What does the theory of evolution by natural selection explain?

Traits aiding survival and reproduction increase in a population

What is the main difference between substrate-level phosphorylation & oxidative phosphorylation, & where do they occur?

Substrate-level adds P directly; oxidative uses ETC in mitochondria

What happens during anaphase of mitosis?

Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell

Which of the following correctly describes a key difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus; prokaryotic cells do not

How do enzymes affect chemical reactions in biological systems?

They lower the activation energy required for the reaction

Which of the following best describes sister chromatids?

Identical copies of a chromosome connected by a centromere

What does the atomic number of an element represent?

The number of protons in the nucleus

A homogeneous mixture of a solute dissolved in a solvent

Which statement correctly compares dehydration and hydrolysis reactions?

Dehydration remove water to form bonds; hydrolysis add water to break bonds

Which of the following best describes non-competitive inhibition?

The inhibitor binds elsewhere on the enzyme, changing its shape & function

Which of the following best describes the difference between kinetic and potential energy?

Kinetic = motion energy; Potential = stored energy by position

What are telomeres and what is their main function in a cell?

Telomeres are end caps that protect chromosomes from damage

How do you calculate the molecular mass of a compound?

Add the atomic masses of all atoms in the molecule

Which of the following best describes a missense mutation?

A mutation that substitutes one amino acid for another

What did X-ray diffraction reveal about DNA?

The double helix structure of DNA

Which of the following components are found in a nucleotide?

Deoxyribose or ribose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

What role does topoisomerase play in DNA replication?

Prevents the DNA from supercoiling ahead of the replication fork

What is true about endergonic reactions?

They require an input of energy to proceed

Why are phospholipids important to cells?

They form the main structure of the cell membrane

What is the role of a proton pump in cellular membranes?

moves protons (H⁺) across a membrane to generate a concentration gradient

What are bacteriophages?

Viruses that infect and replicate within bacteria

Which of the following can pass freely through the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane?

Small nonpolar molecules like oxygen

Where do the light-dependent and light-independent (dark) reactions occur in a chloroplast?

Light in the thylakoid membrane; dark in the stroma

What characterizes metaphase during mitosis?

Chromosomes align at the cell’s equator (metaphase plate)

What is a peptide bond?

A covalent bond between two amino acids

What best describes the specificity of an enzyme’s active site?

It has a unique shape that fits a specific substrate

What is the function of an anticodon in translation?

It pairs with a codon on mRNA to bring in the correct amino acid

What does it mean for a cell membrane to be selectively permeable?

It allows only certain substances to pass through while blocking others

Which four elements make up approximately 96% of living matter?

Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

Which of the following best describes a key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus, eukaryotic cells have a nucleus

What are isotopes of an element?

Atoms with different numbers of neutrons but the same number of protons

What does the Second Law of Thermodynamics state?

Energy conversions increase the entropy (disorder) of the universe

How does atomic weight differ from atomic mass?

Atomic mass = p⁺ + n⁰; weight = avg of all isotopes

What happens in a nonsense mutation?

The mutation changes a codon into a stop codon

How is the pH of a solution calculated?

By taking the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration

Tertiary structure in proteins refers to:

The overall 3D shape of a single polypeptide

What characterizes a nonpolar covalent bond?

Equal sharing of electrons between atoms

Which statement best describes the difference between cytokinesis in animal and plant cells?

Animal cells form a cleavage furrow, while plant cells form a cell plate

Which of the following correctly differentiates DNA from RNA?

DNA has deoxyribose sugar, RNA has ribose suga

A hydrophobic substance will:

