The difference between primary and secondary air pollutants is that primary air pollutants:

enter the atmosphere directly/secondary form from other substances

The ocean conveyor belt affects:

Regional and possibly global climate

Today virtually all environmental scientists have rejected the dilution paradigm in favor of:

boomerang paradigm: what you throw away can come back and hurt you

cancer-causing chemical, radiation, or virus.

Which of the following series is organized according to the levels of organization used by ecologists?

population -> community -> ecosystem

Emerging diseases are

not previously found in humans. Typically jump from an animal host to human

Competition occurs when:

two or more species attempt to use an essential common resource.

Which of the following accurately represents a sequential portion of the nitrogen cycle?

dead organic material → ammonification → nitrification → plants

Examples of non-sustainable human activities or behaviors include:

use of nonrenewable resources as if they were present in unlimited

What are the three kinds of symbiosis?

mutualism, parasitism, and commensalism

flows in only one direction through an ecosystem.

The First Law of Thermodynamics states that:

energy cannot be created or destroyed.

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Review - FINAL LECTURE EXAM

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1
Which of the following is NOT a renewable resource?
Fresh water
Fish
Trees
Minerals and oil
2
The difference between primary and secondary air pollutants is that primary air pollutants:
enter the atmosphere directly/secondary form from other substances
---
are not harmful to humans, but secondary air pollutants may be toxic
only affect plants, while secondary pollutants affect plants and animals.
3
The chemical energy stored in a plant is an example of:
potential energy.
solar energy.
kinetic energy.
nuclear energy.
4
The ocean conveyor belt affects:
Regional and possibly global climate
The greenhouse effect
The nitrogen cycle
Albedo
5
The build-up of pesticides in an organism's body is termed:
persistence.
---
biological magnification.
bioaccumulation.
6
Today virtually all environmental scientists have rejected the dilution paradigm in favor of:
---
boomerang paradigm: what you throw away can come back and hurt you
“now you see it, now you don’t” paradigm: what you throw away, stays away
---
7
Which of the following is not a biome?
mangrove forest
boreal forest
desert
savanna
8
Which of the following biomes has the highest biodiversity?
tropical rain forest
temperate deciduous forest
tropical desert
savanna
9
In 2011, the global human population passed __________ billion.
4
5
7
9
10
Saltwater intrusion can occur in coastal areas due to:
excessive groundwater pumping.
larger or more frequent hurricanes.
----
sinkhole formation.
11
Free-floating aquatic organisms are known as:
plankton.
nekton.
benthos.
pelagic inhabitants.
12
The biotic portion of our environment includes a variety of components including the following, except:
Northern Spotted Owls
Bald eagles
Diamonds
Forests
13
A person’s _______________________________ is the amount of fresh water, ocean, land, etc. required to live their
Environmental degradation
Environmental science
Sustainable yield
Ecological footprint
14
A carcinogen is a
cancer-causing chemical, radiation, or virus.
vehicle that requires no gasoline to operate.
type of microorganism associated with human sewage.
---
15
Which of the following series is organized according to the levels of organization used by ecologists?
---
---
population -> community -> ecosystem
species -> ecosystem -> population
16
Modern floods are highly destructive (property loss)
False
True
17
Stewardship is the shared responsibility for the planet
True
False
18
Poverty is associated with all of the following EXCEPT:
inadequate access to health services
unsafe drinking water
balanced nutrition
low life expectancy
19
Examples of Kinetic Energy include river water flowing, or the wind blowing
False
True
20
Chemosynthesis supports which of the following ecosystems?
Estuary
Hydrothermal vent
Desert
Forest
21
Emerging diseases are
hidden diseases that are finally being detected through technology.
not previously found in humans. Typically jump from an animal host to human
non-infectious diseases that have transformed into infectious diseases.
--
22
3 leading causes of death in the U.S. today are cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and
cancer.
pneumonia.
diarrhea.
23
Competition occurs when:
two or more species have an ecological relationship.
one organism, the predator, attempts to consume another , the prey.
two species in different habitats have similar niches.
two or more species attempt to use an essential common resource.
24
The crust of our planet that is made of rock and soil is known as the:
biosphere.
ecosphere.
hydrosphere.
lithosphere.
25
Removing too much fresh water from a river or lake can:
have little effect on associated wetland areas.
---
result in increasing salinity
---
26
Which of the following accurately represents a sequential portion of the nitrogen cycle?
N2 in the atmosphere → nitrification→ plants
N2 in the atmosphere → ammonification → nitrification → plants
___
dead organic material → ammonification → nitrification → plants
27
Examples of non-sustainable human activities or behaviors include:
