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From Pitt to Peel (1783 - 1846) Revision Flashcards | StudBud
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From Pitt to Peel (1783 - 1846) Revision
From Pitt to Peel (1783 - 1846) Revision
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A rather portly yet comprehensive revision quiz for OCR Pitt to Peel.
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Questions
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Answers
1
What 'Company' did Pitt tackle the independence of in 1784?
North American Company
Napoleon Company
Petrograd Company
East India Company
2
What were the famous comments about Pitt's new ministry?
The Tory ministry
"A kingdom trusted in a school boy's care"
The bleak ministry
A "mince pie ministry"
3
When it came to reform, what did Pitt favour?
Obscure and limited
Bog-standard
Rational and necessary
Elaborate and resplendence
4
What was the purpose of this tax?
To price cheap loyalist literature off the market
To discourage the sale of newspapers altogether
To price cheap periodicals off the market
5
What were the other ways Pitt raised money?
Increases on indirect taxes
Increase the number of government jobs
Reducing the import duty on tea
Increasing tax on smaller houses with less windows
6
After 1783, when would the Whigs next seize power?
1824
1802
1830
1833
7
What happened in France between 1792 and 1793?
Calls for abolition of the monarchy and a continental war
Trial and execution of Louis XVI
Proclamation of a Republic
Calls for a dictatorship
8
What did Pitt's income tax ensure?
War could now be ended
War was viable
The majority of wartime expenditure was financed by taxes
War was now financially impossible
9
How many prosecutions were there for treason in the first year of the Gagging Acts'?
35
40
60
200
10
What electoral reform proposition was defeated in Parliament in 1785?
The attempt to introduce universal suffrage
The attempt to abolish 36 rotten boroughs
The attempt to allow women to stand for office
11
What two pieces of legislation formed the 'Gagging Acts'?
The Hovering Act
The Treasonable Practices Act
The Factory Act
The Seditious Meetings and Assemblies Act
12
What did this Act establish?
The extension of Customs officials to 12 miles offshore
Banning imports of goods worth smuggling
Allowing only those with a license to smuggle
Legalising smuggling for all
13
What did the Indian Act's language confirm?
Pitt's determination to effect radical change
A special relationship
Disunity
Cooperation
14
What dangerous events occurred in April and May 1797?
Naval mutinies at Spithead and the Nore
The attempted assassination of Pitt
The arrival of the French in Britain
The dismantling of the London Corresponding Society
15
What did the Canada Act establish and ensure?
The loyalty of Canada to Britain throughout the wars
The cooperation with French Canadians
Divide Canada into two zones, upper Canada being English
The removal of all French Canadians
16
What considerations did Pitt need to make when introducing trading policies?
Ensure that France could not trade more than Britain
A need to generate wealth to reduce debt
A need to outsource a growing number of British products
Ensure that the price of wine was reduced by 50%
17
Why was the Treasonable Practices Act regarded as overly repressive?
Tom Paine had been outlawed
Attacked public meetings and pamphlets
Extended 'treason' to include speaking and writing
18
With the outbreak of war, what financial reform did Pitt introduce in 1799?
A mutiny bill
A poll tax
An income tax on all income over £60
The Eden Treaty
19
The poor summers of 1792 and 1794-5 caused wheat prices to increase to how many shillings?
34 shillings (from 13)
98 shillings (from 23)
43 shillings (from 30)
58 shillings (from 46)
20
What does Richard Brown argue in relation to the French Revolution in Britain?
It would lead to mass genocide
It caused widespread debate in British society
People would believe it would lead to reform in Britain
It would lead to an increase in finances
21
What 1790 landmark parliamentary defeat confirmed a hardening opinion to radicalism?
John Locke's defeat in allowing more naval mutinies
Henry Flood's defeat in parliamentary reform bill
Adam Smith's defeat in Wealth of Nations bill
Pitt's defeat in abolition of Whigs bill
22
What did the influx of full-time factory workers cause?
Higher wages
Lower production
The supply of labour increase
More hardship when trade fell
23
What two Acts were passed in 1797 prevent further naval mutinies after Spithead and the Nore?
Act for Preservation of the Navy
Seduction from Duty and Allegiance Act
Act against administrating unlawful oaths
Act against Mutinies
24
How did the naval mutiny at Spithead occur?
Admirals refusing seamen food and resources
Seamen complaining of poor conditions were sent back to sea
Seamen demanding to fire a canon ball at Westminster
Seamen demanding to sail to France
25
What was Pitt initially more concerned with?
Domestic reforms and trade deals with France
The quality of British produce
The image of Britain
His image on the European stage
26
What was the policy of the government to tackle radicalism?
Use propaganda effectively to create alarm and panic
Enact repressive legislation
Do nothing
Begin their own colonial campaign
27
Between 1973 - 1800 Pitt became...?
A dictator
Reformer to the reactionary, from necessity, to hypocrisy
A tyrant
From reactionary to reformer
28
What was the total estimated number of voters in Britain?
