What is the main advantage of complex Earth system models over traditionalclimate models?

Complex models can stimulate C cycle feedback that traditional models can't

In which case can we expect species to better perform in a warmer climate?

If the sp. habitat’s current temp is below the species’ optimal temp

Which statement is true?

Scenarios w/ cont. pop growth until 2100 are compatible w/ limit warm 1.5 C

What contributes most to atmospheric loss of atmospheric N2 O?

Chemical reactions in the stratosphere

Which statement is false with regard to extreme weather or climate events?

Recovery times between extreme events increase with increasing meanwarming

What happens to atmospheric CO2 concentrations when the airborne fractionand anthropogenic emissions stay constant?

Atmospheric CO2 concentrations will continue increasing at the same rate

What happens if positive carbon cycle feedbacks will dominate over negativecarbon cycle feedbacks in the future?

The airborne fraction will increase

Why can Earth system models not be run on finer spatial resolutions?

Costs are too high to run Earth's system models on finer resolution

Which of the following does not contribute to gross CO2 emissions?

Emissions avoided through fossil-fuel and industry carbon capture &storage

An albedo of 0.3 does not mean that

30% of the incoming solar radiation is absorbed

How does transient climate response to cumulative CO2 emissions affectremaining carbon budgets to limit climate warming?

low climate response to cumulative CO2 emissions inc the remaining C budget

Which 1.5 C scenario allows the largest net CO2 emissions?

There are no differences in allowed net CO2 emissions between the scenarios

Why do baseline shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP) lead to the largestwarming for each SSP family?

Baseline pathways do not account for climate policy effects

Why are methane concentration higher in the winter in the northern hemispherethan in the summer?

Due to decreased methane sink strength in the troposphere

Which statement is true?

Stratification (ocean density gradient) becomes stronger w/ climate warming

How is the carbon-concentration feedback usually quantified?

Biogeochemical system runs. Prescribed CO2 increases doesn't affect climate

Which statement is FALSE? Oceans can take up large amounts of heat whilewarming less than the atmosphere partially...

because ocean volume is larger than the volume of the atmosphere

Which of the following emissions would not qualify as direct emissions for ahousehold?

GHG emissions from the electricity used to run a heat pump

What is Arctic amplification referring to?

Arctic warms faster than the rest of Earth

Which of the following sentences would be the best example for climate change(note: these are fictional statements)?

Heatwave frequency during 1991-2020 increased by 10%compared to 1961-1990

What is the largest source of uncertainty for Earth system model projections

Differences in future emission pathways

What is dynamic downscaling?

To give high-reso projection, higher reso models run w inputs from low-reso

What does an airborne fraction of 50% mean?

1/2 anthro CO2 emissions stay in the atm after absorp bc natural processes

Which statement is true?

Highest C price result from low remaining C budgets and low discount rate

What is the adaptation gap?

the residual risk after accounting for current adaptation measures

Which of the following is a definition of demand-side mitigation?

Reducing GHG emissions by directly reducing the consumptionof fossil fuels

What is not required for a stable climate on Earth?

Incoming solar radiation must be constant over time

Which order describes best the causal chain leading to changes in global airtemperature?

CO2 emissions -> increase [CO2] -> cause radiative forcing

Which three factors define climate risk?

Vulnerability, exposure, hazard

Which statement is true?

C-concentration feedback usually lead to increase CO2 uptake on land+ ocean

Which statement is FALSE?