Repel water and not mix with it

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BIOL 1406 Final Exam Review

149 termsStudBud Administration

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Questions 149

Answers

1
Unlike animal cells, plant cells have a rigid structure outside the cell membrane called the:
Vesicle
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Cell wall
2
Which macromolecule is primarily responsible for speeding up chemical reactions in the body?
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Carbohydrates
3
What does the theory of evolution by natural selection explain?
How species are created randomly and do not change over time
How individual organisms can change their genes during their lifetime
Traits aiding survival and reproduction increase in a population
How all mutations are harmful and selected against
4
What is the main difference between substrate-level phosphorylation & oxidative phosphorylation, & where do they occur?
Both occur in the chloroplast during photosynthesis
Substrate-level in nucleus, uses oxygen; oxidative in the cytoplasm no O
Substrate-level adds P directly; oxidative uses ETC in mitochondria
5
What happens during anaphase of mitosis?
Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell
The cell begins cytokinesis
Spindle fibers begin to form
Chromosomes become less condensed
6
Which of the following correctly describes a key difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus; prokaryotic cells do not
Prokaryotic cells are always multicellular; eukaryotic cells single-celled
Only prokaryotic cells contain DNA
Prokaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles; eukaryotic cells do not
7
How do enzymes affect chemical reactions in biological systems?
They slow down the rate of the reaction
They lower the activation energy required for the reaction
They make the reaction more endergonic
They permanently change during the reaction
8
Which of the following best describes sister chromatids?
Proteins that control DNA replication
Identical copies of a chromosome connected by a centromere
Chromosomes inherited from each parent
Uncoiled strands of DNA
9
A substance with a pH of 3 is considered:
Strongly acidic
Slightly basic
Neutral
Strongly basic
10
What does the atomic number of an element represent?
The number of electrons in the outer shell
The number of neutrons in the nucleus
The number of protons in the nucleus
The total number of protons and neutrons
11
Which solution has an equal concentration of solutes inside and outside the cell?
Hypotonic
Saturated
Hypertonic
Isotonic
12
What is a solution?
A heterogeneous mixture with visible particles
A physical combination of gases only
A mixture where substances are chemically bonded
A homogeneous mixture of a solute dissolved in a solvent
13
Which statement correctly compares dehydration and hydrolysis reactions?
Dehydration remove water to form bonds; hydrolysis add water to break bonds
Both dehydration and hydrolysis reactions remove water
Dehydration and hydrolysis are the same process
Dehydration add water to break bonds; hydrolysis remove water to form bonds
14
Where is ATP synthase located in eukaryotic cells during cellular respiration?
Outer mitochondrial membrane
Inner mitochondrial membrane
Cytoplasm
Mitochondrial matrix
15
Which of the following best describes non-competitive inhibition?
The inhibitor binds to the active site of the enzyme
The inhibitor binds elsewhere on the enzyme, changing its shape & function
The inhibitor is the same shape as the substrate
The inhibitor increases the enzyme’s activity
16
What happens to a plant cell when placed in a hypertonic solution, causing the membrane to pull away from the wall?
Cytolyzed
Plasmolysis
Turgid
Swollen
17
Which of the following best describes the difference between kinetic and potential energy?
Kinetic energy is used only by animals; potential energy is used by plants
Kinetic = motion energy; Potential = stored energy by position
Potential energy is heat energy; kinetic energy is energy stored in ATP
Kinetic energy store in chemical bonds; potential energy is energy n motion
18
What are telomeres and what is their main function in a cell?
Enzymes that replicate DNA during cell division
Structures that hold sister chromatids together during mitosis
Telomeres are end caps that protect chromosomes from damage
Segments of DNA that code for proteins involved in metabolism
19
Which of the following substances is most likely hydrophilic?
Waxes
Butter
Table salt (NaCl)
Oil
20
How do you calculate the molecular mass of a compound?
Add the atomic masses of all atoms in the molecule
Add the number of neutrons in all atoms of the molecule
Multiply the atomic number by the number of molecules
Subtract the atomic mass of each element from the total volume
21
Which of the following best describes a missense mutation?
A mutation that deletes an entire gene
A mutation that introduces a premature stop codon
A mutation that substitutes one amino acid for another