11,000
40,000
24,000
14,500
29
By 1975 what was the London Corresponding Societies membership?
3,000
5,000
2,000
14,000
30
Initially, what were the reform societies?
Discussion groups led by middle class or radical aristocrats
Leagues led by a multiplicity
Small, covert affairs with very limited discussion
31
What were the effects of these continued poor harvests?
A lack of countryside employment
Debased the coinage
Lowered food prices across the countryside
Threatened food supplies driving prices upwards
32
Who did Pitt appoint to reform 'Customs'?
Michael Barrimore
John Barry
Richard Frewin
John Trebnam
33
What did the Continental system establish?
The Berlin Decrees
The Prussian Decrees
The American Decrees
The United Province Decrees
34
What were the duties of Pitt during the French Revolution and Wars?
Maintain the loyalty of, and Britain's hold on Empire
Finance the war, Britain was fighting an idea
Accept huge bonuses
35
What started to be collected in 1797 to raise government revenues?
Mansion Tax (243d in £)
Bedroom Tax
Income Tax (2d in the £) over £60
Council Tax (24d in the £)
36
Approximately how many soldiers and sailors returned from the French wars looking for work?
20,000
13,000
40,000
300,000
37
True or False? The executions of Louis XVI in 1973 shocked rather than inspired?
False
True
38
Who did the Treaty favour more?
France
Britain
39
What new ideas arose that attacked protectionism?
Britain should seize more ports
Trade should be restricted
Trading tariffs should be increased
Trade shouldn't be restricted as greater benefits would flow
40
What did Charles James Fox see the revolution as?
A belated route to a constitutional monarchy
The establishment of an autocratic monarchy
The establishment of a protectorate
The establishment of the 'chauvinist state'
41
What has 'Pitt's Terror' been viewed as?
A step in no direction with regards to reform
A retrogressive step toward reform
A progressive step toward reform
42
What did radical groups sympathetic to the events in France begin to do?
Call for the introduction on anarcho-syndicalism
Call for the cessation of trading ties with France
Form societies to debate the best way forward and recruit
Denounce the French Revolution
43
With the emergence of the French Revolution, what happened to the radical societies?
They restricted the masses
They restricted anyone earning less than £70
They began to open membership to a range of people
44
What example demonstrates that Pitt did not support promotion on merit entirely?
The Post Master General
Fire Commander
The High Commissioner
Police Commissioner
45
What did Pitt ensure when reforming the administration?
Maintaining the current administration
Halving the number of departments
Starting from scratch and abolishing all departments
Not sweeping it away, but reforming from within
46
What did the government introduce to reduce the threat posed by Luddism?
Make perpetrators pay a fine
Make those who break machines work in new factories
Make perpetrators replace machinery
Make machine breaking punishable by death
47
What did Pitt aim to tackle in his trading policies
Smuggling
Exporting
Deporting
Importing
48
Was radicalism a danger?
The radicals were not one united group
Radicalism was much stronger in years of economic problems
Food riots were particularly dangerous to government
Enthusiasm for the Revolution eventually declined
49
What did Pitt introduce in 1795 after the King's carriage was struck with stones?
'The Asphyxiation Acts'
'The Polar Acts'
'The Gagging Acts'
'The Treason Acts'
50
What was 'mercantilism'?
Power to seize vessels
Power to seize ports
Power to increase share of world trade through protection
51
What was the Board's purpose?
Plunder the Company
Nationalise the Company
Dissolve the Company
'superintend, direct, and control' property and activities
52
Why would ordinary people have to rely on direct protest to express discontent?
Feared to engage in dialogue with the government
Could not travel to Parliament
Refused to communicate with the government
They had little to no voice in Parliament
53
Between 1790 and 1791 what events caused the French Revolution to become more radical?
The establishment of a constitutional monarchy
The encouragement of an autocratic monarchy
The nationalisation of the Church
The encouragement of anarcho-primitivism
54
What did the Combination Acts do?
Offered faster applications of the law
Ban people from combining resources
Forbade societies for the purpose of political reform
Ban people from exchanging goods
55
What were British reform associations compared to in France?
Cocobins
Jacobins
Machiavellibins
56
What started the French Revolution?
The wholesale ban of cheese exports
France's failure to pursue financial reforms
Discontent erupting into violence at Estates General
The prohibiting of alcohol consumption
57
Why could the mutiny be perceived as a threat?
The willingness of the navy to mutiny
The risk of sailors contracting scorbutus
The danger posed if they had united with others
58
What did these Decrees establish?
Berlin was no longer allowed to trade
No vessel coming from Britain could enter French ports
No French exports were allowed to enter Berlin
59
By 1815, what key elements for discontent were once again in place?
Britain was vulnerable to trade fluctuations
A rising population and large industrial workforce
The government was pro-French
High wheat prices
60
When the French Wars began what happened to the Whigs?
