is deeply incised (in a canyon)
straight
braided
meandering
tangled
147
What physical and chemical changes happen in rock undergoing metamorphism:
conversion of one mineral into a new mineral
compaction (reduction in pore space)
stretching/elongation of mineral grains
aligning of minerals with like minerals
148
A map that shows the shape of the ground surface through the use of contour lines:
Google Maps
geologic map
topographic map
geographic map
149
A stress that acts in a direction perpendicular to and away from a surface (extensional stress)
strain
shear
tension
compression
150
A stress that acts in a direction parallel to a surface (like rubbing your hands together)
strain
tension
shear
compression
151
How does permeability differ from porosity?
Permeability is how well water flows through the material
High permeability does not mean high porosity.
Porosity is the amount of void space in the material.
Permeability is how well-connected the pores are.
152
The angle between a tilted surface and a horizontal plane
dip
tilt
strike
direction
153
Why are lakes geologically short-lived?
They fill in with fine-grained sediment quickly.
Leave it to the Beavers isn't the best idea!
Lakes hold water back; this is against what water wants!
Natural dams fail easily.
154
When waves flow back into the ocean in localized narrow channels, swimmers might get caught in
the breakers
the longshore current
a rip current
the surf
155
What are the major reservoirs in the hydrologic cycle?
groundwater
frozen water in the cryosphere
fresh surface water (rivers, lakes, streams, etc.)
saltwater in the ocean
156
Earth's oceans:
have only been about ~5% explored by humans
contain 96.5% of water on Earth as saltwater
include the Indian, Atlantic, Pacific, and Southern Oceans
cover 71% of the Earth's surface
157
The percentage of the total volume of a body of material that consists of open spaces (pores):
porosity
permeability
openness
connectedness
158
2015 is a/an ________________________ year. Texas' winter will likely be colder and wetter.
El Niño
La Niña
159
An underground open space; a cavern is a system of connected ________.
caves
Dr. Boop's favorite place. /\v/\
voids
tanks
160
The difference between high and low tide is known as the:
average sea level
tidal range
wavelength
tidal bore
161
The average length of time that a water molecule spends in a reservoir
residence time
reservoir time
waiting time
reservoir gap
162
A stress that acts in a direction perpendicular to and toward a surface (pushes together)
strain
compression
tension
shear
163
When grains are dissolved under high pressure & minerals precipitate at lower pressure, it's:
neocrystallization
recrystallization
pressure solution
plastic deformation
164
What three variables, besides rock composition, are most important for causing metamorphism?
magnetic reversals
pressure
temperature
pore fluid (carbon dioxide, water, etc.)
165
Why do jetties and seawalls on one part of the beach have adverse effects on other parts?
Deposited sediment in one area might starve another area.
They inhibit water movement.
They inhibit sediment transport.
They reduce water velocity causing sediment to be deposited
166
How do the atmosphere and ocean exchange materials?
Water is evaporated from the ocean surface and becomes rain
As the ocean absorbs CO2, it becomes more acidic.
Dust and pollutants carried by wind can settle into the sea
Heat is exchanged across this interface
167
What processes can cause sea level to change?
change of ocean basin size and shape
melting of land ice
rise of global temperature
thermal expansion of water molecules in the Oceans
168
The temperature at which the relative humidity is 100% is called the:
dew point
relative humidity
humidity
closure temperature
169
Metamorphism that occurs after diagenesis, as a result of burial of sediment in ocean basins
contact metamorphism
blueschist and eclogite metamorphism
regional metamorphism
burial metamorpism
170
The very first ocean was made from
water left over from the formation of the Earth
water melted from comets
gasses vented from Earth's volcanoes
the ocean before the first ocean
171
Modification of a stream channel to reduce flood risk and impacts is called:
geomodifications
channelization
geotechnical engineering
engineering
172
Stream deposits include:
deltas
alluvial fans
alluvium
point bars
173
The gaseous envelope that surrounds our Earth is known as the:
mesosphere
troposphere
atmosphere
stratosphere
174
When the hanging-wall block moves up relative to the footwall block, it:
neither thickens nor thins the crust
thins the crust
thickens the crust
175
A 100-year flood means that:
There is a 100% chance this magnitude will happen each year
It will certainly occur only once in 100 years.
