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AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
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A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.
Flashcards
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Questions
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Answers
1
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
demonstrates an illusory correlation
a self-serving attribution
a contravened stereotype
a heuristic observation
2
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
shaping
step-wise conditioning
stimulus discrimination
selection
3
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
smell buds
gustatory bulbs
sciatic receptors
olfactory cilia
4
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
platonic
morphemic
phonemic
mnemonic
5
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
a distinctive attribution
an external attribution
a situational attribution
an internal attribution
6
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
behavioral quality
attachment
personality
temperament
7
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
encoded
ablated
retrieved
modeled
8
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
schizophrenia
anxiety disorders
marital problems
bipolar disorder
9
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
thought is to perception
behavior is to motive
attitude is to action
feeling is to thinking
10
A perceptual set implies that...
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
people often see what they expect to see
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
11
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
introspection
cognition
mentalism
intelligence
12
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
a just noticeable difference
subliminal perception
a false alarm
a superimposed stimulus
13
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
a delusion
a compulsion
an obsession
a phobia
14
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
brightness
color
light purity
saturation
15
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
the conjunction fallacy
the confirmation bias
the gambler's fallacy
overestimating the improbable
16
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
episodic
crystallized
fluid
procedural
17
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
a hallucinogen
a sedative
a narcotic
an amphetamine
18
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
behavior
the unconscious
conscious experience
the brain
19
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
magnetic resonance imaging
positron emission tomography
computerized tomography
electrographic tomography
20
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
positive reinforcement
avoidance learning
an unconditioned response
escape learning
21
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
opiates
pathogens
prenatals
teratogens
22
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a clinical psychologist
a social psychologist
a developmental psychologist
a forensic psychologist
23
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
boat-goat
fill-feed
car-nose
tree-bird
24
A valid test is one that...
is consistent
measures what it is supposed to measure
is reliable
has been standardized but not normed
25
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
stirrup
temporal lobe
oval window
cochlea
26
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
trust vs. mistrust
initiative vs. guilt
industry vs. inferiority
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
27
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender differences
gender behaviors
gender stereotypes
gender roles
28
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
anxiety
personality
schizophrenic
mood
29
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
the internal state causes the facial expression
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
30
Anhedonia is when a person...
experiences mild manic states
has two different psychological disorders
has difficulty experiencing pleasure
has trouble getting along with people
31
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
thyroid
gonads
pituitary
thalamus
32
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
ESB
lesioning
tumor ligation
stereotaxic inversion
33
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
sensation
hypnosis
consciousness
perception
34
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
the personal qualities of the residents
job discrimination experienced by the residents
poor police protection
crowded living conditions
35
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
the reciprocity norm
the principle of collectivism
the law of cognitive dissonance
display rules
36
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
an approach-approach conflict
an approach-avoidance conflict
a risk-aversion conflict
37
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
censoring dissent from group members
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
38
The superego is Freud's term for...
the moral component of personality
the mediating agent between the id and ego
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the conscious aspect of personality
39
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
an intelligence test
an achievement test
a personality test
an aptitude test
40
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
independently of autonomic arousal
before autonomic arousal
after autonomic arousal
41
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
cookie
i wanted a cookie
give cookie
I eated a cookie
42
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
the conscious
the unconscious
irrational thoughts
maladaptive behaviors
43
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
unrealistic demands from family/friends
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
44
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
consistency
accuracy of inference
predictability
representativeness
45
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
recall
reiteration
relearning
recognition
46
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
evolutionary theory
instinct theory
drive theory
incentive theory
47
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
loudness
pitch
decibels
timbre
48
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
morphemes
syntax
linguistic heuristics
phonemes
49
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
aversion therapy
psychotherapy
systematic desensitization
avoidance therapy
50
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
intelligence; standardized
personality; standardized
standardized; intelligence
intelligence; personality
51
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the experimental group
the observational group
the control group
the correlational group
52
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
long-term
intermediate-term
sensory
short-term
53
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
location of injury
spinal cord
thalamus
cortex
54
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
retrograde amnesia
pseudoforgetting
anterograde amnesia
retroactive interference
55
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
chunk
script
semantic network
schema
56
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
sadness
happiness
surprise
fear
57
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
criterion-related validity
standardized validity
predictive validity
content validity
58
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
resistance to pain
total loss of personal control
hallucinations
reduction of inhibitions
59
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
endorphin
dopamine
serotonin
acetylcholine
60
Framing refers to...
presenting irrelevant information
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
presenting only part of the information required
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
61
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
spontaneous remission
conditioned forgetting
unconditioning
extinction
62
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
exposure to light
amount of time awake
cultural practices
amount of time alseep
63
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
pseudoinsomnia
narcolepsy
insomnia
sleep apnea
64
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
positive reinforcement
classical conditioning
observational learning
superstitious behavior
65
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
alpha
delta
gamma
beta
66
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
autonomic nerves
efferent nerves
sympathetic nerves
afferent nerves
67
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
the endocrine system
feeding
memory
the autonomic nervous system
68
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
overextension
fast-mapping
metalinguistic awareness
semantic slanting
69
The function of sensory memory is to...
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
put information into long-term memory
hold information for a lifetime
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
70
Negative reinforcement involves...