Rarely went up to Parliament, once all seen in one carriage
Often failed to oppose government action
High profile members left and united with Pitt and Tories
Fox and his supporters were now only 50 strong
61
What was fought during the premiership of Lord Liverpool?
The American Civil War
The Prussian Wars
The final campaigns of the Napoleonic Wars
The Great War
62
What did the Sheffield Corresponding Society do to increase its appeal?
Ban members of the middle classes
Abolish annual subscriptions and allow anyone to join
Encourage the royal family to join
Increase annual subcriptions
63
What assessment was given of Liverpool after his death?
Not distinguished by any originality of views
A disappointing figure
He possessed qualities to carry a nation to safety
64
When was Pitt chosen by George III to form a government?
18th August 1783
19th December 1783
20th November 1784
21st December 1782
65
By what percentage did smuggling exceed imports?
14%
2%
15%
20%
66
What was arguably the impact of the Whig's division?
The Whigs lost 100 seats in the 1784 general election
Whigs gained 50 seats in the general election
Whigs disbanded
Pitt was appointed as prime minister
67
What did Lord Erskine (Lord Chancellor) remark about Pitt's reactions to radicalism?
Acceptable in a liberal democracy
They were overreactive and exaggerated
Necessary and Proper
Unnecessary, there was no threat of revolution
68
By how many times did the national debt exceed the annual revenue from taxes?
Six times
Twenty times
One time
Ten times
69
As there was no effective police force, what did the state rely on to subdue Luddism?
Station the government in industrial areas
Station 12,000 troops in agricultural areas
Send infantries of 100 troops
Station 12,000 troops in industrial areas
70
What does Luddism also show?
Merely hatred of employers taking away jobs for profit
Occurred at times of hardship with no political philosophy
Trading was very unpopular
Outbreaks of violence needed large numbers of troops
71
What happened when sailors refused to sail back out to sea?
The Channel fleet was immobilized and sailors held elections
Pitt resigned
Sailors were mad to walk the plank
The Admiralty were overthrown
72
What did many see the Luddite break-outs as?
A warning that workers could organise themselves
Farming was a threat to society
New machinery was a step in the right direction
Protests were difficult to control
73
By 1790, what did Edmund Burke remark in his
'Reflections on the Revolution in France?'
Extremism was essential for an ordered state
Extremism was replacing trad. values with security in place
Extremism offered a tantalising alternative to monarchy
Oppression is the best way to avert extremism
74
What was the Treasonable Practices Act?
Ban on expressing views that bring government in contempt
Ban on supporting the King
Ban on lending loyalty to the government
Ban on practicing magic
75
Why would the government have been threatened if radicalism spread nationally?
Radicals would encourage France to invade Britain
The government could not levy taxes high enough
The naval mutinies proved the forces could not be relied on
The government only had 65,000 troops to protect the nation
76
What was the Seditious Meetings and Assemblies Act?
Ban on meetings of more than 50 people needed permission
Ban on gala dinners
Magistrates could disperse meetings if necessary
Ban on family gatherings
77
What were important limitations to the radical threat between 1791-97?
The different elements (mutinies and societies) didn't unite
The war in France encouraged loyalist activity in Britain
The war in France encouraged armed rebellion
The French Revolution encouraged the end to the monarchy
78
What was 'Luddism'
Celebration of the industrial revolution
Protests against machines of the industrial revolution
A resentment of the old systems of industry
A form of manufacturing
79
True or false: A prime minister could also be a member of the House of Lords?
True
False
80
Why was this repeal unfair?
It encouraged equality
Burden shifted to indirect taxes which poor mostly paid
Taxes paid off interest on national debt- owned by the rich
It increased government revenue
81
Who was Home Secretary between 1822-27?
George Canning
Lord Sidmouth
Robert Peel
Earl of Clancarty
82
What were the aims of Napoleon's Continental System
Encourage trading across Europe
Starve Britain of money
Destroy British trade and re-export of colonial goods
Prevent French exports
83
What were the defects to the administration Pitt inherited?
It was small. Only 3000 employees (two thirds in customs)
Too many women were working in Parliament
Resources were often inefficiently deployed
Well paid, senior government posts were used as a reward
84
What was the result of the Spithead mutiny?
Lord Howe secured legislation to deal with the grievances
Ships were set alight
All mutineers were executed
The Admiralty was executed
85
What did some political radicals view the French Revolution as?
An event that encouraged oppression of the masses
An event that encouraged singing
An event in the direction of tolerance and political part.
An event that encouraged isolation
86
What arguably exacerbated the agricultural slump?
The Speenhamland system in agricultural zones- low wages
Increase in population
An influx of Irish who worked cheaply.
Demobilisation of 300,000 soldiers and sailors
87
What did the Government do in order to avert radical movements?
Held a series of public Treason Trials (Hardy and Sheffield)
The King was executed
Arrest leading members of prominent Corresponding Societies
Displays of generosity in which gold was handed out
88
Who was tried in 1794 for imagining the King's death and was acquited?
