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Cambridge IGCSE Geography Theme 1: Population and Settlement Flashcards | StudBud
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Cambridge IGCSE Geography Theme 1: Population and Settlement
Cambridge IGCSE Geography Theme 1: Population and Settlement
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1
What does a bulge in the working-age group of a population pyramid suggest?
A high birth rate
A high number of economically active people
A high dependency ratio
2
Which of the following is a social factor affecting birth rates?
Changes in climate
Soil erosion
Cultural beliefs and traditions
3
How does migration impact global population distribution?
It has no impact on population patterns
It leads to population growth in some areas and decline in others
It causes every country’s population to decrease
4
Why do many people migrate from rural to urban areas?
Rural areas have more job opportunities
Cities offer more jobs, education, and healthcare
Rural areas provide better infrastructure
5
What does a population pyramid with a narrow base and a wide top suggest?
A rapidly growing population
An aging population with a low birth rate
A high infant mortality rate
6
What is the role of the rural-urban fringe in urban expansion?
It acts as a buffer zone for the expansion of urban areas into rural land
It is the most urbanized part of a city
It is a highly developed area with little agricultural land
7
What is a nucleated settlement?
A settlement with buildings spread out over a wide area
A settlement that stretches in a line along a river
A settlement where buildings are clustered together around a central point
8
What impact does an aging population have on a country?
Increased dependency ratio and higher healthcare costs
A decrease in healthcare needs
More young workers entering the labor force
9
What is a push factor in migration?
A negative factor that encourages people to leave an area
A reason people move to a new place
A policy encouraging immigration
10
What is the impact of urban growth on rural areas?
More investment in rural infrastructure and housing
Rural depopulation, loss of agricultural land, and reduced services
Increase in agricultural productivity and rural job creation
11
Why do cities experience rapid urban growth?
Population growth, migration, and economic development
Economic decline and lack of job opportunities
Decrease in birth rates and migration out of cities
12
What is brain drain?
A decrease in education levels
A policy restricting immigration
The loss of skilled workers from a country due to migration
13
Which of the following is a negative impact of migration on the source country?
Loss of skilled workers and labor shortages
Reduced pressure on housing
Increased economic growth
14
What are the causes of traffic congestion in cities?
Lack of people and vehicles on the roads
High population density, limited public transport, and excessive car use
Abundant public transportation and low population density
15
What is a pull factor attracting migrants to a country?
Better job opportunities and political stability
Natural disasters
High crime rates
16
Which of the following is an example of involuntary migration?
Refugees fleeing war and persecution
A family moving for better job prospects
A person relocating for university studies
17
What does a wide base on a population pyramid indicate?
An aging population
A low birth rate
A high birth rate
18
What is urban sprawl?
The concentration of people and businesses into the city center
The relocation of industry to other countries
The uncontrolled expansion of urban areas into surrounding rural land
19
What is a low-order service?
A basic service that is used frequently, such as a convenience store
A service that requires advanced technology
A specialist service, such as a university
20
What type of settlement is a village?
A small settlement with basic services like a primary school and shop
A settlement with no permanent population
A large settlement with a variety of services
21
Which of the following is an example of a push factor?
Higher wages in another country
Conflict and natural disasters
Better healthcare in urban areas
22
What is the sphere of influence of a settlement?
The number of buildings in a settlement
The area from which people travel to use a settlement’s services
The amount of land a settlement covers
23
What is the effect of noise pollution on urban areas?
It makes urban areas more enjoyable and peaceful
It encourages people to live in noisy environments
It can lead to health problems and reduce the quality of life
24
Which of the following is an example of seasonal migration?
Refugees fleeing a conflict
Permanent relocation to another country
Agricultural workers moving temporarily for harvests
25
How can cities reduce air pollution?
Reducing green spaces and promoting construction
Implementing stricter emissions regulations and promoting green energy
Encouraging more car use and industrial expansion
26
What is an industrial zone in an urban area?
A recreational area in the city for sports
A residential area with parks and schools
An area designated for factories and manufacturing businesses
27
Why do small villages have only low-order services?
They have a small population that cannot support high-order services
Villages have more services than cities
They have a large population that supports many businesses
28
What is an asylum seeker?