All of the above statements are correct

studbud

PSYC 2800 Final Review

83 termsStudBud Administration

Chapter 6-8 + Midterm

Flashcards83 cardsFPractice quizPHost liveL

Questions 83

Answers

1
What can contribute to climate warming?
Increasing atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations
All of the above
Decreasing Earth’s albedo
Increasing solar radiation
2
What is the main advantage of complex Earth system models over traditionalclimate models?
Complex models run on finer spatial resolution than traditional models
Complex models can stimulate C cycle feedback that traditional models can't
Complex models run on shorter temporal resolution than traditional models
Complex models show interaction b/w ocean + land surface that trad mod cant
3
In which case can we expect species to better perform in a warmer climate?
None of the above
If the sp. habitat’s current temp is below the species’ optimal temp
If the sp. habitat’s current temp is close to the species’ optimaltemp
If the sp. habitat’s current temp is above the species’ optimaltemp
4
What is a typical spatial resolution of a modern Earth system model?
100-300km
10-100km
1-10km
500km
5
Which statement is true?
Scenarios w/ cont. pop growth until 2100 are compatible w/ limit warm 1.5 C
To limit global warm to 1.5 C, must lower energy demand by end of 21st cent
None of the above
Scenarios w/ pop.> 9bil, are compatible w/ limiting global warm to 1.5 C
6
What contributes most to atmospheric loss of atmospheric N2 O?
Chemical reactions in the stratosphere
Uptake in soils
Chemical reactions in the troposphere
Uptake in rivers, estuaries, and coastal zones
7
Which statement is false with regard to extreme weather or climate events?
Frequency of extreme events increases with increasing mean warming
Recovery times between extreme events increase with increasing meanwarming
Duration of extreme events increases with increasing mean warming
Magnitude of extreme events increases with increasing mean warming
8
What happens to atmospheric CO2 concentrations when the airborne fractionand anthropogenic emissions stay constant?
Atmospheric CO2 concentrations will continue increasing at the same rate
The atmospheric CO2 growth rate will continue to increase
Atmospheric CO2 concentrations will stay constant
None of the above
9
What happens if positive carbon cycle feedbacks will dominate over negativecarbon cycle feedbacks in the future?
There will be less warming than without carbon cycle feedbacks
There will be less CO2 in the atmosphere than without C cycle feedbacks
None of the above
The airborne fraction will increase
10
What drives the rate of CO2 uptake by the ocean?
All of the above
Weakening or strengthening of ocean circulation
Gradient between air and sea concentrations of CO2
Ocean temperature
11
Why can Earth system models not be run on finer spatial resolutions?
Costs are too high to run Earth's system models on finer resolution
We don't have enough observations to run models on finer resolutions
Models on finer spatial resolution wouldn't improve climate projections
We don't know small-scale climate processes enough to include in high reso
12
Which of the following does not contribute to gross CO2 emissions?
Emissions avoided through fossil-fuel and industry carbon capture &storage
All of the above contribute to gross CO2 emissions
CO2 emissions from electricity generation
CO2 emissions from agriculture, forestry and other land uses
13
An albedo of 0.3 does not mean that
70% of the incoming solar radiation is absorbed
30% of the incoming solar radiation is reflected
All of the above is false
30% of the incoming solar radiation is absorbed
14
How does transient climate response to cumulative CO2 emissions affectremaining carbon budgets to limit climate warming?
low climate response to cumulative CO2 emissions inc the remaining C budget
High climate response to cumulative CO2 emission inc the remaining C budget
It does not affect remaining carbon budgets
low climate response to cumulative CO2 emissions dec the remaining C budget
15
Which 1.5 C scenario allows the largest net CO2 emissions?
Scenario exceeding 1.5 C temporarily, then returning to 1.5 C
Scenario with delayed CO2 reduction and then earlier stabilization at 1.5 C
Scenario remaining and stabilizing at 1.5 C
There are no differences in allowed net CO2 emissions between the scenarios
16
CO2 emissions from which fossil fuel have not increased anymore over the pastdecade?
coal
Emissions from all of the above have increased
oil
gas
17
For which event can we expect the largest increase in relative probability withwarming mean temperatures?
50-year return heat even
10-year return heat even
1000-year return heat event
100-year return heat event
18
Which measures have the largest potential contribution to climate mitigation by2030 without adding additional costs?
Carbon sequestration in agriculture
Efficient lighting, appliances and equipment
Wind and solar energy adoption
Shifting to public transportation
19
Why do baseline shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP) lead to the largestwarming for each SSP family?
Baseline pathways do not account for climate adaptation measures
Baseline pathways do not account for carbon cycle feedbacks
All of the above
Baseline pathways do not account for climate policy effects
20
Which phase change requires most energy transfer to water?
Condensation
Freezing
Melting
Evaporation
21
Which part of the Earth system stores most freshwater?
Ice
Fresh/young groundwater
Permafrost
Freshwater lakes
22
Why are methane concentration higher in the winter in the northern hemispherethan in the summer?
Due to decreased methane sink strength in the troposphere
Due to increased anthropogenic emissions
All of the above
Due to enhanced livestock emissions
23
Which statement is true?
Stratification (ocean density gradient) becomes weaker w/ climate warming
All of the above
Shallow ocean layers become denser while deeper ocean layers, lessdense
Stratification (ocean density gradient) becomes stronger w/ climate warming
24
What happens if you calculate global average temp b/w 2001-2020 using 1951-80 as a reference period instead of 1850-1950
Anomalies become smaller
Anomalies become larger
Anomalies stay the same
25
How is the carbon-concentration feedback usually quantified?
Fully coupled Earth system runs used to isolate the c-concentrationfeedback
Derived from paleo climatic observations of CO2 concentrations in ice cores
Biogeochemical system runs. Prescribed CO2 increases doesn't affect climate
It is derived from historical carbon sink and CO2 concentration measurement
26
Which statement is FALSE? Oceans can take up large amounts of heat whilewarming less than the atmosphere partially...
because the mass of ocean water is much larger than the mass of the atm
because the specific heat capacity of water is larger than that of air
because ocean volume is larger than the volume of the atmosphere