George Washington
Joe Brooks
Thomas Hardy
William Pitt
89
What did Pitt establish to limit the influence of the East India Company?
Board of Directors
Board of Control
Council of Information
Economic Council
90
What financial measure in 1797 removed all gold from economy and introduced paper money?
Suspension of cash payment by the Bank of England
Suspension of cash payments by the government
Suspension of cash payments by the Crown
91
What Treaty was passed in 1786?
The Eve Treaty
The Greek Treaty
The Eden Treaty
The America Treaty
92
True or False? Pitt's financial reforms were original
True
False
93
Why was the reform movement under Liverpool more varied?
Corresponding societies began to emerge
Conspirators aimed to murder the cabinet
More orators were speaking at mass meetings
94
Why was Pitt concerned about the East India Company?
Had its own revenue collection and trade policies
Had gained controls of large areas of northern India
By 1784, it virtually had its own army
Was un-democratic
95
What body prompted Pitt to reform?
Lord North
Parliamentary Accounts Committee
King George III
Whigs
96
What Act did Pitt introduce in 1787 to further tackle smuggling?
The Smuggling Act
The Hovering Act
The Felony Act
The Customs Act
97
What influenced Pitt's financial and administrative reforms?
Servicing an increasing debt was eating government revenue
Appease the masses by pretending to end corruption
Influence during his time as Chancellor of the Exchequer
Pressure from country- saw the government as ineffective
98
What happened France during 1789?
Paris crowds stormed the Bastille prison
King Louis XVI is forced to accept a new constitution
Royal family forced to leave their home in Versailles
Cheese was destroyed
99
What did the death of Louis XVI cause Pitt to do
Reward those whose supported the Revolution
Create a climate of fear and decry reformist societies
View those who supported the Revolution as English Jacobins
100
What was a well-known radical publication?
Address to the people of the London Corresponding Society
Adress to the people of the Sheffield Society
Adress to the people of the Society of the Friends of Whigs
101
Who was Charles James Fox?
Lord North
The Marquess of Rockingham
The Whig Leader
102
What did Pitt's financial reforms encourage?
More spending
Revolution
'Good-housekeeping'- reduced debt, fairer tax burdens etc.
Political loyalty
103
France's invasion of the Low Countries led Britain to...?
Join a European Coalition against France in 1793
Repeal the Eden Treaty
Declare war unilaterally
Appease France with further trading terms
104
Why was Pitt's terror limited?
It was dependent on laws which could be criticised (Fox)
Britain was effectively ruled through loyalist groups
Laws could not be passed through Parliament
Juries rarely convict when 'sedition' carried death penalty
105
What helped to spread radical ideas across the country?
Documentaries
Mass meetings
Symbols
Wine
106
Who was Chancellor of the Exchequer between (1823-1827)?
William Huskisson
Frederik Robinson
Viscount Castlereagh
Earl Bathurst
107
Who was King of England throughout Pitt's tenure?
Henry VI
George IV
Edward VIII
George III
108
What is the best known example of a 'radical' society?
Conservative Syndicate
Society of the Friends of the People
Whigs Unite
London Corresponding Society
109
What was the difference between the new reform societies and the County Associations of 1770?
Reform societies were far more expensive to join
Reform societies had a much more diverse membership
Reform societies were far more discriminatory
110
What method did Pitt employ to reform the administration from 'within'
Appoint and support strong admins to take charge of dept.
Reduce the pay for the less efficient departments.
Increase pay for the more efficient departments
111
What was the process of 'retrenchement'?
Reducing the pay of officials
Cutting the number of government jobs (750 fewer existed)
Increasing the pay of officials to reduce corruption
112
What did Pitt introduce to encourage a reduction in corruption
A dining allowance
A reduction on tea imports for MPs
Higher pay as an incentive to properly collect taxes
An increase in royal sinecures
113
After refusing to serve under Lord Shelburn (PM 1782-83) what did Fox do?
Established a new party
United in opposition to his former enemy Lord North
Went into opposition against Pitt alone
Retired
114
What did Pitt's administrative reforms achieve?
Increased office holding
Increased procedures to ensure tax was collected effectively
Reduced office holding
Asserted the state's right to oversee the East India Company
115
Before reform, what the state associated with?
Corruption and the power of a few great men
Revolution
Financial prudence
Egalitarianism
116
What was the big division in the Whig party over the French Revolution?
Burke who opposed it and Fox who supported it
Those who opposed the Eden Treaty
Between those who wanted to relocate to France
117
Who was commonly known as the 'Father of Reform'?
Charles Grey
Charles James Fox
William Pitt
Major John Cartwright
118
The news of Napoleon's rise and victories in France caused the British government to become...?
More liberal
More repressive
Totalitarian
Tyrannous
119
How many warships did Pitt build and equip in his peacetime ministry after 1784?
21
24
60
33
120
What groups emerged in opposition to the established reform societies?