A person migrating for work
A person seeking refugee status in another country
A traveler moving for leisure
29
Why do some settlements become tourist destinations?
Tourism makes a place less attractive to visitors
They have historical, cultural, or natural attractions
Only coastal areas attract tourists
30
What is a common characteristic of countries experiencing population decline?
High levels of immigration
High emigration rates and an aging population
High fertility rates
31
How does improved healthcare affect population size?
It lowers death rates and increases life expectancy
It has no impact on population growth
It decreases birth rates
32
Which of the following is a push factor for migration?
Better healthcare services
Higher wages in the home country
Conflict and lack of job opportunities
33
How do government policies influence population distribution?
Policies have no effect on population
Policies encouraging development and infrastructure attract people
Only economic factors affect population density
34
How can urbanization affect birth rates?
It has no impact on birth rates
It tends to lower birth rates as living costs increase
It leads to an immediate increase in birth rates
35
What are the main causes of water pollution in cities?
Lack of factories and construction in the area
Industrial waste, untreated sewage, and runoff from roads
Increase in rainwater and natural filtration
36
How does a high death rate affect population size?
It leads to an increase in the number of young people
It decreases population size over time
It causes economic growth
37
What is a dispersed settlement?
A settlement where buildings are clustered together
A settlement where buildings are spread out over a large area
A settlement that follows a road or river
38
Why do some countries encourage immigration?
To decrease their population
To create cultural conflicts
To address labor shortages and boost economic growth
39
What is a positive impact of migration on the destination country?
A larger workforce can boost economic growth
Increased unemployment
A decrease in available skilled workers
40
How does settlement size relate to sphere of influence?
Smaller settlements always have a larger sphere of influence
Larger settlements have a bigger sphere of influence
Settlement size has no effect on sphere of influence
41
What is overpopulation?
When a country’s resources cannot support its population
When a country has more land than people
When a country’s economy is growing
42
What is one effect of urbanization on people?
Increased access to high-quality healthcare and education
Overcrowding, poor living conditions, and lack of access to services
Better housing and reduced unemployment rates
43
How can economic factors influence birth rates?
High income levels may lead to lower birth rates due to career focus
Economic downturns always decrease birth rates
Economic stability always increases birth rates
44
What economic factor encourages high population density?
Poor transport links
Availability of jobs and industries
Limited natural resources
45
What is a high-order service?
A service that does not require skilled workers
A service that is used daily, such as a grocery store
A service that is expensive and used infrequently, such as a hospital
46
What are the economic implications of an aging population?
Higher school enrollment rates
Increased birth rates
Increased healthcare and pension costs
47
What causes inequality in urban areas?
Differences in wealth, access to services, and housing quality
High employment rates and affordable housing
Equal distribution of income and services
48
What role does education play in population growth?
Higher education levels are linked to lower birth rates
Education has no impact on population change
More education leads to higher birth rates
49
Which government policy aims to reduce population growth?
Family planning programs and contraception access
Reduced healthcare services
Increased incentives for larger families
50
What is a potential economic consequence of a declining population?
Higher demand for resources
Labor shortages and reduced economic growth
Increased levels of urban overcrowding
51
What is the relationship between urban growth and housing demand?
Rapid urban growth increases the demand for housing and services
Housing demand remains unchanged regardless of growth
Urban growth decreases the need for new housing
52
Why do settlements develop on flat land?
Flat land has no effect on settlement growth
It is harder to construct buildings on flat land
It is easier to build infrastructure like roads and houses
53
What is one cause of rural depopulation?
Lack of job opportunities, poor services, and low wages in rural areas
Higher wages and better education opportunities in rural areas
Increased employment and agricultural productivity in rural areas
54
What is one social factor leading to rural depopulation?
Availability of good schools and hospitals in rural areas
Lack of education and healthcare opportunities in rural areas
High levels of employment and good wages in rural areas
55
Which of the following is an example of a government policy affecting population growth?
A policy encouraging increased fossil fuel use
China's former one-child policy
A ban on using renewable energy sources
56
Why do people move from rural areas to major cities?