27
Which climate change impact is not expected for marine habitats?
All of the above is expected
Increasing acidification of ocean water
Higher sea surface temperatures
Increasing oxygen availability
28
Which shared socioeconomic pathway is strongly defined by barriers tointernational trade?
SSP5
SSP3
SSP2
SSP1
29
Which of the following emissions would not qualify as direct emissions for ahousehold?
None of the above
GHG emissions from the electricity used to run a heat pump
Greenhouse gas emissions from using a gas stove
Greenhouse gas emissions from using a combustion engine car
30
Which shared economic pathway is characterized by high socioeconomic challenges for mitigation, but low for adaptation?
SSP5
SSP3
SSP4
SSP2
31
Which sector is expected to have the largest contribution to (+) GHG emissions at the time when net zero CO2 emissions
GHG emissions from transport
GHG emissions from industry
GHG emissions from buildings
GHG emissions from energy supply
32
Which component is only implemented in Integrated Assessment Models andnot in Climate Models?
Water cycle
Agriculture and forestry
Energy system
Terrestrial carbon cycle
33
What is Arctic amplification referring to?
Arctic precipitation increases faster than in the rest of Earth
None of the above
Arctic temperature fluctuations are increasing rapidly
Arctic warms faster than the rest of Earth
34
Which of the following sentences would be the best example for climate change(note: these are fictional statements)?
For the first time in 400 years, the river Loire has run dry in August 2022
Summer 2022 was the driest summer in recorded history in Europe
Heatwave frequency during 1991-2020 increased by 10%compared to 1961-1990
Air temp in northern BC is currently 11C above average temps for Oct
35
Which were the first two components that were represented in coupled climatemodels?
Sea ice and atmosphere
Land surface and atmospheric chemistry
Land surface and atmosphere
Ocean and atmosphere
36
What is the largest source of uncertainty for Earth system model projections
Uncertainties resulting from uncertainties in parameter estimates
Differences in future emission pathways
Differences in model projections due to differences in model structure
Uncertainties resulting from uncertain initial conditions of the system
37
What is dynamic downscaling?
To give high-reso projection, higher reso models run w inputs from low-reso
None of the above
Climate projections w/ shorter temporal reso (days) from annual timescale
To give high-reso projection, local observati + low reso models are applied
38
What does an airborne fraction of 50% mean?
After 100 years, half of the anthropogenic CO2 emissions remain in theatm
After 50 years, half of the anthropogenic CO2 emissions remain in theatm
1/2 anthro CH4 emissions stay in the atm afterabsorp bc of natural process
1/2 anthro CO2 emissions stay in the atm after absorp bc natural processes
39
Which of the following measures is capable of reducing CO2 concentrations inthe atmosphere?
all of the above
Use of alternative renewable energies
Carbon capture and storage
Increasing efficiency in energy production
40
What determines the response of a species to complex environmental changes?
Rate and magnitude of environmental change
All of the above
Species potential for adaptive evolution
Species’ capacity for acclimation to changed conditions
41
Which statement is true?
Highest C price result from high remaining C budgets and low discount rate
Highest C price result from low remaining C budgets and high discount rate
Highest C price result from low remaining C budgets and low discount rate
Highest C price result from high remaining C budgets and high discount rate
42
What is the adaptation gap?
the residual risk after accounting for current adaptation measures
the residual risk after accounting for current & plannedadaptation measures
None of the above
residual risk after accounting for all current possible adaptation measures
43
Which of the following is a definition of demand-side mitigation?
Reducing ghg emissions by directly reducing the extraction of fossilfuels
Reducing greenhouse gas emissions by increasing energy use efficiency
Reducing GHG emissions by directly reducing the consumptionof fossil fuels
Reducing greenhouse gas emissions by switching fuels for energy production
44
Which regions are expected to experience the smallest relative biodiversity loss?
All regions are expected to experience similar relative biodiversity loss
Temperate regions
Desert regions
Tropical regions
45
Which countries saw a change in recent GHGemissions (2010-2019) that is in line with limiting warming to 1.5 C
None of the above
African countries
Developed countries
Middle Eastern countries
46
What is not required for a stable climate on Earth?
All of the above is required
Net incoming solar radiation equals outgoing radiation
There is zero net radiative forcing at the top-of-atmosphere
Incoming solar radiation must be constant over time
47
Which order describes best the causal chain leading to changes in global airtemperature?
Increased radiative forcing -> higher [CO2] -> higher CO2 emissions
Increasing CO2 emissions-> radiative forcing-> higher [CO2]
CO2 emissions -> increase [CO2] -> cause radiative forcing
Increasing [CO2] -> increasing CO2 emission-> radiative forcing
48
Which three factors define climate risk?
Vulnerability, exposure, hazard
Vulnerability, adaptation, hazard
Vulnerability, adaptation, impact
Resilience, exposure, hazard
49
Which statement is true?
The C-concentration feedback decreases CO2 uptake on land + ocean
C-concentration feedback usually lead to increase CO2 uptake on land+ ocean
The C-concentration feedback decreases CO2 uptake on land butnot in ocean
The climate-concentration feedback increases CO2 uptake on land & ocean
50
Which climate change impact is expected to be detectable the latest?
Global aggregate impacts
Unique and threatened systems
Large scale singular events
Extreme weather events
51
Which statement is FALSE?
UV radiation has shorter wavelengths than infrared radiation
All of the above statements are correct
Electromagnetic waves with shorter wavelengths have higher frequency
Electromagnetic waves with shorter wavelengths have higher energy content
52
Why are yield impacts for some species smaller for RCP8.5?
The species benefit from a strong CO2 fertilisation effect
Increased precipitation in RCP8.5 increases yield
The species are adapted to warm temperature
None of the above
53
Which scenario poses the largest policy challenge for climate change adaptation?
Projections of large (-) impacts with increased uncertainty inprojection
Projections of small (-) impacts with increased uncertainty inprojection
Projections of large (-) impacts with no change in uncertainty projections
Projections of small (-) impacts with no change in uncertainty projections
54
How would a permafrost thawing feedback impact remaining carbon budgets?