Church and Kings groups
Fox and North groups
Pitt and George groups
Whig and Tory groups
121
What did this achieve?
Ensured higher levels of poverty
Reduced government revenue
Increased the national debt
Increased government revenue that had been reduced
122
What was there widespread dislike of?
The 'frugal corruption'
The 'old corruption'
The 'fiscal corruption'
The 'new corruption'
123
With regards to securing the Empire, what did Pitt pass in 1791 relating to Canada?
The Canadian Act
The Ex-French Colony Act
The Canada Act
The Bilateral Canada Agreement
124
What was the significance of the 1784 election?
Gave a vote of confidence to a minister intent on reform
A display of universal suffrage
Opened the way for less instability and greater change
125
Why did Fox have a bad reputation?
Womaniser and gambler
Extravagant in support of Prince Regent
Respectable
Unprincipled in his coalition with Lord North
126
What idea did Adam Smith propose?
If nations traded without restriction, economies would grow
There would be peace between nations- they would be trading
There would be more wealth for people to purchase goods
127
What were the financial impacts of this reduction?
The Government could no longer afford to regulate customs
Government revenue had increased by £3 million
The Government had lost £2 million to smuggling
128
What occurred in Leeds in 1812?
The burning down of a new factory
The university was burnt down
New machines destroyed in Cleckheaton in Yorkshire
Enclosure was encouraged
129
What was the impact of the Sinking Fund
Long-term debt was reduced
Short-term debt was reduced
Public debt increased
Public debt had been reduced by £10 million by 1793
130
What were the aims of these groups?
To demand universal suffrage
To demand lower food prices
To unite with reformers
To attack reformers and dissenters
131
By the early 1790s, how many government offices were eradicated?
201
450
304
750
132
What famous reformist literature was published in 1973?
Thomas Paine's 'Rights of Man
Machiavelli's 'Prince'
Mark Elder's 'Oppression of the Masses'
'The Origins of Anarcho-Syndicalism'
133
What is an example of 'mercentalism'?
Tobacco Act
Sugar Act
Navigation Acts
Shipping Acts
134
What problems did Pitt's government face during the radical years?
Poor trade
Threat of invasion, maintaining food supplies and radicalism
The repeal of the Eden Treaty
135
What were the financial impacts of the Eden Treaty
Massively increased government debt
Turned deficit of £2.5 million into a surplus of £2 million
Massively increased British cheese reserves
Massively increased government borrowing
136
What was repealed in 1816, as Pitt had promised?
Window Tax
The Hovering Act
Income Tax
Indirect tax
137
The publication of parliamentary debates reveal about Fox's speeches?
They were not in English
They were overexaggerated and extreme
There were illiterate
Pitt could seem dull but his speeches were more compelling
138
Why were the Combination Acts introduced?
Pitt determined for industry not to be held ransom in wars
A fear of a rise of Jacobinism
To allow the flourishing of seditious meetings
To ensure people's wages were in line with inflation
139
Who was Foreign Secretary between 1822 - 27?
Canning
Castlereagh
Huskisson
Robinson
140
What was Liverpool's government's determination?
To protect the landed interest
To further revolutionary ideas
The protect the commons
141
Regarding the election, what did Pitt urge the King to do?
To let him consider his options
To stand firm
To stop hassling him
To write again soon
142
According to Crane's
Anatomy
, what are the conditions necessary for revolution?
Discontent amongst the people of all the social classes?
People are unable to think for themselves
Economic distress caused by trade disruption
Discontent amongst the lower classes only
143
Opposition to a corrupt political system in Britain dated back to when?
1760s and John Wilkes
1745 and Miles Davis
1756 and John Roberts
1780s Robert Miles
144
Who was Major John Cartwright?
A leading radical who wrote about giving the vote to all men
A royal falconer
A secret informer within Liverpool's Ministry
A radical who wrote about extending the franchise to women
145
Pitt's repression was ultimately led by whom?
Gentry
Commoners
Justices of the Peace
The King
146
What did the emergence of war with France cause in Britain?
Impressment of men into the Army and Navy
A love for the French
High levels of taxation
Economic distress caused by trade disruption
147
What was the impact of this reduction?
The quantity of tea being imported reduced
Pitt compromised by reducing charge for smuggling herbal tea
The Exchequer got an extra £200,000 in revenue
The quantity of tea (1789) passing through customs doubled
148
Why did Pitt introduce such repressive legislation?
To encourage the French Revolution to come to Britain
Britain had to be made safe
Could no risk domestic problems, like the Gordon Riots
To appease the King
149
What elements were believed could bring revolution to Britain?
Opposition to a corrupt political system
Support for revolution given by political elite
An increase in French imports
Political organisations with a broad membership
150
Whilst the Sinking Fund seemed positive, what were its disadvantages?
It eradicated all government debt
It only dealt with long -term debt
Short-term debt increased by 37 million between 1783 and 93
151
How many sinecures had Pitt abolished by 1792?
