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202 after midterm
202 after midterm
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1
Currently dental products are under the regulation of which government department?
Food and Drug Administration
American Dental Association
Institute of Pharmacy
Institute of Medicine
2
A refereed journal is sometimes called (a) ________.
Blind periodical
Non-peer-reviewed
Both Blind periodical and Non-peer-reviewed
Peer-reviewed
3
A study should be randomized if at all possible.
False
True
4
What does a p-value of 0.01 mean?
1:99 will produce the same research results
1:100 will produce the same research results
1:1000 will produce the same research results
1:10 will produce the same research results
5
Ordinal scale
Organize data into mutually exclusive categories rank-ordere base criterion
Large and infinite number of measures along a continuum
none
Represented numerically
6
Nominal scale
Large and infinite number of measures along a continuum
none
Controlled or uncontrolled diabetes is an example of which scale?
Nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio
7
What percentage of data will fall within 1 standard deviation of the mean?
99.7%
68%
34.5%
95%
8
An institutional review board should include which roles?
Protects the institution and the researchers against lawsuits
All of these
Ensures that the rights and safety of the research subjects are respected a
Holds the researchers accountable to the public
9
The measure of confidence in test results is called ________.
Clinical improvements
Statistical improvements
Statistical significance
Clinical significance
10
An example of a peer-reviewed journal is the ________.
All of these
Journal of Practical Hygiene
Journal of Dental Hygiene
International Journal of Dental Hygiene
11
A bar graph is used to present categorical data.
True
False
12
The FDA provides dental professionals with information concerning various health products through their FDA ________.
Bulletin
Times
Review
Writings
13
PubMed is a reliable source to find research reports and is from the _____
National Library of Medicine
Food and Drug Administration
National Library of Dentistry
Dental Museum
14
Informed consent, another ethical consideration, requires educating a subject in a research study
True
False
15
Abstract
Detailed outline of previous findings
none
A condensed version of a study
Should include a clear, concise purpose statement
16
The mean of the following set of values is 3: 7, 7, 8, 8, and 5.
True
False
17
Which of the following parts of a research report should include a detailed description of the research instruments, eq
Methods and materials
Introduction
Results
Literature review
18
A bar graph is used to present categorical data.
True
False
19
When research involves human subjects, an informed consent must be obtained because subjects should always understand
Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct.
Both the statement and the reason are correct but NOT related.
The statement is correct but the reason is NOT.
20
Which of the following parts of a research report should include a variety of current and relevant studies?
Conclusion
Abstract
Results
Literature review
21
Nonparametric inferential tests are selected to be used when which of the following is being utilized in the study?
1,4,5
2,4,6
2,3,6
1,3,6
22
Which of the following can be determined by examining the mean and median of the distribution?
Skew
Bell curve
Normal bell distribution
Gaussian distribution
23
A peer-reviewed article indicates that the article has been reviewed by ______
An editor from the publishers
Editorial reviewers who are copyeditors
Both An editor from the publishers and Editorial reviewers are copyeditors
Editorial reviewers who are dental providers/researchers
24
Which type of statistic will compare groups, test a hypothesis, and make predictions?
Descriptive
Observational
Inferential
Correlative
25
Which scale of measurement is not used in oral health research?
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
26
Which is a perfect correlation?
+.98
+.75
0
+1
27
Bioethics, an important aspect of conducting research, refers to the inherent role of ethics in health care and the esta
The first statement is false; the second statement is true.
The first statement is true; the second statement is false.
Both statements are true.
Both statements are false.
28
The median is the ________.
Midpoint
Both Average and Most frequently occurring value
Average
Most frequently occurring value
29
What involves the application of statistical tests to the data in order to organize, describe, summarize, and analyze it
Data assessment
Data interpretation
Causality
Data analysis
30
Studies need to have enough subjects to be valid.
False
True
31
Alpha value sets the significance level of when the null should be rejected.
True
False
32
Which of the following parts of a research report should include a summary of all relevant data, including statistics
Methods and materials
Both Results and Discussion
Abstract
Results
33
Scales of measurement
Nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio
Large and infinite number of measures along a continuum
Represented numerically
none
34
The most compelling ethical dilemma with the Tuskegee Study was which of the following?
Researchers became too close with subjects
Did not make the study consent available in all languages
Plagiarism of test results
Did not offer Curative Treatment that was available
35
Continuous variable
Nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio
Large and infinite number of measures along a continuum
none
Represented numerically
36
Which following part of research report should contain a condensed version of purpose, methods, results, and conclusion?
Conclusion
Abstract
Discussion
Review of the literature
37
The measure of confidence in test results is called ________.
Clinical significance
Statistical improvements
Statistical significance
Clinical improvements
38
A histogram uses dots on a frequency table.
True
False
39
Which of the following parts of a research report should include a variety of current and relevant studies?
Results
Abstract
Conclusion
Literature review
40
A study should be randomized if at all possible.
True
False
41
A refereed journal is sometimes called (a) ________.
Blind periodical
Both Blind periodical and Non-peer-reviewed
Non-peer-reviewed
Peer-reviewed
42
Inter-rater reliability is when test administration is consistent from a single examiner.
False
True
43
Discrete variable
Large and infinite number of measures along a continuum
Represented numerically
none
Nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio
44
What act adds to the confidentiality of patient records?