It would decrease remaining carbon budgets
It would not affect remaining carbon budgets
It would increase remaining carbon budgets
55
How can drought risk from climate change be reduced?
Decre vulnerability by increa the pop capacity to cope w &adapt to drought
All of the above
Limit the rate and magnitude of climate change
Reduce the exposure of people, infrastructure, livelihoods, etc
56
Which regions are expected to have the largest increase in death fromundernutrition due to climate change?
North America
Central Africa and South Asia
Central Asia
South America
57
Which of the following is not a greenhouse gas?
Carbon dioxide
Ozone
All of the above are greenhouse gases
Nitrous oxide
58
Why is the residence time of water in the atmosphere much shorter than ingroundwater reservoirs?
Bc the input to ground H2O reservoirs through ground H2O recharge is small
Atm stores much less H2O and loses H2O at ahigher rate due to precipitation
Because the atmosphere receives water vapor through ocean to land transport
Because the land precipitation exceeds land evaporation
59
Which process occurs on a smaller scale than a typical Earth system model gridcell?
Cyclones
Cloud clusters
Ocean circulation
Thunderstorms
60
For which ecosystem service positive climate impacts have been observed?
Cultural services
Habitat creation and maintenance
None of the above
Ocean carbon storage
61
Which regions will experience a climate that has no current climate analog (i.e.,similar climate)?
Tropics
Arctic
Mid-latitudes
Mountainous regions
62
Which of the following is not a net sink for atmospheric CO2?
Net ocean flux
Net land-use change
Net land flux
All of the above are sinks
63
What would cause a sudden but short-lived increase in radiative forcing?
immediate CO2 elimination & aerosol emissions w/ constantGHG emiss(not CO2)
An immediate elimination of all greenhouse gas and aerosol emissions
None of the above
An immediate elimination of all GHG emissions with constant [aerosol]
64
Which approaches can be used to produce evidence of climate impacts?
Experiments
All of the above
Models
Observations
65
Which renewable energy has experienced the most drastic decrease in costsrelated to electricity generation?
All have experienced the same decrease
Onshore wind energy
Solar energy (photovoltaics)
Offshore wind energy
66
Which statement is correct regarding consequences of the Earth’s energyimbalance?
The cryosphere accounts for most of the heat gain in the Earth’s system
Deep ocean layer account for more heat gain than surface layers
Only 1% of the Earth’s total heat gain is taking place in the atmosphere
Cryosphere, atm & land together account for 50%+ of Earth’s total heat gain
67
Why is the net carbon cycle feedback negative?
All of the above
The extent of land C response to CO2 exceeds the land C response to climate
The extent of ocean C response toCO2 exceeds the land C response to climate
Sum of ocean +land C response to climate is slammer than response to CO2
68
Which scenario depends the least on net negative CO2 emissions to limitwarming to 1.5 C?
Low energy demand scenario
Sustainability scenario
High fossil-fuel use scenario
Middle-of-the-road scenario
69
What can limit the land carbon-concentration feedback?
Increasing fire frequency and related emissions of CO2
Nutrient limit- limits veg CO2 uptake in response to increasing atm [CO2]
None of the above
More drought limits the increase in veg CO2 uptake in response to inc [CO2]
70
Which tipping point could reduce climate warming?
Amazon Rainforest dieback
Collapse of the Greenland icesheet
Collapse of Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation
Collapse of boreal permafrost
71
Which statement is true?
Uncertainty in i state of Earth system cause uncertainty in climate project
Climate model don't aim to predict meteorologic change on timescale ofweeks
All of the above are true
Uncertainty in i state of Earth system cause uncertainty in weather forcast
72
What is not a main source of uncertainty for future runoff projections?
Differences in projections of regional precipitation
Differences among models in how vegetation responds to increased CO2
Differences among models in how precipitation infiltrates into soils
Differences among models in how evapotranspiration responds to veg.changes
73
Which one of the following feedbacks is a slow climate feedback?
Icesheet feedback
None of the above is a slow climate feedback
Lapse rate feedback
Water vapour feedback
74
Which of the following is not evidence of climate change?
Glacier melt rates are accelerating
Ocean heat content is increasing
Tsunami frequency is increasing
Surface temperatures are increasing
75
What is required for gross CO2 emissions to equal net CO2 emissions?
There is no co2 removal from agriculture, forestry, and other landuses
No avoided emissions thru fossil-fuel &industry carbon capture&storage
no bioenergy C capture& storage & no CO2removal from agriculture, forest
There is no bioenergy carbon capture and storage
76
How does the evaporation of water and the condensation aloft in the atmospherecontribute to the Earth’s energy budget?
It compensates for the energy surplus in the atmosphere
None of the above
It contributes to net radiative forcing
It compensates for the energy deficit in the atmosphere
77
What would not lead to extinction of a species in the face of climate warming?
Marine sp habitat bound by land to S restricting dispersal to warmer region
A sp. only exists in upper mountain range cannot move to higher/cooler elev
All of the above
Marine sp habitat bound by land to N restricting dispersal to cooler region
78
What contributes to sea level rise?
Increasing ocean temperature
Glacier melting
All of the above
Ice sheet melting
79
What are consequences of constant CO2 emissions for next 15 years for scenarios compatible w limiting warming to 1.5 C?
All of the above
Total gross CO2 emissions will be larger than for other scenarios
Limiting warming to 1.5 C requires large amounts of CO2 removal
Limiting warming to 1.5C needs steeper CO2 emission dec thanother scenarios
80
What is the aerosol indirect effect?
Formation of brighter clouds
Formation of aerosols in the atmosphere by chemical reactions
Aerosol global warming feedback
Absorption of terrestrial infrared radiation
81
Which of the following is an example of an event causing an aerosol coolingeffect?
Dust aerosols leading to enhanced development of high clouds
Most volcanic eruption
All of the above
Deposition of aerosols on snow
82
What is not taken into account in the global warming potential of a greenhousegas?
All of the above is taken into account
Atmospheric lifetime
Radiative properties of the greenhouse gas
Atmospheric concentration of the greenhouse gas
83
How can aerosols cause a cooling effect?
Absorbing solar radiation
Reflecting more sunlight back to space
Absorbing terrestrial infrared radiation
Aerosols always cause a warming effect