Lower wages and poor healthcare in urban areas
Better job opportunities, improved healthcare, and better living standards
Decreased need for housing and job opportunities in cities
57
Which country has successfully controlled its population growth through strict policies?
India with unrestricted population growth
Japan with high birth rates
China with its former one-child policy
58
Which of the following is a challenge of low population density?
Overcrowding in rural areas
High crime rates
Lack of workforce and slow economic growth
59
What are the effects of rapid urban growth on infrastructure?
Reduced need for roads and public services
Lowered need for public transportation systems
Increased demand for roads, water, electricity, and sanitation
60
What is a consequence of overpopulation?
Increased pressure on resources and services
More job opportunities for everyone
Less pollution and environmental damage
61
Which of the following is a positive impact of migration on the source country?
Remittances sent back by migrants boost the economy
Increased dependency ratio
Declining GDP
62
Why do more economically developed countries (MEDCs) have a high dependency ratio?
They have an aging population with a large elderly group
They have a high birth rate
They have high infant mortality
63
What is a densely populated area?
A place with very few job opportunities
An area with a high number of people per square kilometer
A region with a lot of forests and rivers
64
What is an industrial town?
A small village with no businesses
A town where manufacturing and factories are the main economic activities
A town that only provides healthcare services
65
What is natural population change?
The process of urbanization
The difference between birth rate and death rate
The movement of people between countries
66
What is a common characteristic of countries with high birth rates?
Large rural populations with limited access to contraception
High levels of industrialization
Low infant mortality rates
67
What is a linear settlement?
A settlement that develops along a road, river, or valley
A settlement where buildings are scattered randomly
A settlement with buildings clustered around a central point
68
Why might a country with a low birth rate introduce pro-natalist policies?
To decrease life expectancy
To encourage population growth and prevent workforce shortages
To reduce government spending
69
What is a market town?
A village that only has farms and no shops
A settlement where no economic activities occur
A town that provides goods and services to surrounding rural areas
70
What is one way to improve the living conditions in squatter settlements?
Providing basic services like water, sanitation, and electricity
Limiting government intervention and reducing development projects
Increasing the number of low-income people moving to the area
71
How does migration impact population distribution?
Migration has no effect on population patterns
It reduces birth rates
It can lead to population growth in some areas and decline in others
72
What is voluntary migration?
When people choose to move for better opportunities
When people are moved by the government
When people are forced to leave due to war
73
Which of the following is an example of internal migration?
A person moving to another continent
Rural-urban migration within a country
Refugees fleeing from one country to another
74
What does a high birth rate indicate?
A growing population with more young dependents
A decline in population growth
A shrinking labor force
75
What is accessibility in relation to settlement growth?
The amount of rainfall in a settlement
The ease with which people can reach a settlement
The number of trees in a settlement
76
What is an environmental reason for migration?
Political instability
Low literacy rates
Natural disasters such as droughts and floods
77
What is water pollution in urban areas?
Contamination of water sources from industrial waste, sewage, and runoff
The lack of water in urban areas
The improvement of water quality in cities
78
How is population structure represented?
Using a line graph
Using a climate chart
Using an age/sex pyramid
79
How do political factors affect population distribution?
Stable governments attract people, while conflicts drive people away
Only physical factors influence population distribution
Political factors have no impact
80
How do government policies influence settlement growth?
Governments cannot influence settlement patterns
Investments in transport and infrastructure encourage settlement expansion
Government policies have no impact on settlement growth
81
What is threshold population?
The minimum number of people needed to support a service
The total population of a city
The number of people living in rural areas
82
What is an example of a settlement with multiple functions?
A city that has industrial, commercial, and residential areas
A town that has only one type of business
A village that has no shops or services
83
Which group of people are classified as refugees?
People moving for university studies
People forced to flee due to war or persecution
People who move for better job opportunities
84
What is underpopulation?
When a country’s population is increasing
When too many people migrate to a country
When there are not enough people to fully exploit a country’s resources
85
What is a common cause of rural-urban migration?
Declining population in urban areas
Increased availability of farmland in rural areas
Better job opportunities and access to services in cities
86
How can high population densities negatively impact urban areas?