A mutation that has no effect on the amino acid sequence
22
What did X-ray diffraction reveal about DNA?
The sequence of nitrogenous bases in DNA
That DNA is made of amino acids
The double helix structure of DNA
That DNA replication occurs in the cytoplasm
23
Which of the following components are found in a nucleotide?
Ribosome, mRNA, tRNA
Amino group, carboxyl group, variable R group
Glycerol, fatty acid, phosphate group
Deoxyribose or ribose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base
24
Which of the following best describes the main function of nucleic acids?
Store energy for long-term use
Provide structural support in plants
Carry genetic information
Serve as a waterproof barrier
25
What role does topoisomerase play in DNA replication?
Breaks hydrogen bonds between bases
Seals gaps between nucleotides
Prevents the DNA from supercoiling ahead of the replication fork
Adds nucleotides to new DNA strands
26
What is true about endergonic reactions?
They release heat to the environment
They require an input of energy to proceed
They result in a net release of free energy
They occur spontaneously
27
Why are phospholipids important to cells?
They carry oxygen in red blood cells
They provide energy like glucose
They store genetic information
They form the main structure of the cell membrane
28
Which event occurs during Telophase II of meiosis?
Sister chromatids remain attached
Four haploid cells are formed
Spindle fibers form
Homologous chromosomes pair up
29
What is the role of a proton pump in cellular membranes?
It transports glucose into the cell
It facilitates passive transport of oxygen
It breaks down proteins into amino acids
moves protons (H⁺) across a membrane to generate a concentration gradient
30
What are bacteriophages?
Bacteria that attack human cells
A type of white blood cell that fights infections
Viruses that infect and replicate within bacteria
Enzymes that break down bacterial cell walls
31
Which of the following can pass freely through the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane?
Small nonpolar molecules like oxygen
Large polar molecules like glucose
Proteins and nucleic acids
Ions like Na⁺ and Cl⁻
32
Where do the light-dependent and light-independent (dark) reactions occur in a chloroplast?
Light in the mitochondria; dark in the cytoplasm
Light in the thylakoid membrane; dark in the stroma
Both in the cytoplasm
Light in the stroma; dark in the thylakoid
33
What characterizes metaphase during mitosis?
Chromosomes align at the cell’s equator (metaphase plate)
The nuclear envelope disappears
Chromosomes condense and become visible
Chromosomes are replicated
34
What is a peptide bond?
A bond that links fatty acids to glycerol
A bond between two sugars in a carbohydrate
A covalent bond between two amino acids
A bond formed between two nucleotides in DNA
35
What best describes the specificity of an enzyme’s active site?
It binds to any molecule with high energy
It changes to fit any substrate permanently
It has a unique shape that fits a specific substrate
It works best with hydrophobic molecules
36
What is the function of an anticodon in translation?
It pairs with a codon on mRNA to bring in the correct amino acid
It removes incorrect nucleotides from mRNA
It initiates DNA replication
It signals the end of protein synthesis
37
What does it mean for a cell membrane to be selectively permeable?
It allows only certain substances to pass through while blocking others
It blocks all substances from entering or leaving the cell
It allows all substances to pass through freely
It requires energy to transport any molecules
38
Which four elements make up approximately 96% of living matter?
Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur
Sodium, chlorine, magnesium, iron
Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen
Carbon, hydrogen, calcium, zinc
39
Which of the following best describes a key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Only prokaryotic cells can perform cellular respiration
Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus, eukaryotic cells have a nucleus
Eukaryotic cells have circular DNA, prokaryotic cells have linear DNA
Prokaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, eukaryotic cells do no
40
What are isotopes of an element?
Atoms with different numbers of neutrons but the same number of protons
Elements that have lost or gained electrons
Atoms with different numbers of protons
Atoms with the same atomic mass but different atomic numbers
41
What term describes a plant cell that is firm and swollen due to water intake in a hypotonic solution?
Plasmolyzed
Wilted
Turgid
Flaccid
42
What does the Second Law of Thermodynamics state?
Energy is stored in ATP
All chemical reactions release energy
Energy conversions increase the entropy (disorder) of the universe
Energy is conserved in all reactions
43
How does atomic weight differ from atomic mass?
Atomic weight is the # of electrons; atomic mass is the number of neutrons