PSYC 2800 Final Review Flashcards | StudBud

PSYC 2800 Final Review

83 termsStudBud Administration

Chapter 6-8 + Midterm

Flashcards83 cardsFPractice quizPHost liveL

Questions 83

Answers

1
What can contribute to climate warming?
Increasing atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations
All of the above
Decreasing Earth’s albedo
Increasing solar radiation
2
What is the main advantage of complex Earth system models over traditionalclimate models?
Complex models run on finer spatial resolution than traditional models
Complex models can stimulate C cycle feedback that traditional models can't
Complex models run on shorter temporal resolution than traditional models
Complex models show interaction b/w ocean + land surface that trad mod cant
3
In which case can we expect species to better perform in a warmer climate?
None of the above
If the sp. habitat’s current temp is below the species’ optimal temp
If the sp. habitat’s current temp is close to the species’ optimaltemp
If the sp. habitat’s current temp is above the species’ optimaltemp
4
What is a typical spatial resolution of a modern Earth system model?
100-300km
10-100km
1-10km
500km
5
Which statement is true?
Scenarios w/ cont. pop growth until 2100 are compatible w/ limit warm 1.5 C
To limit global warm to 1.5 C, must lower energy demand by end of 21st cent
None of the above
Scenarios w/ pop.> 9bil, are compatible w/ limiting global warm to 1.5 C
6
What contributes most to atmospheric loss of atmospheric N2 O?
Chemical reactions in the stratosphere
Uptake in soils
Chemical reactions in the troposphere
Uptake in rivers, estuaries, and coastal zones
7
Which statement is false with regard to extreme weather or climate events?
Frequency of extreme events increases with increasing mean warming
Recovery times between extreme events increase with increasing meanwarming
Duration of extreme events increases with increasing mean warming
Magnitude of extreme events increases with increasing mean warming
8
What happens to atmospheric CO2 concentrations when the airborne fractionand anthropogenic emissions stay constant?
Atmospheric CO2 concentrations will continue increasing at the same rate
The atmospheric CO2 growth rate will continue to increase
Atmospheric CO2 concentrations will stay constant
None of the above
9
What happens if positive carbon cycle feedbacks will dominate over negativecarbon cycle feedbacks in the future?
There will be less warming than without carbon cycle feedbacks
There will be less CO2 in the atmosphere than without C cycle feedbacks
None of the above
The airborne fraction will increase
10
What drives the rate of CO2 uptake by the ocean?
All of the above
Weakening or strengthening of ocean circulation
Gradient between air and sea concentrations of CO2
Ocean temperature
11
Why can Earth system models not be run on finer spatial resolutions?
Costs are too high to run Earth's system models on finer resolution
We don't have enough observations to run models on finer resolutions
Models on finer spatial resolution wouldn't improve climate projections
We don't know small-scale climate processes enough to include in high reso
12
Which of the following does not contribute to gross CO2 emissions?
Emissions avoided through fossil-fuel and industry carbon capture &storage
All of the above contribute to gross CO2 emissions
CO2 emissions from electricity generation
CO2 emissions from agriculture, forestry and other land uses
13
An albedo of 0.3 does not mean that
70% of the incoming solar radiation is absorbed
30% of the incoming solar radiation is reflected
All of the above is false
30% of the incoming solar radiation is absorbed
14
How does transient climate response to cumulative CO2 emissions affectremaining carbon budgets to limit climate warming?
low climate response to cumulative CO2 emissions inc the remaining C budget
High climate response to cumulative CO2 emission inc the remaining C budget
It does not affect remaining carbon budgets
low climate response to cumulative CO2 emissions dec the remaining C budget
15
Which 1.5 C scenario allows the largest net CO2 emissions?
Scenario exceeding 1.5 C temporarily, then returning to 1.5 C
Scenario with delayed CO2 reduction and then earlier stabilization at 1.5 C
Scenario remaining and stabilizing at 1.5 C
There are no differences in allowed net CO2 emissions between the scenarios
16
CO2 emissions from which fossil fuel have not increased anymore over the pastdecade?
coal
Emissions from all of the above have increased
oil
gas
17
For which event can we expect the largest increase in relative probability withwarming mean temperatures?
50-year return heat even
10-year return heat even
1000-year return heat event
100-year return heat event
18
Which measures have the largest potential contribution to climate mitigation by2030 without adding additional costs?
Carbon sequestration in agriculture
Efficient lighting, appliances and equipment
Wind and solar energy adoption
Shifting to public transportation
19
Why do baseline shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP) lead to the largestwarming for each SSP family?
Baseline pathways do not account for climate adaptation measures
