What is cognitive dissonance?

a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions

In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...

were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger

When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...

an avoidance-avoidance conflict

Negative reinforcement involves...

the removal of an unpleasant stimulus

You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which

demonstrates an illusory correlation

A valid test is one that...

measures what it is supposed to measure

If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...

the other boy started it and he was defending himself

The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..

the personal qualities of the residents

how alternatives in a decision problem are presented

studbud

Duplicate of AP Psychology - AP Exam Review

144 termsStudBud Administration465 plays

A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.

Flashcards144 cardsFPractice quizPHost liveL

Questions 144

Answers

1
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
frustration
conflict
pressure
change
2
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
cognitive dissonance
obedience
groupthink
conformity
3
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
a distinctive attribution
a situational attribution
an internal attribution
an external attribution
4
What is cognitive dissonance?
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
5
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
were put into a simulated prison
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
6
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
platonic
morphemic
phonemic
mnemonic
7
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
step-wise conditioning
stimulus discrimination
shaping
selection
8
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
an approach-avoidance conflict
a risk-aversion conflict
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
an approach-approach conflict
9
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
teratogens
pathogens
prenatals
opiates
10
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
complete storage failure
complete retrieval failure
partial storage
partial retrieval
11
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
not been dreaming
not really been asleep
a headache
been dreaming
12
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
collectivism
functionalism
attributionism
individualism
13
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
id mechanisms
offense mechanisms
coping mechanisms
defense mechanisms
14
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
lesioning
ESB
tumor ligation
stereotaxic inversion
15
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
the triarchic level of encoding
attention encoding
dyadic encoding
the semantic level of encoding
16
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
cultural direction
schematizing
stereotypes
cognitive structuring
17
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
become aggressive
become fearful/cautious
remain in continuous wakefulness
remain in continuous sleep
18
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
schema
semantic network
chunk
mental set
19
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Sperry's area
Broca's area
Cannon's area
Wernicke's area
20
Negative reinforcement involves...
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
21
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
compensation
fixation
regression
displacement
22
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
behavior
the unconscious
conscious experience
the brain
23
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
state-dependent learning
observational learning
24
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
action potentials
antagonists
agonists
neurotransmitters
25
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
dopamine
acetylcholine
endorphin
serotonin
26
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
fugue
panic disorder
bipolar disorder
conversion disorder
27
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
a hallucinogen
an amphetamine
a sedative
a narcotic
28
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
subliminal perception
a just noticeable difference
a false alarm
a superimposed stimulus
29
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the correlational group
the control group
the experimental group
the observational group
30
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
oval window
cochlea
stirrup
temporal lobe
31
Which statistical method is a scatterplot used to find?
percentiles
standard deviation
correlation coefficients
means
32
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
avoidance
repression
suppression
neurogenic amnesia
33
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
metalinguistic awareness
fast-mapping
overextension
semantic slanting
34
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
a contravened bias
demonstrates an illusory correlation
a self-serving attribution
a heuristic observation
35
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
sensation
perception
hypnosis
consciousness
36
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
escape learning
avoidance learning
an unconditioned response
positive reinforcement
37
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
computerized tomography
magnetic resonance imaging
electrographic tomography
positron emission tomography
38
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
cerebral cortex
hypothalamus
medulla
corpus callosum
39
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
temperament
personality
attachment
behavioral quality
40
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
low in openness
high in neuroticism
high in agreeableness
low in extraversion
41
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
narcolepsy
sleep apnea
insomnia
pseudoinsomnia
42
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
episodic memories
sensory memories
flashbulb memories
non-declarative memories
43
A valid test is one that...
is consistent
is reliable
measures what it is supposed to measure
has been standardized but not normed
44
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
he's just like his father
he always gets in fights
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
45
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
psychoanalysis
behaviorism
functionalism
neodynamism
46
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
the personal qualities of the residents
crowded living conditions
job discrimination experienced by the residents
poor police protection
47
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
mental age
IQ
a percentile score
a potential score
48
Framing refers to...
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
presenting irrelevant information
presenting only part of the information required
49
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
autonomic nerves
afferent nerves
sympathetic nerves
efferent nerves
50
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
obsessions
illusions
delusions
hallucinations
51
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
standardized validity
predictive validity
criterion-related validity
content validity
52
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
limbic system
brainstem
reticular formation
cerebellum
53
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
Rene Decartes
William James
G. Stanley Hall
Wilhelm Wundt
54
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
the absolute refractory period
transduction incapacity
transduction capacity
the relative threshold period
55
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
spontaneous recovery
stimulus discrimination
conditioned emotional reactions
stimulus generalization
56
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
genetic influences on IQ
changes in testing procedures
group differences in basic intelligence
a variety of environmental factors
57
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
trust vs. mistrust
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
initiative vs. guilt
industry vs. inferiority
58
The function of sensory memory is to...
put information into long-term memory
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
hold information for a lifetime
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
59
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
fixed-ratio schedule
fixed-interval schedule
variable-interval schedule
variable-ratio schedule
60
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
i wanted a cookie
give cookie
cookie
I eated a cookie
61
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
accuracy of inference
predictability
consistency
representativeness
62
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
thalamus
location of injury
spinal cord
cortex
63
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
retroactive interference
retrograde amnesia
pseudoforgetting
anterograde amnesia
64
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
strange situation
shared inhibition
secure-avoidant
attachment probing
65
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
sedatives
cannabis
narcotics
alcohol
66
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
thalamus
gonads
pituitary
thyroid
67
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
phonemes
morphemes
syntax
linguistic heuristics
68