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
71
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
mode
midpoint
mean
median
72
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
social loafing
conformity
deindividuation
group polarization
73
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
frustration
conflict
pressure
change
74
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
prefrontal cortex
occipital cortex
hypothalamus
medulla
75
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
behaviorism
psychoanalysis
neodynamism
functionalism
76
According to the medical model...
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
77
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
physiological recordings
psychological tests
direct observation
questionnaires
78
What is somnambulism?
sleep-walking
difficulty remaining asleep
difficulty breathing when asleep
sleep-talking
79
An antagonist...
extends the absolute refractory period
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
80
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
mechanical
musical
spatial
logical-mathemathical
81
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
flashbulb memories
non-declarative memories
sensory memories
episodic memories
82
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
representativeness heuristic
conjunction heuristic
availability heuristic
law of small numbers
83
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
repression
avoidance
suppression
neurogenic amnesia
84
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
cornea
vitreous humor
lens
iris
85
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
reticular formation
limbic system
endocrine system
leftbrain/right brain communication
86
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
punishment
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
observational learning
87
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
stereotypes
cognitive structuring
cultural direction
schematizing
88
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
reinforcement
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
observational learning
89
Homeostasis is a state of...
psychological instability
physiological stability
physiological instability
psychological stability
90
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
IQ
mental age
a percentile score
a potential score
91
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
complete storage failure
complete retrieval failure
partial storage
partial retrieval
92
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
halo effect in aggression
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
basis for performing pro-social behavior
93
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
stage 4
stage 1
stage 2
REM
94
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
were put into a simulated prison
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
95
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
G. Stanley Hall
William James
Rene Decartes
Wilhelm Wundt
96
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
the triarchic level of encoding
dyadic encoding
attention encoding
the semantic level of encoding
97
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
action potentials
antagonists
agonists
neurotransmitters
98
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
salivation
light
tone
food/meat powder
99
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
systematic hypothesis testing
logical reasoning
physical interaction
abstract operations
100
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
not really been asleep
a headache
not been dreaming
been dreaming
101
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
conditioned emotional reactions
spontaneous recovery
stimulus generalization
stimulus discrimination
102
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
encephalitis
the cephalopedal trend
the proximodistal trend
the cephalocaudal trend
103
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
use a holistic decision model
are using the availability heuristic
use the elimination by aspects strategy
are using the representativeness heuristic
104
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
None of the Above
wish fulfillment theory
problem-solving theory
activation-synthesis theory
105
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
medulla
hypothalamus
corpus callosum
cerebral cortex
106
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
regression
compensation
displacement
fixation
107
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
brainstem
limbic system
cerebellum
reticular formation
108
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
corpus callosum
pineal gland
parietal lobe
thalamus
109
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
attention
perception
sensation
processing
110
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
tie shoe laces
print letters
sing a song
fear the dark
111
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
a continuous reinforcement schedule
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
112
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
observational learning
operant conditioning
state-dependent learning
classical conditioning
113
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
secure-avoidant
attachment probing
shared inhibition
strange situation
114
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
marijuana
cocaine
mescaline
heroin
115
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a behavior rating
a self-report inventory
a deceptive test
a projective test
116
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
he always gets in fights
he's just like his father
117
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
rabbit
loud noise
rat
fear reaction
118
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test scores
test scales
test levels
test norms
119
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
conservation
egocentrism
centration
reversibility
120
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
smelling an odor
hearing a sound
moving a part of his body
seeing a flash of light
121
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
formal operations
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
development of secondary sex characteristics
post-conventional moral reasoning
122
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Sperry's area
Wernicke's area
Broca's area
Cannon's area
123
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
high in agreeableness
low in extraversion
high in neuroticism
low in openness
124
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
panic disorder
fugue
conversion disorder
bipolar disorder
125
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
prejudices
stereotypes
self-serving bias
attributions
126
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
insight learning
latent learning
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
127
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
collectivism
attributionism
individualism
functionalism
128
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
group differences in basic intelligence
genetic influences on IQ
changes in testing procedures
a variety of environmental factors
129
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
standard deviation
correlation coefficients
percentiles
means
130
What is cognitive dissonance?
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
131
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
sebaceous gland
thyroid gland
pituitary gland
pancreas
132
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
insight
intelligence
reasoning
creativity
133
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
latency
genital
oral
anal
134
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
sensory memory
subliminal threshold
just noticeable difference
absolute threshold
135
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
fixed-ratio schedule
fixed-interval schedule
variable-interval schedule
variable-ratio schedule
136
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
conventional
preconventional
concrete
postconventional
137
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
parental investments
social scripts
investment differentiations
display rules
138
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
dissociative
cyclical
bipolar
unipolar
139
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
longitundinal
time of testing
sequential
cross-sectional
140
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
delusions
illusions
obsessions
hallucinations
141
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
top-down processing
bottom-to-top processing
lateral processing
bottom-up processing
142
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
sedatives
cannabis
alcohol
narcotics
143
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
conformity
cognitive dissonance
groupthink
obedience
144
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
constancy
symmetry
similiarity
closure
145
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
coping mechanisms
id mechanisms
offense mechanisms
defense mechanisms
146
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
cognitive
psychoanalytic
humanistic
behavioral
147
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
become aggressive
remain in continuous sleep
remain in continuous wakefulness
become fearful/cautious
148
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
excessive guilt
manipulative behavior
social charm
aggressiveness
149
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
transduction incapacity
transduction capacity
the absolute refractory period
the relative threshold period
150
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
content
criterion-related
absolute
construct