Baseline pathways do not account for carbon cycle feedbacks
All of the above
Baseline pathways do not account for climate policy effects
20
Which phase change requires most energy transfer to water?
Condensation
Freezing
Melting
Evaporation
21
Which part of the Earth system stores most freshwater?
Ice
Fresh/young groundwater
Permafrost
Freshwater lakes
22
Why are methane concentration higher in the winter in the northern hemispherethan in the summer?
Due to decreased methane sink strength in the troposphere
Due to increased anthropogenic emissions
All of the above
Due to enhanced livestock emissions
23
Which statement is true?
Stratification (ocean density gradient) becomes weaker w/ climate warming
All of the above
Shallow ocean layers become denser while deeper ocean layers, lessdense
Stratification (ocean density gradient) becomes stronger w/ climate warming
24
What happens if you calculate global average temp b/w 2001-2020 using 1951-80 as a reference period instead of 1850-1950
Anomalies become smaller
Anomalies become larger
Anomalies stay the same
25
How is the carbon-concentration feedback usually quantified?
Fully coupled Earth system runs used to isolate the c-concentrationfeedback
Derived from paleo climatic observations of CO2 concentrations in ice cores
Biogeochemical system runs. Prescribed CO2 increases doesn't affect climate
It is derived from historical carbon sink and CO2 concentration measurement
26
Which statement is FALSE? Oceans can take up large amounts of heat whilewarming less than the atmosphere partially...
because the mass of ocean water is much larger than the mass of the atm
because the specific heat capacity of water is larger than that of air
because ocean volume is larger than the volume of the atmosphere
27
Which climate change impact is not expected for marine habitats?
All of the above is expected
Increasing acidification of ocean water
Higher sea surface temperatures
Increasing oxygen availability
28
Which shared socioeconomic pathway is strongly defined by barriers tointernational trade?
SSP5
SSP3
SSP2
SSP1
29
Which of the following emissions would not qualify as direct emissions for ahousehold?
None of the above
GHG emissions from the electricity used to run a heat pump
Greenhouse gas emissions from using a gas stove
Greenhouse gas emissions from using a combustion engine car
30
Which shared economic pathway is characterized by high socioeconomic challenges for mitigation, but low for adaptation?
SSP5
SSP3
SSP4
SSP2
31
Which sector is expected to have the largest contribution to (+) GHG emissions at the time when net zero CO2 emissions
GHG emissions from transport
GHG emissions from industry
GHG emissions from buildings
GHG emissions from energy supply
32
Which component is only implemented in Integrated Assessment Models andnot in Climate Models?
Water cycle
Agriculture and forestry
Energy system
Terrestrial carbon cycle
33
What is Arctic amplification referring to?
Arctic precipitation increases faster than in the rest of Earth
None of the above
Arctic temperature fluctuations are increasing rapidly
Arctic warms faster than the rest of Earth
34
Which of the following sentences would be the best example for climate change(note: these are fictional statements)?
For the first time in 400 years, the river Loire has run dry in August 2022
Summer 2022 was the driest summer in recorded history in Europe
Heatwave frequency during 1991-2020 increased by 10%compared to 1961-1990
Air temp in northern BC is currently 11C above average temps for Oct
35
Which were the first two components that were represented in coupled climatemodels?
Sea ice and atmosphere
Land surface and atmospheric chemistry
Land surface and atmosphere
Ocean and atmosphere
36
What is the largest source of uncertainty for Earth system model projections
Uncertainties resulting from uncertainties in parameter estimates
Differences in future emission pathways
Differences in model projections due to differences in model structure
Uncertainties resulting from uncertain initial conditions of the system
37
What is dynamic downscaling?
To give high-reso projection, higher reso models run w inputs from low-reso
None of the above
Climate projections w/ shorter temporal reso (days) from annual timescale
To give high-reso projection, local observati + low reso models are applied
38
What does an airborne fraction of 50% mean?
After 100 years, half of the anthropogenic CO2 emissions remain in theatm
After 50 years, half of the anthropogenic CO2 emissions remain in theatm
1/2 anthro CH4 emissions stay in the atm afterabsorp bc of natural process
1/2 anthro CO2 emissions stay in the atm after absorp bc natural processes
39
Which of the following measures is capable of reducing CO2 concentrations inthe atmosphere?
all of the above
Use of alternative renewable energies
Carbon capture and storage
Increasing efficiency in energy production
40
What determines the response of a species to complex environmental changes?
Rate and magnitude of environmental change
All of the above
Species potential for adaptive evolution
Species’ capacity for acclimation to changed conditions
41
Which statement is true?
Highest C price result from high remaining C budgets and low discount rate