28
80
12
13
152
What did King George III particularly dislike?
He disliked Shelburne
He disliked the Fox-North coalition
He disliked Pitt
He disliked party conflict and the war against the colonists
153
What did the Eden Treaty aim to achieve?
Ensure wine was much cheaper
Restrict trading with France
Ensure the wholesale ban of cheese
Trade could build alliances and prevent conflict
154
Who was the President of the Board of Trade between 1823-27?
Bathurst
Huskisson
Robinson
Goderich
155
What did Pitt's trading policies demonstrate?
State could introduce policies for expanding economy
Pitt was isolated
England was a protectionist state
Britain had nothing to trade
156
1. How was Britain ruled in 1783?
Britain had no written Constitution just individual laws
The King ruled through a constitutional monarchy
The King ruled through an autocratic monarchy
Britain had a written Constitution that outlined governance
157
What according to Eric Evans, had more of an impact on Britain's finance than trade?
Peace from 1783 to 1793
Abolition of royal sinecures
Reduction of government offices
Changes in manufacturing (greater efficiency)
158
In his efforts to advocate unniversal suffrage, what society did he establish?
The London Society for Constitutional Information
The Sheffield Corresponding Society
The Society of the Friends of the People
The London Corresponding Society
159
What was Pitt hoping for before calling an election?
The King's agents would exert royal influence to gain seats
Establish a reputation in Parliament as a statesman
Establish more pocket boroughs
160
What, according to Disraeli, was Lord Liverpool?
The Grand Old Reformer
The Socialite
The Arch Mediocrity
The Liberalite
161
What is meant by "The French Revolution made Pitt a Tory"?
Immigration policy
Pitt's trading policies were repressive
Pitt's domestic policies were lenient
Pre-empted his days as a liberal, progressive reformer
162
2. How were MPs elected to Parliament?
MPs were elected in houses, sending 2 MPs
MPs were elected in fields, sending 3 MPs
MPs were elected in cities, sending 1 MP
MPs were elected in counties or boroughs. Each sent 2 MPs
163
What occurred in 1791 that made Pitt fearful that Britain could end up like France?
Anger over silk exports
Anger over Emancipation
Poor harvests and anger over food prices
A celebration of the storming of Bastille
164
What did Pitt do in order to reduce the appeal of smuggling?
Reduce tobacco duty from 10% to 1%
Decrease the duty on silk
Reduce tea duties from 119% to 25%
Increase the duty on wine
165
What nation-wide event occurred in 1794?
Riots in Nottingham, Coventry, Sheffield, and Sussex
Poor harvests, high prices and reduction in trading
King's coach was attacked by mob in October
Cries of 'No King', 'No war', No famine', 'No Pitt'.
166
What was the national debt in 1815?
£834 million
£230 million
£504 million
£234 million
167
During the severe drought of 1812 what did wheat prices rise to?
123s a quarter
126s a quarter
340s a quarter
119s a quarter
168
What was the 'consolidated fund'?
A fund in which all MPs pensions were paid
A fund in which all Peers' wages were paid
A fund in which all custom duties were paid
169
Why can Pitt's terror be seen as effective?
It used agents to influence opinion (newspaper subsidies)
There were 200 prosecutions for treason (no habeas corpus)
Church and King groups were encouraged to attack reformers
It rushed through repressive legislation after the mutinies
170
What did the 1793 Aliens Act prevent?
The arrival of all European immigrants
French Republicans visiting England and exchanging ideas
The suspension of the science-fiction genre
The welcoming of interstellar life-forms into Britain
171
What did the French issue that encouraged citizens to rise up against their rulers?
Edict of Fraternity
Edict of Paternity
Edict of Eternity
Edict of Maternity
172
Why could Pitt count on a majority of the Lords after the election?
Peers were linked to or part of George III's household
Peers were bribed to offer loyalty
The King created new peers during Pitt's reign= loyalty
173
In 1784 what was the estimated total national debt?
£456 million
£127 million
£243 million
£1.5 million
174
What did the Government not challenge directly when reforming the administration?
Rewarding supporters with free tea
The idea of office holding as property
Rewarding supporters by granting them a salaried office
175
True or False? The radical tradition had not died out with the repression of the 1790s
False
True
176
What did Eric Evans suggest about the threat of the radical movement?
"A threat at times when food prices were low"
"A threat at times when trade was at a low"
"A threat at times when hunger provided ears for propaganda"
177
Which prominent Whigs were members of this society?
Earl Grey
Charles James Fox
Charles Grey
Lord North
178
Why did the King urge Pitt to call an election?
Felt it was wrong to remain PM with only royal backing
To provide Pitt with more political experience
179
Who had previously introduced a 'sinking fund'?
The Whigs
Recommended by the Commission for Examining Public Accounts
Sir Robert Walpole
The King
180
What did the rise of the 'radical orator' in the early 1790's cause?