using technology to improve car mileage
use of nonrenewable resources as if they were present in unlimited
attempts to limit human population growth
recycling
28
The theory of evolution by natural selection was proposed in The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859)
Aristotle
Ponce de Leon
Rachel Carson
Charles Darwin
29
Ability to meet humanity’s current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs
----
-----
sustainability
environmental science
30
What are the three kinds of symbiosis?
epiphytes, prokaryotes, and eukaryotes
warning colors, mutualism, and cannibalism
competition, predation, and coevolution
mutualism, parasitism, and commensalism
31
Humans exhibit:
Type I survivorship
Type II survivorship
Type IV survivorship
Type III survivorship
32
Whose work heightened public awareness and concern about the use of pesticides and led to restrictions of pesticides?
John Muir
---
Rachel Carson
---
33
Energy:
--
flows in only one direction through an ecosystem.
--
recycles continuously through an ecosystem.
34
Which term defines competition between species?
competitive exclusion
intraspecific competition
interspecific competition
predation
35
The First Law of Thermodynamics states that:
the organization of the universe is steadily increasing.
energy cannot be created or destroyed.
energy can be created or destroyed by physical processes.
entropy always increases.
36
American Dust Bowl was due to a misperception in soil sciences and a prolonged drought
True
False
37
What is the lithosphere?
A component of the hydrosphere
Crust of the Earth
The crust and upper mantle
Part of the atmosphere
38
Which of the following is an abiotic factor of the environment?
---
producers
---
Bedrock such as Granite
39
Is Nonpoint Source Pollution a human impact on the ocean?
True
False
40
Which of the following surfaces has the highest albedo?
The ocean
Glaciers
Buildings
Forests
41
The movement of water from land to rivers, lakes, wetlands and ultimately, the ocean is called:
transpiration
precipitation
runoff
groundwater
42
Which of the following is the chemical formula for ozone?
O2
O
O3
NO3
43
The Coriolis effect is due to:
seasonal changes in the levels of solar radiation at a given location.
the Earth's rotation.
the Earth's orbit.
The density of the oceans.
44
The upper limit of an unconfined underground reservoir of water is termed the:
aquifer.
---
water table.
watershed.
45
Pollutants that interfere with the normal functioning of hormones are called:
endocrine disrupters.
radioisotopes.
synergists.
--
46
The most fundamental attribute that distinguishes aquatic habitats is:
estuaries
sunlight
salinity
biomes
47
Tropic level with LEAST BIOMASS?Grass, is eaten by grasshoppers, which are eaten by toads, which are eaten by snakes
toads
grasshoppers
grass
snakes
48
The movement of individuals out of a population is:
dispersal.
natural increase.
immigration.
emigration.
49
The stratospheric chemical that prevents much of the solar ultraviolet radiation from penetrating to Earth's surface is:
particulate matter.
water vapor.
ozone.
carbon dioxide.
50
The deepest zone in a large lake, below where the sunlight penetrates, is the:
benthic zone.
profundal zone.
limnetic zone.
littoral zone.
51
What element is most abundant in the atmosphere?
Carbon Dioxide
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Helium
52
Most freshwater is present in the form of:
ice caps and glaciers.
groundwater.
---
atmospheric water vapor.
53
Which of the following would not be found exclusively in the benthic environment?
kelp forests
nekton
oysters, clams, and barnacles
coral reefs
54
Eutrophication is an Enrichment Problem
True
False
55
Cyclones, hurricanes and typhoons are distinguished from one another by:
direction of spin
speed
size
location
56
Industrial smog didn’t cause any death in London.
False
True
57
The most abundant gas in the Earth’s atmosphere is:
carbon dioxide.
argon.
nitrogen.
oxygen.
58
Which of the following organizational hierarchies is correctly listed from smallest to largest unit?
population → community → ecosystem → biome
community → population → ecosystem → biome
ecosystem → population → community → biome
biome → community → population → ecosystem
59
Which of the following organisms are producers in hydrothermal vent communities?
bacteria
algae
fungi
moss
60
I = P x A x T model can be used to calculate which of the following?
Urbanization
people overpopulation
industrialization
human impact on the environment
61
Sediment pollution is caused by:
erosion.
fertilizers.
disease-causing agents.
----
62
Which of the following is an example of a closed system?
ocean
Earth
None of these choices
hydrothermal vent
63
The primary reason we have seasons is because of the:
Earth’s orbit
Earth’s rotation
Earth’s tilt on its axis
Density of the Earth’s atmosphere
64
Which of the following represents an idea associated with environmental sustainability?
We are using fossil fuels as if they were present in unlimited supply
The capacity of the environment to absorb toxins is unlimited
The Earth's resources are not present in infinite supply
The human population continues to grow
65
El Niño—Southern Oscillation events:
---
reach coastal areas of Peru around mid-summer.
occur once or twice every century.
alter both ocean and atmospheric circulation patterns.
66
The dominant herbivores in the Antarctic food web are