Atomic weight is always larger than atomic mass
Atomic mass = p⁺ + n⁰; weight = avg of all isotopes
There is no difference; they are the same
44
Which organelle is responsible for producing proteins?
Ribosome
Vacuole
Lysosome
Nucleus
45
What happens in a nonsense mutation?
The mutation changes a codon into a stop codon
The entire chromosome is duplicated
The amino acid sequence is unchanged
The mutation changes a codon into another amino acid
46
How is the pH of a solution calculated?
By dividing the hydroxide ion concentration by 2
By multiplying the hydrogen ion concentration by 10
By taking the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration
By subtracting the hydrogen ion concentration from 14
47
Tertiary structure in proteins refers to:
The overall 3D shape of a single polypeptide
Interaction between different proteins
The sequence of amino acids
Local folding into helices and sheets
48
What characterizes a nonpolar covalent bond?
Equal sharing of electrons between atoms
Complete transfer of electrons
Weak attraction between molecules
Unequal sharing of electrons between atoms
49
Which statement best describes the difference between cytokinesis in animal and plant cells?
Animal cells form a cleavage furrow, while plant cells form a cell plate
Animal cells form a new cell wall, while plant cells form a cleavage furrow
Plant cells divide by binary fission, while animal cells use mitosis
50
Which of the following correctly differentiates DNA from RNA?
DNA is single-stranded, RNA is double-stranded
DNA contains uracil, RNA contains thymine
DNA is only found in the cytoplasm, RNA only in the nucleus
DNA has deoxyribose sugar, RNA has ribose suga
51
A hydrophobic substance will:
Ionize in water
Repel water and not mix with it
Attract water molecules
Easily dissolve in water
52
Which of the following correctly describes a major difference between mitosis and meiosis?
Mitosis occurs in reproductive cells, while meiosis occurs in somatic cells
Mitosis; 4 genetically unique daughter cells, meiosis 2 identical daughter
Mitosis includes 2 rounds of cell division, while meiosis includes only one
Mitosis is used for growth & repair, meiosis is used to produce gametes
53
What are the main products of the Calvin Cycle (dark reactions) in photosynthesis?
ATP and oxygen
Glucose (G3P), ADP, and NADP⁺
Water and glucose
NADPH and carbon dioxide
54
What is chromatin?
A protein that helps with spindle formation
A fully condensed chromosome ready for cell division
The relaxed form of DNA and proteins found in the nucleus
The site where two chromatids are joined
55
Which of the following best describes competitive inhibition?
The inhibitor increases the enzyme’s affinity for its substrate
Inhibitor bind to enzyme-substrate complex and increases the reaction rate
The inhibitor binds to the active site, blocking the substrate from binding
Inhibitor bind to site other than active site, changing the enzyme's shape
56
What is the key event during telophase in mitosis?
DNA is replicated
Chromosomes de-condense and nuclear envelopes reform
Spindle fibers push the cell membrane outward
Chromosomes align at the equator
57
How does RNA differ from DNA?
RNA is double-stranded and contains thymine
RNA is made of amino acids
RNA cannot leave the nucleus
RNA contains uracil instead of thymine and is usually single-stranded
58
phenotype?
Genotype genetic makeup, while phenotype is the observable trait
Genotype inherited traits that r seen, phenotype refers to the genetic code
Genotype changes throughout an organism's life, phenotype remains constant
Genotype physical appearance of organism, phenotype is its genetic makeup
59
A plant cell placed in an isotonic solution becomes:
Plasmolyzed
Flaccid
Lysed
Turgid
60
What is the best definition of taxonomy in biology?
The study of how organisms interact with their environment
The naming and classification of organisms into groups
The genetic manipulation of organisms for research
The process of cellular respiration in living things
61
What occurs during a dehydration reaction?
A water molecule is removed to form a bond between monomers
A bond is broken without any water involved
Two polymers are dissolved in water
A water molecule is added to break a bond
62
What makes unsaturated fats different from saturated fats?
They contain one or more double bonds in their fatty acid chains
They are found only in animals
They have more calories
They cannot be digested by humans
63
What was the main conclusion of Griffith’s experiment with Streptococcus pneumoniae in mice?
Bacteria can be killed only with heat and antibiotics
Proteins are the molecules responsible for heredity
DNA is made up of four nitrogenous bases
Harmless strain of bacteria can transform to harmful one by geneti material
64
What is a major function of the central vacuole in plant cells?
Protein synthesis
Transport of oxygen
Storage of water and maintenance of turgor pressure
Waste digestion
65
Which of the following describes an exergonic reaction?