A threat to government's ability to control political ideas
The rise of the public speaker
Many people now being able to speak with confidence
An influx of elocution lessons
181
What was the impact of these reform groups?
Exacerbated divide between reformers and non-reformers
Heightened the divide between the Whigs and the Tories
Destroyed the British monarchy
Increased political awareness across the country
182
What did Pitt's trading policies recognise?
Britain needed to trade different types of good
Britain needed to halt its current trading
Britain needed to expand it overseas trade
Britain needed to regulate its current trading
183
What did the Eden Treaty achieve?
Low duties on the import of wines and reductions of duties
Less wine for Britain
More cheese for Britain
184
What other factors reduced the appeal of the Whigs?
The onset of war made Fox's support of France unpatriotic
Their support of the protection of trade- opposed to Eden Tr
Fox appeared to support hereditary monarchy over parliament
185
What was the premise of the Sinking Fund?
People could make money on government debt
£1 million set aside in tax to buy government shares
Interest rates on debt paid to buy more stock
186
What were the political causes of discontent 1812-22?
Seat redistribution had not occurred
Parliament did not represent the nation
Parliament was transparent
Parliament championed equality
187
What was the aim of each Society?
To meet and discuss political ideas and reform measures
To meet and plan how to end the French Revolution
To meet and plan how to assassinate Pitt
To meet and plan how to overthrow the monarch
188
What financial reform did Pitt introduce in 1786?
The Lottery
The Sinking Fund
The Pitt Fund
The Interest Fund
189
What had Pitt achieved by the time the election arrived in March 1784?
Gained integrity for refusing to accept sinecures
Set out ideas for reform ('national revival')
He had public recognition as patriotic and loyal to the King
Introduced a bill designed to bolster representation of MPs
190
What does historian John Brewer's 'fiscal-military state' theory refer to?
Tax-collectors who were armed by the government
An increase in war taxation and an increase in size of army
The Treasury was fortified
All currency was decorated with military insignia
191
What financial reform was repealed in 1789 due to dear of revolt?
A tax on large houses with many windows
A tax on retail shops
A tax on servants
A tax on whigs
192
What were the aims of the London Corresponding Society?
To plot the rise of anarcho-primitivism
To correspond with other groups across the country and unite
To plot and overthrow of the monarchy
To plot a coup
193
What was the view on the interest payments of government debt?
Debt funding was able to take money from away from business
It benefitted the few, with some yielding 6 percent rates
They were too expensive
They were too cheap
194
The biggest financial achievements owed a lot to (?)
Peace between 1783 and 1793
War between 1799 and 1806
The French Revolution
The American Revolution
195
Who was Lord Liverpool?
A member of the Royal Household
A leading Tory serving numerous roles such as Foreign Sec.
A former Home Secretary
A member of the East India Company
196
What made Luddism worse?
An increase in taxation
A reduction in taxation
An increase in trading
A decline in trade brought about by economic warfare
197
What did the execution of Louis XVI and the French advance into Austrian-Netherlands cause?
Fear of Britain wanting an autocratic monarchy
Fear of popular unrest and revolution at home
Fear of Britain advocating anarcho-syndicalism
Fear of France stirring up revolution at home
198
As well as urging for the reform of parliament, what else did radical societies call for?
The restoration of common land
An end to the Eden Treaty
Lower taxes
A ban on all French imports
199
What repressive legislation was passed in 1794 and removed one's right to a fair trial?
Act reforming the judiciary
Act suspending habeas corpus
Act suspending the right to vote
Act suspending the power of arrest
200
What did the end of the French War do to manufactured goods?
Ensure they were increasingly obsolete with end of war
Increase their production
Lower their price
201
What did Pitt procure in 1792 in an attempt to calm radical activity?
A ban on all British goods leaving France
An act against 'seditious meetings and publications'
A ban on all French goods entering Britain
a curfew on all citizens inhabiting London
202
What was distinctive about radical activity and thus why it was not effective?
Bulk of activity undertaken by minor landowners-not national
They were calling for the death of the King
Undertaken in countryside under the watchful eye of gentry
They were calling for an end to habeas corpus
203
What was passed between 1799-1800 to prevent workers uniting for higher wages?
The Hovering Act
The Combination Acts
The Wages Acts
The Gagging Acts
204
Why was it a wise measure?
People resented paper notes
Made those trading silver very happy
Reduced the drain on gold which could be used for war
It stopped the panic of lack of money in the economy
205
What had France introduced to wage economic war against Britain in 1806?
The Reductive System
The Coinage System
The Continental System
The Monetary System
206
What was the nature of the reform movement?
Speaking out against a corrupt political system
Calling for an inequal parliament
Calling for a ban on trade
Some aimed at slowing down the pace of industrial change
207
What was the significance of the Mutiny Bill
It would prevent naval mutinies
It would facilitate court-marshalling
It would determine whether Pitt had the authority to govern
208
True or False? The various group's aims were not uniform?
