Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...

assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect

Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...

personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level

You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which

demonstrates an illusory correlation

In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...

were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger

What is not a characteristic of groupthink?

gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)

A perceptual set implies that...

people often see what they expect to see

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AP Psychology Exam Review

150 termsStudBud Administration164 plays

A basic review over all material covered in Units 1-14 in AP Psychology..

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Questions 150

Answers

1
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
stage 4
stage 2
REM
stage 1
2
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
law of small numbers
conjunction heuristic
representativeness heuristic
availability heuristic
3
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
the autonomic nervous system
feeding
memory
the endocrine system
4
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
a distinctive attribution
a situational attribution
an internal attribution
an external attribution
5
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
stereotypes
schematizing
cultural direction
cognitive structuring
6
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
psychoanalytic
humanistic
behavioral
cognitive
7
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
behavior
the brain
the unconscious
conscious experience
8
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
operant conditioning
state-dependent learning
classical conditioning
observational learning
9
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
car-nose
boat-goat
tree-bird
fill-feed
10
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
subliminal perception
a superimposed stimulus
a false alarm
a just noticeable difference
11
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
basis for performing pro-social behavior
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
halo effect in aggression
12
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
limbic system
brainstem
cerebellum
reticular formation
13
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
parental investments
display rules
social scripts
investment differentiations
14
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
unrealistic demands from family/friends
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
15
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
egocentrism
centration
conservation
reversibility
16
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender roles
gender stereotypes
gender differences
gender behaviors
17
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
operant conditioning
insight learning
latent learning
classical conditioning
18
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
cognitive dissonance
conformity
groupthink
obedience
19
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
closure
similiarity
constancy
symmetry
20
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
total loss of personal control
resistance to pain
hallucinations
reduction of inhibitions
21
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
tone
salivation
food/meat powder
light
22
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
long-term
intermediate-term
short-term
sensory
23
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
complete retrieval failure
partial storage
complete storage failure
partial retrieval
24
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
ablated
modeled
encoded
retrieved
25
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
longitundinal
cross-sectional
time of testing
sequential
26
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
stimulus discrimination
conditioned emotional reactions
spontaneous recovery
stimulus generalization
27
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
tie shoe laces
fear the dark
print letters
sing a song
28
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
before autonomic arousal
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
independently of autonomic arousal
after autonomic arousal
29
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
behaviorism
neodynamism
psychoanalysis
functionalism
30
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
deindividuation
social loafing
conformity
group polarization
31
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
overextension
metalinguistic awareness
fast-mapping
semantic slanting
32
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
positron emission tomography
electrographic tomography
magnetic resonance imaging
computerized tomography
33
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
subliminal threshold
absolute threshold
just noticeable difference
sensory memory
34
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
a heuristic observation
a contravened stereotype
a self-serving attribution
demonstrates an illusory correlation
35
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
acetylcholine
endorphin
serotonin
dopamine
36
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
action potentials
neurotransmitters
antagonists
agonists
37
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
introspection
mentalism
cognition
intelligence
38
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
were put into a simulated prison
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
39
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
personality; standardized
intelligence; standardized
standardized; intelligence
intelligence; personality
40
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
the gambler's fallacy
the conjunction fallacy
overestimating the improbable
the confirmation bias
41
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
teratogens
pathogens
opiates
prenatals
42
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
ESB
stereotaxic inversion
lesioning
tumor ligation
43
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
abstract operations
systematic hypothesis testing
logical reasoning
physical interaction
44
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
censoring dissent from group members
45
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Broca's area
Sperry's area
Cannon's area
Wernicke's area
46
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
the conscious
irrational thoughts
maladaptive behaviors
the unconscious
47
A perceptual set implies that...
people often see what they expect to see
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
48
Homeostasis is a state of...
physiological instability
physiological stability
psychological instability
psychological stability
49
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
classical conditioning
punishment
operant conditioning
observational learning
50
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
sadness
happiness
surprise
fear
51
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
shaping
selection
step-wise conditioning
stimulus discrimination
52
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
conflict
pressure
frustration
change
53
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
Wilhelm Wundt
G. Stanley Hall
William James
Rene Decartes
54
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
suppression
neurogenic amnesia
repression
avoidance
55
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
a personality test
an aptitude test
an intelligence test
an achievement test
56
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
group differences in basic intelligence
a variety of environmental factors
changes in testing procedures
genetic influences on IQ
57
What is cognitive dissonance?
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
58
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
the internal state causes the facial expression
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
59
Framing refers to...
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
presenting irrelevant information
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
presenting only part of the information required
60
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
fear reaction
rabbit
rat
loud noise
61
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
hearing a sound
smelling an odor
seeing a flash of light
moving a part of his body
62
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
anal
oral
genital
latency
63
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
amount of time alseep
cultural practices
exposure to light
amount of time awake
64
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
post-conventional moral reasoning
formal operations
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
development of secondary sex characteristics
65
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
attitude is to action
thought is to perception
behavior is to motive
feeling is to thinking
66
A valid test is one that...
is reliable
has been standardized but not normed
measures what it is supposed to measure
is consistent
67
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
medulla
corpus callosum
cerebral cortex
hypothalamus
68
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
offense mechanisms
coping mechanisms
defense mechanisms
id mechanisms
69
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
excessive guilt
aggressiveness
social charm
manipulative behavior
70
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
schizophrenia
bipolar disorder
marital problems
anxiety disorders
71
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
temporal lobe