Releases energy and has products with less energy than reactants
Absorbs sunlight and forms glucose
Does not involve any energy transfer
Requires input of energy and stores it in products
66
Which of the following lists includes all three Domains of life?
Plantae, Animalia, Fungi
Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
Prokarya, Eukarya, Monera
Protista, Fungi, Eubacteria
67
What defines the primary structure of a protein?
The alpha-helices and beta-sheets
The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide
The folding pattern of polypeptide chains
The 3D shape formed by multiple protein subunits
68
Which of the following best describes the structure of ATP (adenosine triphosphate)?
A nucleotide with three phosphate groups, ribose sugar, and adenine
A lipid molecule with a phosphate head and two fatty acid tails
A sugar, two phosphates, and a nitrogenous base
A protein with three phosphate chains and a lipid tail
69
What is the role of the active site of an enzyme?
To provide energy for the reaction
To store the enzyme’s genetic information
To bind to a coenzyme
To bind to the substrate and catalyze the reaction
70
Which of the following describes a hydrogen bond?
A strong chemical bond in salts
Weak bond between H and an electronegative atom like O or N
A bond formed by sharing electrons between hydrogen and carbon
A bond between two hydrogen atoms
71
Which of the following best illustrates natural selection in action?
A species of bird learning new songs
A tree losing leaves in winter
Insects develop pesticide resistance over several generations
A single fish changing color to match coral
72
How is the atomic mass of an element measured?
By subtracting the atomic number from the atomic weight
As a weighted average of the masses of all naturally occurring isotopes
By measuring the gravitational weight of an atom in grams
By adding the number of electrons and protons
73
Which of the following contributes most directly to genetic variation in sexually reproducing organisms?
DNA replication before mitosis
Binary fission
Equal cytokinesis in cell division
Crossing over during meiosis
74
Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during replication?
Helicase
DNA polymerase
Ligase
Primase
75
Which of the following best defines potential energy?
Energy stored due to position or structure
Energy in motion
Energy from sunlight
Heat released from a reaction
76
Which of the following best describes the First Law of Thermodynamics?
Energy is created and destroyed during chemical reactions
Energy can be transformed, but cannot be created or destroyed
Systems tend toward decreased disorder
Energy flows from colder to warmer systems
77
Which of the following best describes the structure of DNA?
A single-stranded molecule with ribose sugar and uracil bases
A triple-stranded helix of fatty acids and phosphate groups
Double helix of nucleotides with sugar, base, and phosphate
A chain of amino acids folded into a 3D shape
78
Which statement best describes the difference between peripheral and integral membrane proteins?
Integral span membrane; peripheral sit on surface
Both proteins are embedded within the membrane and serve the same function
Peripheral loosely attached; integral embedded in membrane
Integral proteins are only found in prokaryotic cells
79
What is metabolism?
The process of breaking down DNA
The release of waste products from cells
The total of all chemical reactions in an organism
Only the building of complex molecules
80
Which of the following is true about a silent mutation?
It adds an extra amino acid to the protein
It results in a completely different protein
It causes the protein to stop being made early
It changes the DNA sequence but not the amino acid
81
Which of the following best describes the difference between the leading and lagging strands during DNA replication?
The lagging strand is synthesized without the help of primers
Leading strand is continuous; lagging is made in fragments
Leading strand is synthesized in fragments; lagging strand is continuous
Both strands are synthesized in the 5’ to 3’ direction at the same rate
82
Where does the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) occur and what is its main function?
In the mitochondrial matrix; to break down fats
In the cytoplasm; to produce glucose
In the nucleus; to replicate DNA
Inner mitochondrial membrane; to produce ATP thro oxidative phosphorylation
83
What is true about trans fats?
They have no effect on cholesterol levels
They are formed by adding hydrogen to unsaturated fats
They are healthier than saturated fats
They are naturally occurring in fruits
84
What is the function of the centromere?
To synthesize DNA during replication
To separate the nucleus and cytoplasm
To join sister chromatids together
To control cell division checkpoints
85
Which of the following correctly describes a step in pre-mRNA processing in eukaryotic cells?
Introns are joined together and exons are removed
A poly-A tail is added to the 5' end of the pre-mRNA