In any given year, there is a 1/100 (or 1%) probability
176
The process by which subsurface water leaves the saturated zone and becomes surface water
discharge
recharge
percolation
177
The greenhouse effect warms the Earth by:
reflecting energy (heat) back to the Earth
a thick layer of plastic insulates Earth's greenhouse
greenhouse gases trap energy within the troposphere
178
The projection of a fold axis or an axial plane onto a horizontal plane is called the
axial extension
hinge extension
axial trace
hinge trace
179
Metamorphism at low temperature but high pressure in a subduction zone
contact metamorphism
regional metamorphism
burial metamorpism
blueschist and eclogite metamorphism
180
The creation of entirely new minerals during metamorphism is called:
pressure solution
plastic deformation
neocrystallization
recrystallization
181
These are examples of good aquiclude materials:
limestone
clay
gneiss
sandstone
182
The suspended and dissolved sediment carried by a stream
gradient
channel
load
discharge
183
What does the presence of a vein in a rock reveal about the way the rock formed?
Veins indicate that pore fluid was present.
Veins indicate that the rock was alive at one point.
Veins indicate that an ore deposit is present.
184
These channels occur where there is too much sediment for the stream to carry at once
meandering
tangled
braided
straight
185
The process by which water works its way into the ground through small openings in the soil
precipitation
infiltration
surface runoff
discharge
186
Standing bodies of water that have open surfaces in direct contact with the atmosphere
kettle lakes
ponds
groundwater
lakes
187
North Atlantic Deep Water, off the coast of Greenland:
sinks because it's dense.
helps drive the ocean conveyor belt
sinks because it's salty (ice formed and left salt behind)
sinks because it's very cold.
188
Dip angles can range between:
0 and 180 degrees
0 and 90 degrees
0 and 45 degrees
0 and 360 degrees
189
The steepness of a stream channel
load
gradient
channel
stream
190
The clearly defined natural passageway through which a stream flows
gradient
load
stream
channel
191
A change in shape or volume of rock in response to stress
shear
tension
compression
strain
192
The layers of Earth's atmosphere are separated by boundaries called:
stops
grades
lines
pauses
193
Movement of warm, moist air away from the Equator occurs in:
Hadley cells
Polar cells
Ferrel cells
194
How does water move among the reservoirs in the hydrologic cycle?
surface runoff and infiltration
transpiration
evaporation
condensation and precipitation
195
How is an artesian well related to a spring?
Springs are natural seeps of water, artesian wells are not.
An artesian well requires pumping.
Water flows naturally from both artesian wells and springs.
196
When air rises, it creates an area of:
no atmospheric pressure change at Earth's surface
low atmospheric pressure at Earth's surface
high atmospheric pressure at Earth's surface
197
A regular, repeating cycle of rising and falling sea level that results from gravity:
tides
eustacy
isostacy
currents
198
A well that water flows from without being pumped
pressurized well
flowing well
freeflowing well
artesian well
199
Based on probability, a 2-year flood will happen more often than a 20-year flood.
False
True
200
Antarctic Bottom Water, off the coast of the southern continent of Antarctica:
sinks because it's salty (ice formed and left salt behind)
sinks because it's dense.
sinks because it's very cold.
helps drive the ocean conveyor belt
201
What is the approximate depth where diagenesis ceases and metamorphism starts?
~ 1 km
~ 3 km
~ 7 km
~ 5 km
202
The line where the axial plane intersects the fold is called the:
maximum fold angle
corner
hinge
axis
203
Factors influencing metamorphism include:
melting
temperature
pressure
pore fluid (H2O, CO2, etc.)