Highest C price result from low remaining C budgets and high discount rate
Highest C price result from low remaining C budgets and low discount rate
Highest C price result from high remaining C budgets and high discount rate
42
What is the adaptation gap?
the residual risk after accounting for current adaptation measures
the residual risk after accounting for current & plannedadaptation measures
None of the above
residual risk after accounting for all current possible adaptation measures
43
Which of the following is a definition of demand-side mitigation?
Reducing ghg emissions by directly reducing the extraction of fossilfuels
Reducing greenhouse gas emissions by increasing energy use efficiency
Reducing GHG emissions by directly reducing the consumptionof fossil fuels
Reducing greenhouse gas emissions by switching fuels for energy production
44
Which regions are expected to experience the smallest relative biodiversity loss?
All regions are expected to experience similar relative biodiversity loss
Temperate regions
Desert regions
Tropical regions
45
Which countries saw a change in recent GHGemissions (2010-2019) that is in line with limiting warming to 1.5 C
None of the above
African countries
Developed countries
Middle Eastern countries
46
What is not required for a stable climate on Earth?
All of the above is required
Net incoming solar radiation equals outgoing radiation
There is zero net radiative forcing at the top-of-atmosphere
Incoming solar radiation must be constant over time
47
Which order describes best the causal chain leading to changes in global airtemperature?
Increased radiative forcing -> higher [CO2] -> higher CO2 emissions
Increasing CO2 emissions-> radiative forcing-> higher [CO2]
CO2 emissions -> increase [CO2] -> cause radiative forcing
Increasing [CO2] -> increasing CO2 emission-> radiative forcing
48
Which three factors define climate risk?
Vulnerability, exposure, hazard
Vulnerability, adaptation, hazard
Vulnerability, adaptation, impact
Resilience, exposure, hazard
49
Which statement is true?
The C-concentration feedback decreases CO2 uptake on land + ocean
C-concentration feedback usually lead to increase CO2 uptake on land+ ocean
The C-concentration feedback decreases CO2 uptake on land butnot in ocean
The climate-concentration feedback increases CO2 uptake on land & ocean
50
Which climate change impact is expected to be detectable the latest?
Global aggregate impacts
Unique and threatened systems
Large scale singular events
Extreme weather events
51
Which statement is FALSE?
UV radiation has shorter wavelengths than infrared radiation
All of the above statements are correct
Electromagnetic waves with shorter wavelengths have higher frequency
Electromagnetic waves with shorter wavelengths have higher energy content
52
Why are yield impacts for some species smaller for RCP8.5?
The species benefit from a strong CO2 fertilisation effect
Increased precipitation in RCP8.5 increases yield
The species are adapted to warm temperature
None of the above
53
Which scenario poses the largest policy challenge for climate change adaptation?
Projections of large (-) impacts with increased uncertainty inprojection
Projections of small (-) impacts with increased uncertainty inprojection
Projections of large (-) impacts with no change in uncertainty projections
Projections of small (-) impacts with no change in uncertainty projections
54
How would a permafrost thawing feedback impact remaining carbon budgets?
It would decrease remaining carbon budgets
It would not affect remaining carbon budgets
It would increase remaining carbon budgets
55
How can drought risk from climate change be reduced?
Decre vulnerability by increa the pop capacity to cope w &adapt to drought
All of the above
Limit the rate and magnitude of climate change
Reduce the exposure of people, infrastructure, livelihoods, etc
56
Which regions are expected to have the largest increase in death fromundernutrition due to climate change?
North America
Central Africa and South Asia
Central Asia
South America
57
Which of the following is not a greenhouse gas?
Carbon dioxide
Ozone
All of the above are greenhouse gases
Nitrous oxide
58
Why is the residence time of water in the atmosphere much shorter than ingroundwater reservoirs?
Bc the input to ground H2O reservoirs through ground H2O recharge is small
Atm stores much less H2O and loses H2O at ahigher rate due to precipitation
Because the atmosphere receives water vapor through ocean to land transport
Because the land precipitation exceeds land evaporation
59
Which process occurs on a smaller scale than a typical Earth system model gridcell?
Cyclones
Cloud clusters
Ocean circulation
Thunderstorms
60
For which ecosystem service positive climate impacts have been observed?
Cultural services
Habitat creation and maintenance
None of the above
Ocean carbon storage
61
Which regions will experience a climate that has no current climate analog (i.e.,similar climate)?
Tropics
Arctic
Mid-latitudes
Mountainous regions
62
Which of the following is not a net sink for atmospheric CO2?
Net ocean flux
Net land-use change
Net land flux
All of the above are sinks
63
What would cause a sudden but short-lived increase in radiative forcing?