More job opportunities and higher wages
Overcrowding, pollution, and strain on resources
More green spaces and less traffic
87
How can governments manage migration effectively?
Banning all immigration
Implementing fair immigration policies and integration programs
Forcing all migrants to return to their home countries
88
How does population growth impact settlement functions?
It decreases the number of services in a settlement
It has no impact on settlement function
More people increase demand for services and infrastructure
89
What is an example of social migration?
Moving due to a natural disaster
Moving to be closer to family or for a better quality of life
Relocating for better farmland
90
Why do large cities have high-order services?
They have a large population that can support specialized services
They have only low-order services
They have no need for specialized services
91
What is a potential negative impact of migration on migrants?
Guaranteed high wages and job security
Instant citizenship in the new country
Discrimination and difficulty adjusting to a new culture
92
Why do less economically developed countries (LEDCs) have population pyramids with wide bases?
They have high life expectancy
They have high birth rates and high fertility rates
They have low birth rates
93
Why do squatter settlements form in cities?
Lack of affordable housing and migration of low-income people to cities
Government policies promoting better living conditions for all
Availability of high-quality housing and urban planning
94
Which factor is most likely to lead to high fertility rates?
Limited access to contraception and education
High levels of economic development
High levels of gender equality
95
Why do some governments encourage larger families?
To increase the workforce and support an aging population
To reduce pressure on resources
To decrease economic growth
96
What is one cause of air pollution in urban areas?
Increase in green spaces and vegetation
Decrease in the number of vehicles on the road
Emissions from vehicles, factories, and construction
97
What are the effects of rapid urbanization on infrastructure?
Reduced demand for public services and infrastructure upgrades
Improved infrastructure and increased investment in public services
Strain on transportation, water, sanitation, and healthcare systems
98
What is a key consequence of rapid population growth in developing countries?
A decrease in urbanization
Increased demand for housing, healthcare, and jobs
A reduction in pollution levels
99
Which factor contributes to overpopulation?
Strict population control policies
Decreasing fertility rates
High birth rates and low death rates
100
How does war and conflict affect population change?
It causes all populations to decline
It often increases death rates and leads to migration
It always leads to higher birth rates
101
How does relief affect the location of settlements?
Mountainous areas are always densely populated
Steep areas are the most popular for settlements
Flat land is easier to build on than steep slopes
102
What is a settlement function?
The type of climate in a settlement
The main purpose of a settlement, such as farming, industry, or tourism
The shape of a settlement
103
Which factor can influence the site of a settlement?
Availability of water
The color of the soil
The shape of the buildings
104
What does a narrow top on a population pyramid indicate?
A low birth rate
A low life expectancy
A high elderly population
105
Why do settlements often develop near rivers?
Rivers make land infertile and unsuitable for farming
Rivers provide water, transport, and fertile land
Rivers create barriers that prevent people from settling
106
What is an example of migration due to climate change?
A person moving to another country for education
People leaving areas affected by rising sea levels
A company relocating for business reasons
107
Which of the following is an example of a pull factor?
Better job opportunities in cities
Political instability in the home country
Poor healthcare in a new destination
108
Why do areas with extreme temperatures have low population densities?
Harsh living conditions and difficulty in farming
More advanced infrastructure
High availability of jobs
109
What is a solution to housing issues in urban areas?
Reducing the number of people living in cities
Reducing the size of the urban area
Building more affordable housing and improving existing infrastructure
110
Which of the following is a cause of under-population?
High emigration rates
Rapid industrialization
Overcrowded cities
111
Why do some governments encourage immigration?
To increase birth rates
To decrease economic growth
To balance an aging population and boost the workforce
112
What is a sparsely populated area?
A city with a high number of skyscrapers
A place with a high population density
An area with a low number of people per square kilometer
113
What is the hierarchy of settlements?
The order in which settlements were built
The ranking of settlements based on their size and services
The process of creating new settlements
114
Which settlement type is at the top of the hierarchy?
A hamlet
A city
A village
115
What type of land use is typically found in residential areas?
Housing, schools, and parks
Factories, warehouses, and offices
Airports and cargo terminals
116
What can governments do to manage an aging population?