stirrup
oval window
cochlea
72
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
superstitious behavior
observational learning
positive reinforcement
classical conditioning
73
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
syntax
morphemes
phonemes
linguistic heuristics
74
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
leftbrain/right brain communication
endocrine system
limbic system
reticular formation
75
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
use the elimination by aspects strategy
are using the availability heuristic
use a holistic decision model
are using the representativeness heuristic
76
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
mean
mode
median
midpoint
77
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
relearning
reiteration
recognition
recall
78
What is somnambulism?
difficulty remaining asleep
sleep-walking
difficulty breathing when asleep
sleep-talking
79
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
a delusion
a compulsion
an obsession
a phobia
80
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
consciousness
hypnosis
perception
sensation
81
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
semantic network
schema
chunk
script
82
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
occipital cortex
hypothalamus
medulla
prefrontal cortex
83
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
physiological recordings
psychological tests
direct observation
questionnaires
84
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
a continuous reinforcement schedule
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
85
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
spinal cord
cortex
location of injury
thalamus
86
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
mescaline
heroin
marijuana
cocaine
87
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
initiative vs. guilt
industry vs. inferiority
trust vs. mistrust
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
88
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
IQ
a potential score
a percentile score
mental age
89
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
cookie
I eated a cookie
i wanted a cookie
give cookie
90
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
top-down processing
bottom-to-top processing
lateral processing
bottom-up processing
91
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a social psychologist
a clinical psychologist
a developmental psychologist
a forensic psychologist
92
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
high in neuroticism
low in openness
low in extraversion
high in agreeableness
93
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
observational learning
classical conditioning
reinforcement
operant conditioning
94
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
been dreaming
a headache
not been dreaming
not really been asleep
95
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
extinction
spontaneous remission
conditioned forgetting
unconditioning
96
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
alpha
gamma
beta
delta
97
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
non-declarative memories
flashbulb memories
episodic memories
sensory memories
98
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
the cephalopedal trend
encephalitis
the proximodistal trend
the cephalocaudal trend
99
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
mnemonic
phonemic
platonic
morphemic
100
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
positive reinforcement
an unconditioned response
escape learning
avoidance learning
101
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
dissociative
bipolar
cyclical
unipolar
102
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
pancreas
pituitary gland
thyroid gland
sebaceous gland
103
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
autonomic nerves
afferent nerves
efferent nerves
sympathetic nerves
104
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
aversion therapy
avoidance therapy
psychotherapy
systematic desensitization
105
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
he's just like his father
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
he always gets in fights
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
106
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
standardized validity
content validity
predictive validity
criterion-related validity
107
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
problem-solving theory
None of the Above
wish fulfillment theory
activation-synthesis theory
108
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
sensation
processing
perception
attention
109
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
sedatives
narcotics
alcohol
cannabis
110
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
thalamus
parietal lobe
corpus callosum
pineal gland
111
An antagonist...
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
extends the absolute refractory period
112
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
illusions
hallucinations
obsessions
delusions
113
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
attachment probing
secure-avoidant
strange situation
shared inhibition
114
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
gonads
thyroid
pituitary
thalamus
115
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
retroactive interference
pseudoforgetting
anterograde amnesia
retrograde amnesia
116
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
become fearful/cautious
become aggressive
remain in continuous sleep
remain in continuous wakefulness
117
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
bipolar disorder
fugue
panic disorder
conversion disorder
118
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test levels
test scales
test norms
test scores
119
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
dyadic encoding
attention encoding
the semantic level of encoding
the triarchic level of encoding
120
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
stereotypes
self-serving bias
prejudices
attributions
121
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
a sedative
a narcotic
a hallucinogen
an amphetamine
122
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
regression
displacement
compensation
fixation
123
Negative reinforcement involves...
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
124
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
mood
schizophrenic
anxiety
personality
125
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
attributionism
individualism
collectivism
functionalism
126
The function of sensory memory is to...
put information into long-term memory
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
hold information for a lifetime
127
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
color
light purity
brightness
saturation
128
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
an approach-approach conflict
a risk-aversion conflict
an approach-avoidance conflict
129
According to the medical model...
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
130
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
variable-ratio schedule
fixed-ratio schedule
variable-interval schedule
fixed-interval schedule
131
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
crowded living conditions
job discrimination experienced by the residents
the personal qualities of the residents
poor police protection
132
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
the principle of collectivism
display rules
the reciprocity norm
the law of cognitive dissonance
133
The superego is Freud's term for...
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the conscious aspect of personality
the moral component of personality
the mediating agent between the id and ego
134
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
decibels
loudness
pitch
timbre
135
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
creativity
insight
reasoning
intelligence
136
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
postconventional
conventional
concrete
preconventional
137
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
fluid
crystallized
procedural
episodic
138
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a projective test
a deceptive test
a self-report inventory
a behavior rating
139
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the correlational group
the control group
the observational group
the experimental group
140
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
behavioral quality
personality
attachment
temperament
141
Anhedonia is when a person...
experiences mild manic states
has difficulty experiencing pleasure
has two different psychological disorders
has trouble getting along with people
142
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
spatial
musical
logical-mathemathical
mechanical
143
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
construct
absolute
criterion-related
content
144
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
cornea
vitreous humor
lens
iris
145
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
gustatory bulbs
smell buds
sciatic receptors
olfactory cilia
146
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
the relative threshold period
transduction capacity
transduction incapacity
the absolute refractory period
147
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
narcolepsy
insomnia
pseudoinsomnia
sleep apnea
148
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
percentiles
means
standard deviation
correlation coefficients
149
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
predictability
consistency
representativeness
accuracy of inference
150
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
instinct theory
drive theory
incentive theory
evolutionary theory

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