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
oral
genital
anal
latency
69
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
are using the availability heuristic
use the elimination by aspects strategy
are using the representativeness heuristic
use a holistic decision model
70
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
None of the Above
problem-solving theory
activation-synthesis theory
wish fulfillment theory
71
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
leftbrain/right brain communication
endocrine system
reticular formation
limbic system
72
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
avoidance therapy
aversion therapy
systematic desensitization
psychotherapy
73
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
aggressiveness
excessive guilt
social charm
manipulative behavior
74
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
print letters
fear the dark
tie shoe laces
sing a song
75
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
spatial
musical
mechanical
logical-mathemathical
76
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
unrealistic demands from family/friends
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
77
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
centration
conservation
egocentrism
reversibility
78
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
irrational thoughts
the unconscious
maladaptive behaviors
the conscious
79
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
representativeness heuristic
law of small numbers
conjunction heuristic
availability heuristic
80
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
hearing a sound
seeing a flash of light
smelling an odor
moving a part of his body
81
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
midpoint
mean
mode
median
82
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
cocaine
heroin
mescaline
marijuana
83
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
fear
surprise
happiness
sadness
84
The superego is Freud's term for...
the mediating agent between the id and ego
the moral component of personality
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the conscious aspect of personality
85
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
intelligence; standardized
standardized; intelligence
personality; standardized
intelligence; personality
86
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
procedural
episodic
fluid
crystallized
87
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
stage 2
stage 4
REM
stage 1
88
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
an achievement test
an aptitude test
an intelligence test
a personality test
89
A perceptual set implies that...
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
people often see what they expect to see
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
90
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
absolute threshold
sensory memory
just noticeable difference
subliminal threshold
91
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
modeled
retrieved
ablated
encoded
92
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
intelligence
mentalism
cognition
introspection
93
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
a continuous reinforcement schedule
94
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
bottom-up processing
lateral processing
bottom-to-top processing
top-down processing
95
According to the medical model...
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
96
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
attention
perception
processing
sensation
97
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test scores
test levels
test scales
test norms
98
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
schizophrenic
mood
personality
anxiety
99
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
classical conditioning
reinforcement
observational learning
operant conditioning
100
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
self-serving bias
attributions
stereotypes
prejudices
101
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
exposure to light
amount of time awake
cultural practices
amount of time alseep
102
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
corpus callosum
pineal gland
thalamus
parietal lobe
103
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
latent learning
insight learning
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
104
An antagonist...
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
extends the absolute refractory period
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
105
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
rat
fear reaction
rabbit
loud noise
106
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
constancy
similiarity
closure
symmetry
107
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
reasoning
creativity
insight
intelligence
108
Homeostasis is a state of...
physiological stability
psychological stability
physiological instability
psychological instability
109
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
concrete
conventional
postconventional
preconventional
110
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
development of secondary sex characteristics
formal operations
post-conventional moral reasoning
111
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
lens
vitreous humor
cornea
iris
112
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
timbre
pitch
decibels
loudness
113
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
halo effect in aggression
basis for performing pro-social behavior
114
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
color
saturation
light purity
brightness
115
The last area of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
hypothalamus
prefrontal cortex
occipital cortex
medulla
116
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
censoring dissent from group members
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
117
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
the gambler's fallacy
overestimating the improbable
the confirmation bias
the conjunction fallacy
118
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
hallucinations
reduction of inhibitions
resistance to pain
total loss of personal control
119
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
beta
alpha
delta
gamma
120
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
the principle of collectivism
the law of cognitive dissonance
display rules
the reciprocity norm
121
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
the autonomic nervous system
the endocrine system
feeding
memory
122
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
direct observation
questionnaires
psychological tests
physiological recordings
123
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
observational learning
positive reinforcement
classical conditioning
superstitious behavior
124
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
conformity
group polarization
social loafing
deindividuation
125
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
olfactory cilia
gustatory bulbs
smell buds
sciatic receptors
126
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
punishment
observational learning
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
127
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a social psychologist
a forensic psychologist
a developmental psychologist
a clinical psychologist
128
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
drive theory
evolutionary theory
incentive theory
instinct theory
129
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
pituitary gland
pancreas
thyroid gland
sebaceous gland
130
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
behavioral
psychoanalytic
cognitive
humanistic
131
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
construct
criterion-related
absolute
content
132
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
food/meat powder
salivation
light
tone
133
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a self-report inventory
a projective test
a deceptive test
a behavior rating
134
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
logical reasoning
abstract operations
systematic hypothesis testing
physical interaction
135
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
a phobia
a compulsion
an obsession
a delusion
136
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
tree-bird
car-nose
boat-goat
fill-feed
137
What is somnambulism?
difficulty remaining asleep
sleep-talking
difficulty breathing when asleep
sleep-walking
138
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
extinction
spontaneous remission
conditioned forgetting
unconditioning
139
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
sensory
short-term
intermediate-term
long-term
140
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
the internal state causes the facial expression
141
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
after autonomic arousal
before autonomic arousal
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
independently of autonomic arousal
142
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
recognition
reiteration
relearning
recall
143
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
bipolar disorder
marital problems
schizophrenia
anxiety disorders
144
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender stereotypes
gender differences
gender roles
gender behaviors

Duplicate of AP Psychology - AP Exam Review Flashcards | StudBud