---
krill
---
baleen whales
67
Coral reefs:
are the most diverse of all marine environments.
All of these choices are correct
are found in shallow, nutrient poor, tropical waters.
protect coastlines from erosion.
68
"The Tragedy of the Commons" refers to:
An environmental theory promoting public ownership of lands and res
The conflict between individual interest and management of shared resources
An economic theory promoting private ownership of lands and resourc
Environmental problems generated by farming practices.
69
Which of the following is not an example of a fossil fuel?
Oil
Wood
Coal
Natural gas
70
Which of the following best illustrates the process of evolution?
A lizard’s color becomes brown as it sits on a log
A population of mosquitoes develops resistance to a pesticide
A plant loses its leaves in a drought
A bear goes into hibernation
71
In temperate lakes, falling temperatures in autumn may cause a mixing of the water layers called:
thermal stratification.
thermocline.
turnover.
benthos.
72
Acute toxicity:
produces an effect within a long period of a single exposure.
is only caused by synthetic chemicals.
is poorly understood by toxicologists.
produces an effect within a short period of a single exposure.
73
Stratospheric ozone is important because it:
Absorbs UV radiation
Is an industrial pollutant
Powers the weather cycle
Is what we breathe
74
The pathway by which carbon is transferred from living organisms to the atmosphere is called:
Burning fossil fuels
Photosynthesis
Cellular respiration
Evaporation
75
The interdependent evolution of two interacting species is known as:
mutualism.
ecology.
natural selection.
coevolution.
76
Founder of the Sierra Club, naturalist, and force behind the establishment of Yosemite and Sequoia national parks:
John Muir
Aldo Leopold
Theodore Roosevelt
77
Nonpotable water that has already been used once, but is reused for toilets or car washing is called:
reclaimed water.
gray water.
---
household water.
78
A secondary consumer would eat:
herbivores.
tertiary consumers.
fungi.
bacteria.
79
All the following are components of the hydrosphere except:
sea ice.
soil.
tropical rainstorms.
soil.
80
The relationship exemplified by bees consuming nectar and carrying pollen from one flower to another is known as:
Mutualism
Parasitism
Commensalism
Predation
81
Water:
is composed only of hydrogen atoms.
is composed only of oxygen atoms.
is composed of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen.
---
82
A dose that is represented as LD50 is a dose that
has an acceptable risk level of 50%.
kills half of the population of test animals.
is administered to 50% of the population.
---
83
Resources that are replaced over a relatively short period of time, anywhere from days to decades, are known as:
Fossil Fuel Resources
Non-renewable resources
Minerals, coal, oil and natural gas
Renewable resources
84
Environmental Impact Statements:
only need to project impact out to two years following the completion of th
must be made available to the public.
only address potential impact on endangered or threatened species
are not required for any state-funded projects.
85
The most fundamental attribute that distinguishes aquatic habitats is:
biomes
sunlight
estuaries
salinity
86
____________________ is the study of relationships and interactions among organisms and their environment:
Geology
Biology
Ecology
Environmental Science
87
1. The continuous use of a resources without depletion is referred to as ________________.
Stewardship
IPAT model
Environmental degradation
88
A warmer atmosphere is likely to cause:
changes in precipitation patterns
increased melting of glaciers and ice caps and changes in precipitation pat
all of these
increased melting of glaciers and ice caps
89
Is Coastal Development a human impact on the ocean?
True
False
90
An organism's role, or lifestyle, within the structure of an ecosystem is its:
symbiotic relationship.
trophic level.
habitat.
ecological niche.
91
One way to make agricultural water more sustainable is through:
microirrigation.
water diversion.
“use it or lose it” water allotments for farmers.
---
92
In the carbon cycle, carbon can be found in:
Biocarbonate and sugar
All of these choices are correct
Carbon dioxide and coal
The atmosphere
93
Predation can be defined as:
two or more individuals attempting to use an essential common resource
a relationship that only exerts selective (evolutionary) force on the prey.
organisms living together.
one organism consuming another organism, which may be a plant or animal.
94
Paints and cleaning products can release _____ that contribute to smog production.
---
volatile organic compounds
lead
ozone
95
Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas.
False
True
96
Entropy is a measure of:
--
--
the amount of energy in a system.
the disorder in a system.
97
Approximately ___of the Earth’s water is freshwater that can be readily used by humans and other terrestrial organisms
10%
---
2.5%
0.1%
98
What is the transitional zone where two or more communities meet?
resource partition
edge effect
ecotone
keystone habitat
99
The greatest use of fresh water is for:
irrigation.
mining.
small businesses.
---
100
The two main human sources of primary air pollutants are:
agriculture and residential sources.
industry and transportation.
incineration and transportation.

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