False
True
209
Why was support in the House of Commons so important for Pitt?
Pitt would not be able to pass legislation
The front bench would be desolate
Pitt would feel isolated
Pitt would not be able to carry on day-to-day government
210
True or False? mot radical protest was more to do with the economy than political radicalism?
True
False
211
William Pitt was an MP for which type of 'borough'
Pocket
Urban
Rotten
Regional
212
Why were many surprised at Pitt's appointment?
The rest of his cabinet sat in the House of Lords
Tthe majority of MPs supported the Fox-North Coalition
Pitt had limited political experience
213
What was the result of the 1784 election?
52 MPs supported Pitt regardless
14 were 'crown party' MPs (those who owed loyalty to King)
More than 100 MPs who had supported Fox, lost their seats
214
What was passed in 1798-99 to regulate Newspapers?
The Combination Acts
The Tabloid Act
Newspaper Publications Act
Newspaper Censorship Act
215
What highlighted the differing aims of the groups?
Some wanted universal suffrage
Some wanted no reform at all
Some only wanted voting to be restricted to property owners
Some wanted death to George III
216
What did the grievances of the mutineers at Spithead concern?
The quality of British vessels
The quality of Pitt's leadership
The lack of British exports to France
Pay, poor provisions and influence from France
217
What violent event occurred in April of 1812?
Poisoning of farmer's soil
The ripping down of hedges
Ripping down of crops
Armed clash between 100 machine breakers and soldiers
218
What did the French issue in November 1792 calling on people to overthrow their rulers?
Declaration of Revolution
Edict of Fraternity
Declaration of Anarchists
Compromise of Aggressors
219
What was introduced in 1797, again to regulate the newspapers?
Wholesale ban on tabloids
The encouragement of radical gazettes
The encouragement of anti-government legislation
Taxes on printed matter
220
What did E.P Thompson see the reform societies as?
"The first state in the political self-education of a class"
"The first stage of Pitt's resignation"
"The last stage of democracy"
"The last stage of a monarchy"
221
When did Luddism largely die down?
The end of 1870
The beginning of 1816
By the end of 1813
222
What does Pitt introduce for newspapers in 1792?
Offer subsidies to newspapers that oppose reform
Reduce the number of pages in a newspaper
Restrict the printing press
Shut down all newspapers
223
What was Pitt able to pass in March 1784?
Habeas Corpus- right to a fair trial
Income tax
Mutiny Bill- annual measure to confirm military discipline
The Gagging Acts- aimed to limit the spread of radicalism
224
According to Ruth Mader what made the French Revolution threatening?
People uniting in opposition against the Revolution
The implementation of radical legislation
Ordinary people organising into political groups- first time
225
What does Pitt introduce to encourage opposition to reform associations in June 1792?
Increased funding of European trade
Funding for a joint meeting of the Jacobins and George III
Financing of loyalists to support Church and King
Funding of radical groups calling for the death of the King
226
What did Frewin achieve?
Custom duties increased by 4.5%
Custom duties reduced by 25%
Money from duties paid into central fund and audited
Customs Department abolished
227
Before becoming Prime Minister, what Treaty did Lord Liverpool negotiate?
The Eden Treaty
The Maastricht
Treaty of Amiens
The Paris Treaty
228
What did Pitt's financial reforms achieve?
An increase in tax avoidance
An increase in the national debt
Disunity in government
The debt being turned into a narrow surplus by 1792
229
What arguably enabled Pitt to seize control during the election?
The influence of the crown (patronage)
The appeal of Pitt's reforming promises and independence
Pitt's humour
The dislike of the artificial Fox-North coalition
230
What did the King urge Pitt to do in 1784?
Call an election
Pledge allegiance to the King
Choose a cabinet
Join the Whigs
231
What has Lord Liverpool's Ministry been viewed as?
Reactionary
Laisse-Faire
Useless
Doubtful
232
Why was the economic situation in Britain highly favorable for revolution?
Cheese had now been banned
Nationally, poor harvests increased the price of bread
London had grown in size, possessing slum areas
Imports of French wine outweighed British exports
233
What did groups such as the County Association call for?
The abolishment of the House of Lords
The ursupation of the King
Reform of the franchise, an end to royal influence
An end to the government entirely
234
Who was arrested in 1794 by order of the government?
William Pitt
Leading London radicals
Members of the Sheffield Corresponding Society
Charles James Fox
235
What society did Whig politicians favouring reform establish in 1792?
Society of the Friends of the People
Society of the Friends of Primitives
Society of the Friends of the Whigs
Society of the Friends of the Anarchists
236
What were the effects of the Sheffield Corresponding Society broadening their membership?
It had over 2,500 members by June 1792
It had one new member by 1793
It had a hundred new members each week for two years
237
What did the countryside continue to face under Lord Liverpool?
High levels of crop yield
Perennial problem of bad harvests
The introduction of synthetic fertilizer
The banning of enclosure