A 5' cap is added, introns are removed, and a poly-A tail is added
The pre-mRNA is immediately translated without modification
86
What is the "wobble" base in genetic coding?
A base that prevents translation from occurring
A random base inserted during transcription
The first base in a codon that always changes during mutation
The third base in a codon that allows flexibility in pairing with tRNA
87
How do you determine the number of valence electrons in a main group element?
Refer the element’s group # on the periodic table,for groups 1, 2, & 13–18
Subtract the number of neutrons from the atomic number
Divide the atomic mass by the atomic number
Count the total number of protons in the atom
88
Which of the following is a key component of natural selection?
Individuals with advantageous traits tend to leave more offspring
Organisms acquire traits by choice
All individuals in a population are genetically identical
Evolution occurs only in response to environmental disasters
89
Which of the following correctly defines the relationship between a monomer and a polymer?
Monomers and polymers are unrelated molecules
Monomers are the repeating units that make up polymers
A monomer is made of many polymers
A polymer is a single unit, and a monomer is a chain
90
Which of the following is an example of qualitative data?
The solution has a pH of 6.8
The sample weighs 3.2 grams
The plant grew 5 centimeters in one week
The leaves turned yellow and wilted
91
Which of the following best describes a saturated fat?
It contains double bonds and is usually liquid at room temperature
It contains mostly water and protein
It is produced by hydrogenating starches
It has only single bonds and is typically solid at room temperature
92
What is the genome of an organism?
All of its proteins
All of its RNA
The complete set of DNA, including all of its genes
All of its cells
93
What is a chromosome?
Tightly coiled structure made of DNA & protein that carries genetic info
A protein structure that holds organelles in place
A segment of RNA that controls gene expression
A cell structure involved only in digestion
94
Which of the following correctly describes the central dogma of molecular biology?
RNA is replicated into DNA, which is translated into protein
DNA is translated into RNA, which is transcribed into protein
Protein is transcribed into RNA, which is translated into DNA
DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is translated into protein
95
Which of the following correctly describes the difference between autosomes and sex chromosomes?
Autosomes don’t determine sex; sex chromosomes do
Autosomes determine gender, sex chromosomes carry genes unrelated to sex
Autosomes are only in males, while sex chromosomes are found in both sexes
Autosomes are always inherited from dad, sex chromosomes come from mom
96
Which of the following best describes a key difference between Photosystem II and Photosystem I?
Photosystem II occurs after Photosystem I in the electron flow
PSII splits water; PSI helps make NADPH
Photosystem II produces NADPH, Photosystem I generates ATP
Photosystem I splits water to release oxygen, Photosystem II produces NADPH
97
Which enzyme lays down RNA primers so that DNA polymerase can begin synthesis?
Helicase
Topoisomerase
DNA polymerase
Primase
98
Lipids are important in cells because they:
Provide immediate energy
Form the structural basis of DNA
Make up the majority of the cell membrane
Act as enzymes
99
What type of energy is stored in the bonds of molecules like glucose?
Light energy
Chemical energy
Kinetic energy
Thermal energy
100
Which statement best defines homologous chromosomes?
Chromosomes with same genes but possibly different alleles
Chromosomes that are identical copies formed during DNA replication
Chromosomes inherited only from the father
Chromosomes that are found only in gametes
101
What does the pH scale measure?
The amount of salt in a solution
The boiling point of a solution
The concentration of hydroxide ions only
The hydrogen ion (H⁺) concentration in a solution
102
What is a primary function of membrane proteins?
Synthesizing carbohydrates from carbon dioxide
Facilitating transport and communication across the membrane
Producing ATP through photosynthesis
Storing genetic information
103
Which of the following best describes Chargaff’s Rules regarding DNA base composition?
The total amount of purines always exceeds the amount of pyrimidines
Amount of adenine equals thymine, and the amount of cytosine equals guanine
All four nitrogenous bases are present in equal amounts in all organisms
Adenine pairs with guanine, & cytosine pairs with thymine in equal amounts
104
What is a gene?
A collection of chromosomes
A protein made by the cell
A type of RNA that helps in translation
A segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein or trait
105
What is the primary function of the mitochondria?
Waste breakdown
Protein synthesis
Energy production (ATP)
DNA storage
106
What is the primary function of DNA in a cell?