204
Foliation in coarse-grained metamorphic rock
schistosity
fracture
cleavage
slaty cleavage
205
Places where bedrock is exposed at the surface:
scarps
probably that crazy professor's favorite place
regolith
outcrops
206
A permanent change in shape or volume, in which a material breaks or cracks
elastic deformation
brittle deformation
ductile deformation
207
An event in which a water body overflows its banks:
flood conditions
eutrophication
normal stream discharge conditions
diet-realization moment
208
When the axial trace dips at an angle, the fold is:
a subsiding fold
a dipping fold
a plunging fold
a tilted fold
209
The "broken," turbulent water found between a line of breaking waves and the shore:
longshore current
the breakers
beach
surf zone
210
What process could create a pair of scarps with a valley between them?
It's called a Horst-Graben Complex.
Sea-Floor Spreading (Divergent Plate Boundary)
Tensional stress
Continental Rifting (Divergent Plate Boundary)
211
Water in the Earth's atmosphere is measured as:
pressure
humidity
temperature
precipitation
212
The process by which water that has condensed in the atmosphere falls as rain, snow, or hail
condensation
transpiration
evaporation
precipitation
213
Why does the Sun's heat not warm Earth's surface uniformly?
Dark surfaces absorb more heat energy than light surfaces.
The Sun isn't powerful enough.
The amount of solar radiation varies depending on location.
214
The study of stress and strain, the processes that cause them, and the deformation of rocks
Historical Geology
Physical Geology
Geomorphology
Structural Geology
215
The movement of particles along a beach as they are driven up and down the beach slope by waves
sea-level change
tidal fluctuations
surf drift
beach drift
216
The GENERAL TERM for a wind system that circulates around a low-pressure center is a:
cyclone
typhoon
tropical cyclone
hurricane
217
The highest temperatures in Earth's atmosphere occur in the:
troposphere
thermosphere
mesosphere
stratosphere
218
The depth within the Earth below which ductile properties predominate
brittle-ductile transition
brittle deformation
ductile deformation
strain rate
219
Downwarping strata form these, with the youngest rocks in middle:
domes
basins
anticlines
plunging anticlines
220
The landform characterized by bedrock that can dissolve with rainwater is called:
karst topography
sinkhole plain
cave topography
swiss cheese topography
221
The top surface of the saturated zone
water table
groundwater
phreatic zone
vadose zone
222
What processes add salts to the ocean?
underwater volcanic eruptions and "black smokers"
freezing of seawater
evaporation of surface water
weathering of continental rocks
223
A long, narrow, sandy island lying offshore and parallel to a low-land coast:
beach
reef
barrier island
wave-cut cliff
224
What likes below the water table?
the phreatic zone
the saturated zone
the vadose zone
the zone of aeration
225
When two fault blocks move parallel to each other and the fault dip is vertical (90 degrees)
it's a thrust fault
it's a normal fault
it's a reverse fault
it's a strike-slip fault
226
Earth's atmosphere is made of 21%:
carbon dioxide
nitrogen
argon
oxygen
227
Below the water table; pore spaces are filled with water here:
vadose zone
groundwater
phreatic zone
water table
228
The flotational balance of the lithosphere on the asthenosphere
orogen
lateral continuity
craton
isostacy
229
These are examples of good aquifer materials:
gneiss
clay
sandstone
limestone
230
The process by which water changes from a liquid into a vapor:
transpiration
precipitation
condensation
evaporation
231
How are veins of quartz, calcite, and/or ore minerals created?
It's those gremlins again.
Cool groundwater precipitates minerals during metamorphism.
Cool groundwater precipitates minerals after metamorphism.
Dissolved minerals in pore fluids precipitate.
232
Why do orogens preserve a record of ancient deformations long after they are formed?
Orogens "pop up" as material is removed via erosion
Orogens are the most resistant feature to weathering
As erosion occurs isostacy forces more material up/buoyancy

Exam 3 Review Game (Deformation, Metamorphic Rocks, and the Hydrologic Cycle) Flashcards | StudBud