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AP Psychology - AP Exam Review 2A Flashcards | StudBud
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AP Psychology - AP Exam Review 2A
AP Psychology - AP Exam Review 2A
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A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.
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1
What is cognitive dissonance?
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
2
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
encephalitis
the proximodistal trend
the cephalopedal trend
the cephalocaudal trend
3
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
superstitious behavior
observational learning
positive reinforcement
classical conditioning
4
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
sadness
surprise
fear
happiness
5
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
operant conditioning
observational learning
classical conditioning
reinforcement
6
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
lateral processing
bottom-to-top processing
top-down processing
bottom-up processing
7
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
alcohol
narcotics
sedatives
cannabis
8
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
dopamine
acetylcholine
serotonin
endorphin
9
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
representativeness
consistency
predictability
accuracy of inference
10
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
panic disorder
bipolar disorder
fugue
conversion disorder
11
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
basis for performing pro-social behavior
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
halo effect in aggression
12
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
spatial
mechanical
musical
logical-mathemathical
13
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
beta
gamma
delta
alpha
14
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
operant conditioning
insight learning
classical conditioning
latent learning
15
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
a superimposed stimulus
subliminal perception
a just noticeable difference
a false alarm
16
Negative reinforcement involves...
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
17
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
fast-mapping
semantic slanting
overextension
metalinguistic awareness
18
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
operant conditioning
observational learning
classical conditioning
state-dependent learning
19
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
psychoanalytic
cognitive
humanistic
behavioral
20
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
avoidance learning
an unconditioned response
positive reinforcement
escape learning
21
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
coping mechanisms
defense mechanisms
id mechanisms
offense mechanisms
22
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
seeing a flash of light
smelling an odor
hearing a sound
moving a part of his body
23
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the correlational group
the observational group
the control group
the experimental group
24
Anhedonia is when a person...
experiences mild manic states
has difficulty experiencing pleasure
has two different psychological disorders
has trouble getting along with people
25
The function of sensory memory is to...
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
put information into long-term memory
hold information for a lifetime
26
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
pancreas
thyroid gland
sebaceous gland
pituitary gland
27
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
thought is to perception
attitude is to action
behavior is to motive
feeling is to thinking
28
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
poor police protection
the personal qualities of the residents
job discrimination experienced by the residents
crowded living conditions
29
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
mental age
a potential score
IQ
a percentile score
30
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
avoidance therapy
systematic desensitization
aversion therapy
psychotherapy
31
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
stereotypes
schematizing
cultural direction
cognitive structuring
32
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a projective test
a deceptive test
a behavior rating
a self-report inventory
33
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
a compulsion
a delusion
an obsession
a phobia
34
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
reversibility
centration
conservation
egocentrism
35
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
he's just like his father
he always gets in fights
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
36
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
an amphetamine
a sedative
a narcotic
a hallucinogen
37
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
remain in continuous sleep
remain in continuous wakefulness
become fearful/cautious
become aggressive
38
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
cocaine
heroin
marijuana
mescaline
39
A perceptual set implies that...
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
people often see what they expect to see
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
40
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
the law of cognitive dissonance
display rules
the principle of collectivism
the reciprocity norm
41
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
occipital cortex
hypothalamus
medulla
prefrontal cortex
42
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
physical interaction
systematic hypothesis testing
logical reasoning
abstract operations
43
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
parental investments
social scripts
investment differentiations
display rules
44
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
thalamus
pituitary
thyroid
gonads
45
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
G. Stanley Hall
Rene Decartes
William James
Wilhelm Wundt
46
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
behavioral quality
attachment
temperament
personality
47
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
intermediate-term
short-term
sensory
long-term
48
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
linguistic heuristics
phonemes
morphemes
syntax
49
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
stirrup
oval window
temporal lobe
cochlea
50
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
pseudoforgetting
anterograde amnesia
retroactive interference
retrograde amnesia
51
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
evolutionary theory
instinct theory
incentive theory
drive theory
52
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
an intelligence test
a personality test
an achievement test
an aptitude test
53
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
psychoanalysis
behaviorism
functionalism
neodynamism
54
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender stereotypes
gender roles
gender behaviors
gender differences
55
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
brightness
light purity
saturation
color
56
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
formal operations
development of secondary sex characteristics
post-conventional moral reasoning
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
57
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
postconventional
conventional
concrete
preconventional
58
According to the medical model...
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
59
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
attention
processing
perception
sensation
60
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
i wanted a cookie
give cookie
cookie
I eated a cookie
61
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
shared inhibition
secure-avoidant
strange situation
attachment probing
62
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
teratogens
pathogens
prenatals
opiates
63
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
time of testing
cross-sectional
sequential
longitundinal
64
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
stage 2
stage 4
REM
stage 1
65
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
exposure to light
amount of time awake
cultural practices
amount of time alseep
66
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
suppression
repression
avoidance
neurogenic amnesia
67
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
reticular formation
cerebellum
brainstem
limbic system
68
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
creativity
reasoning
insight
intelligence
69
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
sensory memory
absolute threshold
subliminal threshold
just noticeable difference
70
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
insomnia
sleep apnea
narcolepsy
pseudoinsomnia
71
Framing refers to...
