Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...

assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect

According to the medical model...

abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease

A perceptual set implies that...

people often see what they expect to see

Anhedonia is when a person...

has difficulty experiencing pleasure

how alternatives in a decision problem are presented

The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..

the personal qualities of the residents

The superego is Freud's term for...

the moral component of personality

Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...

personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level

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AP Psychology - AP Exam Review

150 termsStudBud Administration19 plays

A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.

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Questions 150

Answers

1
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
the conjunction fallacy
overestimating the improbable
the gambler's fallacy
the confirmation bias
2
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
halo effect in aggression
basis for performing pro-social behavior
3
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
attachment probing
strange situation
shared inhibition
secure-avoidant
4
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
unipolar
dissociative
cyclical
bipolar
5
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
pineal gland
parietal lobe
corpus callosum
thalamus
6
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
coping mechanisms
offense mechanisms
id mechanisms
defense mechanisms
7
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
stage 1
stage 4
REM
stage 2
8
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
an amphetamine
a narcotic
a hallucinogen
a sedative
9
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
a just noticeable difference
subliminal perception
a false alarm
a superimposed stimulus
10
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
the cephalopedal trend
the proximodistal trend
the cephalocaudal trend
encephalitis
11
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
pancreas
thyroid gland
sebaceous gland
pituitary gland
12
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
complete retrieval failure
partial storage
complete storage failure
partial retrieval
13
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
loudness
decibels
timbre
pitch
14
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
sensation
attention
processing
perception
15
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
narcolepsy
pseudoinsomnia
insomnia
sleep apnea
16
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
morphemes
phonemes
linguistic heuristics
syntax
17
According to the medical model...
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
18
A perceptual set implies that...
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
people often see what they expect to see
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
19
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
amount of time awake
amount of time alseep
exposure to light
cultural practices
20
Anhedonia is when a person...
experiences mild manic states
has difficulty experiencing pleasure
has trouble getting along with people
has two different psychological disorders
21
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
displacement
regression
compensation
fixation
22
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
IQ
mental age
a percentile score
a potential score
23
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
boat-goat
car-nose
fill-feed
tree-bird
24
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
schema
chunk
semantic network
script
25
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
systematic desensitization
avoidance therapy
aversion therapy
psychotherapy
26
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
total loss of personal control
resistance to pain
reduction of inhibitions
hallucinations
27
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test norms
test levels
test scales
test scores
28
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
standardized; intelligence
intelligence; personality
personality; standardized
intelligence; standardized
29
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
wish fulfillment theory
activation-synthesis theory
problem-solving theory
None of the Above
30
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
happiness
sadness
surprise
fear
31
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
spatial
mechanical
logical-mathemathical
musical
32
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
predictability
consistency
representativeness
accuracy of inference
33
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
rabbit
rat
fear reaction
loud noise
34
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
alpha
beta
gamma
delta
35
Framing refers to...
presenting irrelevant information
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
presenting only part of the information required
36
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
sympathetic nerves
autonomic nerves
efferent nerves
afferent nerves
37
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
personality
anxiety
schizophrenic
mood
38
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
the unconscious
behavior
conscious experience
the brain
39
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
predictive validity
criterion-related validity
content validity
standardized validity
40
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
job discrimination experienced by the residents
poor police protection
the personal qualities of the residents
crowded living conditions
41
The superego is Freud's term for...
the moral component of personality
the mediating agent between the id and ego
the conscious aspect of personality
the biological impulses that drive behavior
42
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
reticular formation
limbic system
brainstem
cerebellum
43
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
thalamus
spinal cord
location of injury
cortex
44
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
closure
similiarity
symmetry
constancy
45
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
unrealistic demands from family/friends
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
46
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
leftbrain/right brain communication
endocrine system
reticular formation
limbic system
47
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
independently of autonomic arousal
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
before autonomic arousal
after autonomic arousal
48
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
illusions
hallucinations
delusions
obsessions
49
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
become aggressive
remain in continuous wakefulness
remain in continuous sleep
become fearful/cautious
50
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
sensory
long-term
intermediate-term
short-term
51
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the control group
the observational group
the experimental group
the correlational group
52
Homeostasis is a state of...
psychological stability
physiological stability
physiological instability
psychological instability
53
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
industry vs. inferiority
initiative vs. guilt
trust vs. mistrust
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
54
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
avoidance
repression
neurogenic amnesia
suppression
55
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
low in openness
low in extraversion
high in neuroticism
high in agreeableness
56
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
he's just like his father
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
he always gets in fights
57
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
recognition
recall
relearning
reiteration
58
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a clinical psychologist
a forensic psychologist
a social psychologist
a developmental psychologist
59
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
tie shoe laces
print letters
fear the dark
sing a song
60
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
group differences in basic intelligence
genetic influences on IQ
changes in testing procedures
a variety of environmental factors
61
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
episodic
procedural
fluid
crystallized
62
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
marital problems
bipolar disorder
schizophrenia
anxiety disorders
63
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
an aptitude test
an achievement test
an intelligence test
a personality test
64
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Cannon's area
Wernicke's area
Sperry's area
Broca's area
65
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
change
frustration
conflict
pressure
66
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
hypnosis
consciousness
sensation
perception
67
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
stereotypes
self-serving bias
attributions
prejudices
68
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
sequential
time of testing
cross-sectional
longitundinal
69
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
not really been asleep
been dreaming
not been dreaming
a headache
70
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
psychoanalysis
behaviorism
functionalism
neodynamism
71
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
corpus callosum
hypothalamus
cerebral cortex
medulla
72
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
fast-mapping