To transport proteins across membranes
To create energy for the cell
To break down nutrients
Carry genetic instructions for the development & function of living things
107
hich scientist is most associated with the theory of natural selection?
Louis Pasteur
Rosalind Franklin
Gregor Mendel
Charles Darwin
108
What is a key difference between alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation?
Both processes occur only in the presence of oxygen
Alcohol fermentation releases carbon dioxide; lactic acid fermentation not
Alcohol fermentation occurs in animals; lactic acid in plants
Lactic acid fermentation produces ethanol; alcohol fermentation does not
109
What major event occurs during prophase of mitosis?
Sister chromatids separate to opposite poles
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes & spindle fibers begin to form
The nuclear envelope reforms
110
What best describes catabolism?
All reactions occurring in the nucleus
Reactions that require energy to build complex molecules
Breaking down molecules to release energy
Using sunlight to make glucose
111
What is the primary function of carbohydrates in living organisms?
Store and transmit genetic information
Catalyze reactions
Provide quick energy
Form cell membranes
112
Which statement best describes a hydrolysis reaction?
A protein is folded into its functional shape
Two monomers are joined by removing water
A polymer is broken down into monomers by adding water
A lipid is synthesized by removing oxygen
113
Which of the following best describes Gregor Mendel’s main contribution to science?
He developed the theory of evolution by natural selection
He discovered the structure of DNA
He identified cells as the basic unit of life
Established basic principle of inheritance through experiments w/ pea plant
114
Which of the following is an example of anabolism?
Digestion of food in the stomach
Breakdown of fats into fatty acids
Cellular respiration breaking down glucose
Synthesis of proteins from amino acids
115
What type of bonding is primarily responsible for a protein's secondary structure?
Peptide bonds
Hydrogen bonds between backbone atoms
Disulfide bridges
Ionic bonds
116
What type of bond is formed when one atom donates an electron to another atom?
Nonpolar covalent bond
Hydrogen bond
Polar covalent bond
Ionic bond
117
What primarily determines a virus's host range?
The compatibility between viral surface proteins and host cell receptors
The shape of the viral capsid
The size of the viral genome
The ability of the virus to evade the host's immune system
118
Which statement best distinguishes the lytic cycle from the lysogenic cycle in bacteriophages?
The lysogenic cycle immediately destroys the host cell upon infection
The lytic cycle incorporates viral DNA into the host genome permanently
Lytic kills host; lysogenic hides in genome without killing
Lysogenic cycle produce viral proteins & new viruses right after infection
119
Which type of bond occurs when electrons are shared unequally, leading to partial charges on atoms?
Nonpolar covalent bond
Metallic bond
Polar covalent bond
Ionic bond
120
Which of the following correctly lists the stages of interphase in the correct order?
S – G2 – G1
G2 – S – G1
G1 – G2 – S
G1 – S – G2
121
Which of the following best represents quantitative data collected during an experiment?
The heart rate increased to 120 beats per minute
The cells appeared clustered together
The substance looked cloudy
The water smelled strong and sour
122
Which statement best explains the difference between dominant and recessive alleles?
Dominant inherited from the mom, & recessive allele is inherited the dad
Dominant are stronger versions of genes & eliminate recessive from genome
Dominant expressed in phenotype even if only 1 copy is present
Dominant only expressed when paired w/ another dominant; recessive always
123
What is the primary function of the sodium/potassium pump in cell membranes?
To produce ATP from glucose
To allow passive diffusion of ions
To move Na⁺ out of the cell and K⁺ into the cell using ATP
To transport water through osmosis
124
What major event occurs during Prophase I of meiosis?
The nuclear envelope reforms around chromosomes
Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles
Homologous chromosomes pair up and crossing over occurs
Chromosomes align at the center of the cell
125
Which structure is found in plant cells but not in animal cells?
Nucleus
Chloroplast
Ribosome
Mitochondria
126
Which of the following are the main products of the light reactions of photosynthesis?
Water, glucose, and ATP
Glucose, oxygen, and ATP
ATP, NADPH, and oxygen
NADH, FADH₂, and carbon dioxide
127
Which of the following best describes the difference between diploid and haploid cells?
Haploid cells are muscle cells, while diploid cells are nerve cells
Diploid cells a single set of chromosomes, haploid cells contain 2 set
Haploid cells are only in plants, diploid cells are found only in animal