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
presenting only part of the information required
presenting irrelevant information
72
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the control group
the experimental group
the correlational group
the observational group
73
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test levels
test scores
test scales
test norms
74
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
relearning
reiteration
recall
recognition
75
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
groupthink
obedience
conformity
cognitive dissonance
76
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
standardized; intelligence
intelligence; personality
intelligence; standardized
personality; standardized
77
Homeostasis is a state of...
psychological instability
psychological stability
physiological stability
physiological instability
78
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
anxiety
schizophrenic
mood
personality
79
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
rat
loud noise
fear reaction
rabbit
80
What is somnambulism?
sleep-talking
difficulty remaining asleep
difficulty breathing when asleep
sleep-walking
81
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
tree-bird
fill-feed
boat-goat
car-nose
82
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
censoring dissent from group members
83
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
ablated
retrieved
modeled
encoded
84
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
change
conflict
frustration
pressure
85
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
industry vs. inferiority
trust vs. mistrust
initiative vs. guilt
86
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
changes in testing procedures
genetic influences on IQ
group differences in basic intelligence
a variety of environmental factors
87
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
construct
criterion-related
absolute
content
88
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
reticular formation
limbic system
leftbrain/right brain communication
endocrine system
89
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
mentalism
cognition
introspection
intelligence
90
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
irrational thoughts
maladaptive behaviors
the unconscious
the conscious
91
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
chunk
semantic network
script
schema
92
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the experimental group
the correlational group
the control group
the observational group
93
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
sciatic receptors
smell buds
gustatory bulbs
olfactory cilia
94
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
predictive validity
standardized validity
criterion-related validity
content validity
95
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
collectivism
individualism
functionalism
attributionism
96
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
antagonists
neurotransmitters
action potentials
agonists
97
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
the relative threshold period
the absolute refractory period
transduction incapacity
transduction capacity
98
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
cyclical
bipolar
dissociative
unipolar
99
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
punishment
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
observational learning
100
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
low in openness
high in agreeableness
high in neuroticism
low in extraversion
101
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
variable-interval schedule
fixed-ratio schedule
variable-ratio schedule
fixed-interval schedule
102
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
a continuous reinforcement schedule
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
103
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
the internal state causes the facial expression
104
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
autonomic nerves
efferent nerves
afferent nerves
sympathetic nerves
105
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
an internal attribution
an external attribution
a distinctive attribution
a situational attribution
106
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
symmetry
similiarity
constancy
closure
107
The superego is Freud's term for...
the conscious aspect of personality
the mediating agent between the id and ego
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the moral component of personality
108
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
selection
shaping
step-wise conditioning
stimulus discrimination
109
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
tie shoe laces
fear the dark
print letters
sing a song
110
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
None of the Above
activation-synthesis theory
wish fulfillment theory
problem-solving theory
111
A valid test is one that...
measures what it is supposed to measure
has been standardized but not normed
is reliable
is consistent
112
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
schizophrenia
bipolar disorder
marital problems
anxiety disorders
113
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
the semantic level of encoding
attention encoding
dyadic encoding
the triarchic level of encoding
114
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
were put into a simulated prison
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
115
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
a self-serving attribution
a heuristic observation
a contravened stereotype
demonstrates an illusory correlation
116
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
attributions
stereotypes
self-serving bias
prejudices
117
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
standard deviation
correlation coefficients
means
percentiles
118
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
morphemic
mnemonic
platonic
phonemic
119
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
thalamus
parietal lobe
corpus callosum
pineal gland
120
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
questionnaires
psychological tests
direct observation
physiological recordings
121
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
light
food/meat powder
tone
salivation
122
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
sensory memories
non-declarative memories
episodic memories
flashbulb memories
123
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
unrealistic demands from family/friends
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
124
An antagonist...
extends the absolute refractory period
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
125
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
cortex
location of injury
spinal cord
thalamus
126
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
stereotaxic inversion
ESB
tumor ligation
lesioning
127
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
been dreaming
a headache
not really been asleep
not been dreaming
128
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
hypnosis
perception
consciousness
sensation
129
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
magnetic resonance imaging
electrographic tomography
computerized tomography
positron emission tomography
130
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
hallucinations
delusions
obsessions
illusions
131
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
resistance to pain
total loss of personal control
reduction of inhibitions
hallucinations
132
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
group polarization
social loafing
conformity
deindividuation
133
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a developmental psychologist
a social psychologist
a clinical psychologist
a forensic psychologist
134
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
midpoint
mode
median
mean
135
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
genital
anal
oral
latency
136
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
conditioned emotional reactions
spontaneous recovery
stimulus discrimination
stimulus generalization
137
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
feeding
memory
the endocrine system
the autonomic nervous system
138
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
cornea
vitreous humor
lens
iris
139
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
decibels
timbre
pitch
loudness
140
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
regression
compensation
displacement
fixation
141
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
before autonomic arousal
after autonomic arousal
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
independently of autonomic arousal
142
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
behavior
conscious experience
the brain
the unconscious
143
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
the confirmation bias
overestimating the improbable
the gambler's fallacy
the conjunction fallacy
144
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
excessive guilt
manipulative behavior
aggressiveness
social charm
145
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
are using the availability heuristic
are using the representativeness heuristic
use a holistic decision model
use the elimination by aspects strategy
146
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
an approach-approach conflict
a risk-aversion conflict
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
an approach-avoidance conflict
147
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
cerebral cortex
corpus callosum
hypothalamus
medulla
148
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
law of small numbers
conjunction heuristic
availability heuristic
representativeness heuristic
149
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
spontaneous remission
unconditioning
extinction
conditioned forgetting
150
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
complete storage failure
partial storage
partial retrieval
complete retrieval failure
151
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
crystallized
procedural
episodic
fluid
152
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Cannon's area
Sperry's area
Broca's area
Wernicke's area