semantic slanting
metalinguistic awareness
overextension
73
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
i wanted a cookie
cookie
give cookie
I eated a cookie
74
What is somnambulism?
difficulty remaining asleep
sleep-talking
sleep-walking
difficulty breathing when asleep
75
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
percentiles
means
correlation coefficients
standard deviation
76
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
aggressiveness
excessive guilt
manipulative behavior
social charm
77
What is cognitive dissonance?
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
78
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
just noticeable difference
absolute threshold
subliminal threshold
sensory memory
79
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
ESB
tumor ligation
lesioning
stereotaxic inversion
80
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
obedience
conformity
groupthink
cognitive dissonance
81
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
teratogens
prenatals
opiates
pathogens
82
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
abstract operations
physical interaction
logical reasoning
systematic hypothesis testing
83
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
a risk-aversion conflict
an approach-approach conflict
an approach-avoidance conflict
84
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
selection
step-wise conditioning
stimulus discrimination
shaping
85
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
a continuous reinforcement schedule
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
86
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
the endocrine system
memory
feeding
the autonomic nervous system
87
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
mentalism
intelligence
introspection
cognition
88
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
use the elimination by aspects strategy
are using the representativeness heuristic
are using the availability heuristic
use a holistic decision model
89
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
olfactory cilia
smell buds
gustatory bulbs
sciatic receptors
90
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
absolute
construct
content
criterion-related
91
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
thalamus
pituitary
gonads
thyroid
92
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
personality
temperament
attachment
behavioral quality
93
The function of sensory memory is to...
hold information for a lifetime
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
put information into long-term memory
94
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
collectivism
individualism
attributionism
functionalism
95
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
anterograde amnesia
pseudoforgetting
retroactive interference
retrograde amnesia
96
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
mean
mode
median
midpoint
97
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
an external attribution
a distinctive attribution
an internal attribution
a situational attribution
98
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
state-dependent learning
observational learning
99
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
genital
anal
latency
oral
100
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
positive reinforcement
escape learning
an unconditioned response
avoidance learning
101
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
psychoanalytic
behavioral
cognitive
humanistic
102
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
availability heuristic
conjunction heuristic
representativeness heuristic
law of small numbers
103
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
hearing a sound
seeing a flash of light
smelling an odor
moving a part of his body
104
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
stimulus generalization
conditioned emotional reactions
spontaneous recovery
stimulus discrimination
105
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
fixed-interval schedule
variable-interval schedule
fixed-ratio schedule
variable-ratio schedule
106
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
the principle of collectivism
the reciprocity norm
the law of cognitive dissonance
display rules
107
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
ablated
retrieved
encoded
modeled
108
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
the internal state causes the facial expression
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
109
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
phonemic
morphemic
platonic
mnemonic
110
An antagonist...
extends the absolute refractory period
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
111
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
evolutionary theory
incentive theory
drive theory
instinct theory
112
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
extinction
unconditioning
conditioned forgetting
spontaneous remission
113
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
physiological recordings
questionnaires
psychological tests
direct observation
114
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
were put into a simulated prison
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
115
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a self-report inventory
a projective test
a behavior rating
a deceptive test
116
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
schematizing
cognitive structuring
stereotypes
cultural direction
117
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
group polarization
conformity
deindividuation
social loafing
118
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
top-down processing
bottom-up processing
bottom-to-top processing
lateral processing
119
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
the absolute refractory period
the relative threshold period
transduction capacity
transduction incapacity
120
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
stirrup
oval window
temporal lobe
cochlea
121
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
attention encoding
the semantic level of encoding
the triarchic level of encoding
dyadic encoding
122
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
William James
Rene Decartes
Wilhelm Wundt
G. Stanley Hall
123
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
maladaptive behaviors
the unconscious
irrational thoughts
the conscious
124
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
salivation
food/meat powder
tone
light
125
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
censoring dissent from group members
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
126
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
sedatives
cannabis
alcohol
narcotics
127
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
conversion disorder
fugue
panic disorder
bipolar disorder
128
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
postconventional
preconventional
concrete
conventional
129
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
a compulsion
a delusion
an obsession
a phobia
130
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
classical conditioning
reinforcement
operant conditioning
observational learning
131
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
parental investments
display rules
social scripts
investment differentiations
132
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
vitreous humor
cornea
iris
lens
133
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
marijuana
cocaine
heroin
mescaline
134
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
operant conditioning
observational learning
classical conditioning
punishment
135
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
a contravened stereotype
a self-serving attribution
a heuristic observation
demonstrates an illusory correlation
136
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
computerized tomography
magnetic resonance imaging
positron emission tomography
electrographic tomography
137
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
reversibility
centration
egocentrism
conservation
138
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
color
saturation
light purity
brightness
139
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
insight
reasoning
creativity
intelligence
140
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
development of secondary sex characteristics
formal operations
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
post-conventional moral reasoning
141
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
occipital cortex
prefrontal cortex
hypothalamus
medulla
142
Negative reinforcement involves...
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
143
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
operant conditioning
latent learning
classical conditioning
insight learning
144
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender roles
gender differences
gender behaviors
gender stereotypes
145
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
flashbulb memories
episodic memories
non-declarative memories
sensory memories
146
A valid test is one that...
measures what it is supposed to measure
has been standardized but not normed
is reliable
is consistent
147
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
dopamine
endorphin
serotonin
acetylcholine
148
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
attitude is to action
feeling is to thinking
behavior is to motive
thought is to perception
149
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
agonists
antagonists
neurotransmitters
action potentials
150
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
positive reinforcement
superstitious behavior
observational learning
classical conditioning

AP Psychology - AP Exam Review Flashcards | StudBud