Ban retirement
Increase birth rates by restricting contraception
Raise the retirement age and encourage immigration of workers
117
What is the impact of urban growth on urban areas?
Increased green spaces and reduced pollution
Reduced traffic congestion and less demand for housing
Increased demand for housing, infrastructure, and services
118
How does visual pollution affect urban areas?
It is caused by unattractive buildings, signs, and waste in public areas
It improves the aesthetic appearance of cities
It results from the abundance of green spaces and parks
119
What is migration?
The movement of people from one place to another
The process of urbanization
A decrease in birth rates
120
How can visual pollution be reduced in cities?
Improving urban design, maintaining cleanliness, and adding greenery
Building more tall buildings and reducing public spaces
Reducing the number of tourists and urban residents
121
Why do settlements change their function over time?
Economic development and technological advancements
The shape of the buildings changes
Settlements cannot change their function
122
What is population structure?
The movement of people between areas
The total number of people in a country
The composition of a population in terms of age and gender
123
What is one characteristic of squatter settlements?
High-quality housing with efficient public transport
Poor living conditions, lack of basic services, and overcrowding
Clean, well-organized neighborhoods with proper services
124
What is under-population?
When a country has a high birth rate
When a country has a high population density
When a country has too few people to use its resources efficiently
125
How can economic factors influence migration?
People move to places with better job opportunities and wages
Economic growth reduces migration
People always migrate to poorer areas
126
How can migration benefit migrants themselves?
Lack of access to housing
Increased discrimination and lack of employment
Better job opportunities and improved quality of life
127
How can conflicts over land use change be resolved in urban areas?
By avoiding all development in urban areas
By allowing only residential land use and banning industry
Through planning, negotiation, and balancing the needs of different groups
128
What is remittance in terms of migration?
A tax migrants must pay to their destination country
Government aid given to migrants
Money sent back by migrants to their home country
129
What is a pull factor in migration?
A positive factor that attracts people to a new place
A reason people leave their home country
A factor that discourages migration
130
What is noise pollution in urban areas?
Disruptive sounds from traffic, construction, and industry
Lack of noise from urban activities
Quiet zones in the city
131
Why do urban areas have high population densities?
They have limited economic activities
They have extreme climates
They provide more jobs, education, and healthcare services
132
Why do areas with fertile soil have high population densities?
They support agriculture and food production
They have poor water supply
They are difficult to farm
133
What is the main reason for the rapid increase in the world's population?
More wars and conflicts
Increased natural disasters
Improved healthcare and lower death rates
134
What are the social implications of an aging population?
High birth rates
Increased demand for healthcare and elderly care services
More young workers available
135
Which factor can lead to a declining birth rate?
Increased access to education and family planning
Lack of healthcare
A rise in fertility treatments
136
How does migration affect housing in urban areas?
It has no impact on housing availability
It leads to less housing demand
It increases demand, leading to higher housing costs
137
How does access to water influence population density?
Water has no effect on population density
Desert areas attract large populations
People settle near rivers and coasts for water supply and transport
138
What is the impact of HIV/AIDS on population change?
It increases the death rate and lowers life expectancy
It causes people to migrate to rural areas
It leads to a rise in birth rates
139
How do roads and railways influence settlement growth?
They prevent people from settling in an area
They improve transport links, encouraging trade and population growth
They make it harder for businesses to operate
140
Which of the following factors influence population density?
Only physical and economic factors
Only economic factors
Physical, economic, social, and political factors
141
Why do some settlements grow near natural resources?
Access to resources like coal and minerals creates jobs and attracts people
Resources make land infertile and unsuitable for settlement
Natural resources decrease economic opportunities
142
What is a consequence of urban sprawl?
Reduction in urban population density and improved living standards
Loss of agricultural land, increased pollution, and traffic congestion
Preservation of farmland and green spaces
143
What is counter-urbanization?
The increase in population density in urban areas
The movement of people from urban areas to rural areas
The expansion of cities into surrounding areas
144
What is a negative impact of migration on the destination country?
Increased labor supply and economic growth
Increased pressure on housing, healthcare, and jobs
Cultural diversity