immediate CO2 elimination & aerosol emissions w/ constantGHG emiss(not CO2)
An immediate elimination of all greenhouse gas and aerosol emissions
None of the above
An immediate elimination of all GHG emissions with constant [aerosol]
64
Which approaches can be used to produce evidence of climate impacts?
Experiments
All of the above
Models
Observations
65
Which renewable energy has experienced the most drastic decrease in costsrelated to electricity generation?
All have experienced the same decrease
Onshore wind energy
Solar energy (photovoltaics)
Offshore wind energy
66
Which statement is correct regarding consequences of the Earth’s energyimbalance?
The cryosphere accounts for most of the heat gain in the Earth’s system
Deep ocean layer account for more heat gain than surface layers
Only 1% of the Earth’s total heat gain is taking place in the atmosphere
Cryosphere, atm & land together account for 50%+ of Earth’s total heat gain
67
Why is the net carbon cycle feedback negative?
All of the above
The extent of land C response to CO2 exceeds the land C response to climate
The extent of ocean C response toCO2 exceeds the land C response to climate
Sum of ocean +land C response to climate is slammer than response to CO2
68
Which scenario depends the least on net negative CO2 emissions to limitwarming to 1.5 C?
Low energy demand scenario
Sustainability scenario
High fossil-fuel use scenario
Middle-of-the-road scenario
69
What can limit the land carbon-concentration feedback?
Increasing fire frequency and related emissions of CO2
Nutrient limit- limits veg CO2 uptake in response to increasing atm [CO2]
None of the above
More drought limits the increase in veg CO2 uptake in response to inc [CO2]
70
Which tipping point could reduce climate warming?
Amazon Rainforest dieback
Collapse of the Greenland icesheet
Collapse of Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation
Collapse of boreal permafrost
71
Which statement is true?
Uncertainty in i state of Earth system cause uncertainty in climate project
Climate model don't aim to predict meteorologic change on timescale ofweeks
All of the above are true
Uncertainty in i state of Earth system cause uncertainty in weather forcast
72
What is not a main source of uncertainty for future runoff projections?
Differences in projections of regional precipitation
Differences among models in how vegetation responds to increased CO2
Differences among models in how precipitation infiltrates into soils
Differences among models in how evapotranspiration responds to veg.changes
73
Which one of the following feedbacks is a slow climate feedback?
Icesheet feedback
None of the above is a slow climate feedback
Lapse rate feedback
Water vapour feedback
74
Which of the following is not evidence of climate change?
Glacier melt rates are accelerating
Ocean heat content is increasing
Tsunami frequency is increasing
Surface temperatures are increasing
75
What is required for gross CO2 emissions to equal net CO2 emissions?
There is no co2 removal from agriculture, forestry, and other landuses
No avoided emissions thru fossil-fuel &industry carbon capture&storage
no bioenergy C capture& storage & no CO2removal from agriculture, forest
There is no bioenergy carbon capture and storage
76
How does the evaporation of water and the condensation aloft in the atmospherecontribute to the Earth’s energy budget?
It compensates for the energy surplus in the atmosphere
None of the above
It contributes to net radiative forcing
It compensates for the energy deficit in the atmosphere
77
What would not lead to extinction of a species in the face of climate warming?
Marine sp habitat bound by land to S restricting dispersal to warmer region
A sp. only exists in upper mountain range cannot move to higher/cooler elev
All of the above
Marine sp habitat bound by land to N restricting dispersal to cooler region
78
What contributes to sea level rise?
Increasing ocean temperature
Glacier melting
All of the above
Ice sheet melting
79
What are consequences of constant CO2 emissions for next 15 years for scenarios compatible w limiting warming to 1.5 C?
All of the above
Total gross CO2 emissions will be larger than for other scenarios
Limiting warming to 1.5 C requires large amounts of CO2 removal
Limiting warming to 1.5C needs steeper CO2 emission dec thanother scenarios
80
What is the aerosol indirect effect?
Formation of brighter clouds
Formation of aerosols in the atmosphere by chemical reactions
Aerosol global warming feedback
Absorption of terrestrial infrared radiation
81
Which of the following is an example of an event causing an aerosol coolingeffect?
Dust aerosols leading to enhanced development of high clouds
Most volcanic eruption
All of the above
Deposition of aerosols on snow
82
What is not taken into account in the global warming potential of a greenhousegas?
All of the above is taken into account
Atmospheric lifetime
Radiative properties of the greenhouse gas
Atmospheric concentration of the greenhouse gas
83
How can aerosols cause a cooling effect?
Absorbing solar radiation
Reflecting more sunlight back to space
Absorbing terrestrial infrared radiation
Aerosols always cause a warming effect