Diploid cells contain 2 sets of chromosomes, haploid cells contain one set
128
What is the role of the solvent in a solution?
It is the substance being dissolved
It is the substance that does the dissolving
It is always water
It is always a solid
129
What happens to a plant cell in a hypotonic solution?
It stays the same size
It shrinks and becomes plasmolyzed
It bursts
It becomes turgid as water enters the cell
130
Which of the following best distinguishes osmosis from facilitated diffusion?
Osmosis moves water; facilitated diffusion moves solutes
Osmosis requires energy, facilitated diffusion does not
Osmosis moves water, facilitated diffusion moves ions & molecules thr pumps
Osmosis uses protein channels, facilitated diffusion does not
131
Quaternary structure exists when a protein:
Has a sequence of more than 100 amino acids
Has folded into alpha-helices and beta-sheets
Consists of more than one polypeptide chain
Is found only in animal cells
132
Which of the following is an example of kinetic energy?
A rock at the top of a hill
Chemical bonds in a glucose molecule
A moving car
A stretched rubber band
133
What is the main function of DNA ligase in DNA replication?
Unzips the DNA strands
Synthesizes RNA primers
Joins Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand
Adds nucleotides to the 3’ end
134
Which of the following is a characteristic of a basic solution?
High H⁺ concentration and low OH⁻ concentration
Slippery feel and pH above 7
Low pH and sour taste
Reacts with metals to release hydrogen gas
135
What happens to an animal cell placed in a hypertonic solution?
It shrinks due to water loss
It becomes turgid
It swells and bursts
Nothing happens
136
Which of the following best defines a scientific hypothesis?
A testable explanation for an observation
A conclusion based on experimental data
A random guess with no supporting evidence
A proven scientific law
137
What key event characterizes Anaphase II of meiosis?
The nuclear envelope breaks down
DNA is replicated
Sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles
Homologous chromosomes separate
138
What does the Golgi apparatus do in a cell?
Synthesizes proteins
Controls the cell's genetic information
Packages and ships proteins and lipids
Breaks down old cell parts
139
What distinguishes positive feedback from negative feedback?
Positive feedback maintains homeostasis, negative disrupts it
There is no difference
Positive feedback amplifies change, negative reduces it
Negative feedback amplifies change, positive reduces it
140
What is the main role of lysosomes?
Transport oxygen
Produce lipids
Break down waste and damaged organelles
Store genetic material
141
Which of the following best distinguishes somatic cells from gametes?
Both somatic cells and gametes are involved in sexual reproduction
Somatic cells have two sets of chromosomes, while gametes have one
Gametes make up body tissues, somatic cells are involved in reproduction
Somatic cells are haploid, while gametes are diploid
142
Which of the following best describes a most recent common ancestor on a phylogenetic tree?
A branch tip
The node connecting two organisms
Any organism on the tree
The root of the tree
143
What is a codon?
A group of three DNA bases that carry energy
Sequence of three nucleotides on mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid
A protein that signals where transcription should start
A sequence of three amino acids that builds a protein
144
Which of the following best describes osmosis?
The movement of solutes from high to low concentration
The movement of water from low to high concentration of water
The active transport of water using ATP
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
145
Which of the following components are typically found in a virus?
Nucleus, cytoplasm, and ribosomes
Plasma membrane, chloroplasts, and RNA
Protein coat (capsid) and nucleic acid
Cell wall, mitochondria, and DNA
146
Which of the following best describes the structure of centrioles?
A single membrane sac filled with enzymes
A stack of flattened membranes called cisternae
A double membrane structure with DNA
Cylindrical structure made of microtubule triplets arranged n a 9+0 pattern
147
What is the key difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
Anaerobic respiration requires mitochondria, aerobic does not
Anaerobic respiration produces more ATP than aerobic
Aerobic respiration occurs only in plants, anaerobic only in animals
Aerobic respiration uses oxygen, anaerobic does not
148
What happens during Metaphase I in meiosis?
Chromosomes condense and become visible
Sister chromatids separate
Homologous chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate
The cell begins cytokinesis
149
How do you prepare a 1 M (1 molar) solution of a substance?
Add 1 mole of the substance to any amount of solvent
Mix 1 mole of the substance with 100 mL of water
Mix 1 mole of the substance with 1 liter of solvent
Dissolve 1 gram of the substance in 1 liter of water

BIOL 1406 Final Exam Review Flashcards | StudBud