HIPPO
IRB
HIPAA
BEG
45
Which of the following parts of a research report should include a detailed description of the research instruments,
Introduction
Literature review
Methods and materials
Results
46
A dental hygienist should recommend products based on the ADA Seal.
True
False
47
Which theorem suggests that if an infinite number of randomly selected samples is drawn from a population, the means of
Normal distribution
Skew
Central limit
Bell distribution
48
Literature review
none
Should include a clear, concise purpose statement
Detailed outline of previous findings
A condensed version of a study
49
What type of research error occurs when a researcher mistakenly accepts null hypothesis?
Type I
Type III
Type II
Type IV
50
The ADA Seal of Acceptance program is regulated by the ________.
Institute of Medicine
American Dental Hygienists' Association
American Dental Association
Food and Drug Administration
51
Currently dental products are under the regulation of which government department?
Institute of Pharmacy
Institute of Medicine
American Dental Association
Food and Drug Administration
52
When a covered entity conducts clinical research involving protected health information (PHI), dental hygienists-inve
The first statement is true; the second statement is false.
The first statement is false; the second statement is true.
Both statements are true.
Both statements are false.
53
The number of examiners should be fairly large to ensure calibration.
False
True
54
What group is charged with reviewing the ethical implications of a research study?
Health access group
Ethic study board
Institutional review board
Bioethics review group
55
This refers to a relationship or association between variables that can be measured mathematically.
Set limit theorem
Trend
Causality
Correlation
56
Which of the following demonstrates the strongest correlation coefficient?
-0.7
0.6
-0.1
0.2
57
Which of the following parts of a research report should contain a condensed version of the purpose, methods, results, a
Discussion
Review of the literature
Abstract
Conclusion
58
P-value determines the probability of the null hypothesis being true.
False
True
59
Which of the following sources can be used to locate information on dental care products?
All of these
Sales representatives
Colleagues, Lay magazines
Internet
60
The Tuskegee Syphilis study was conducted by which institution?
FDA
CDC
FTC
US PHS
61
Which of the following parts of a research report should evaluate and interpret findings?
Discussion
Abstract
Results
Conclusion
62
What requires that critical thinking be used to explain meaning and application findings and identify possible factors t
Data analysis
Interpretation
Causality
Data assessment
63
Which of the following is a nonparametric test that compares two or more data sets from different sample groups?
Chi-Square of independence
Chi-Square
F-test
T-test
64
The FDA provides dental professionals with information concerning various health products through their FDA ________.
Review
Writings
Bulletin
Times
65
Making good ethical decisions in research can help an institution, researchers, and society as a whole
The first statement is false; the second statement is true.
Both statements are false.
The first statement is true; the second statement is false.
Both statements are true.
66
What happens when you square a negative integer?
A negative integer remains
A positive number is created
67
This error occurs when the null hypothesis is rejected, and it is true.
Type II
Type III
Type I
Type IV
68
The Belmont Report describes ethical principles and guidelines for research involving human subjects. Identified
Specific guidelines for war
Roles of institutions
Respect for persons
None of these
69
Which term shows how many standard deviations a given raw score is above or below the mean?
Z-score
Average deviation
Variance
F-ratio
70
A dental hygienist should recommend products based on the ADA Seal.
True
False
71
A dental hygienist who educates patients on dental care products is acting as a consumer advocate.
False
True
72
What type of sampling would give a researcher the most valid and reliable research results?
Systematic
Random
Convenience
Stratified
73
Ethics, in a "nutshell," is about doing the right thing.
True
False
74
The ADA Seal of Acceptance program is regulated by the ___
American Dental Hygienists' Association
Food and Drug Administration
Institute of Medicine
American Dental Association
75
Which is the most common correlation coefficient? Which is the most common correlation coefficient?
Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient
Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient
76
The mean is commonly considered to be the ________.
Midpoint
Average
Most frequently occurring value
Both most frequently occurring value and Midpoint
77
Methodology
Detailed outline of previous findings
Method and material section
none
Should include a clear, concise purpose statement
78
Introduction
Detailed outline of previous findings
none
Should include a clear, concise purpose statement
A condensed version of a study
79
Which of the following parts of a research report should include a summary of all relevant data, including statistics an
Abstract
Results
Methods and materials
Discussion
80
Which of the following are numeric data counted in terms of whole numbers?
Discrete
Categorical
Continuous
Dichotomous
81
If p-value<alpha, we should reject the null hypothesis.
True
False
82
Which of the following parts of a research report should evaluate and interpret findings?
Discussion
Results
Conclusion
Abstract
83
P-value represents the likelihood that statistics will occur due to chance.
True
False
84
In the scientific community it is considered the cutoff point for statistical significance if a p value is equal or less
.005
.50
.05
.5
85
An example of a peer-reviewed journal is the ________.
All of these
Journal of Dental Hygiene
International Journal of Dental Hygiene
Journal of Practical Hygiene
86
Most events in this world tend to fall into a bell-shaped curve called a normal distribution, sometimes called the ____
Left skew
Gaussian distribution
Positive skew
Right skew
87
Ethical behavior in research may be described as what is ________
Both Right and Legal
Legal
All of these
Right
88
This scale of measurement shows the distance between 2 values as =, with no absolute value.
Ordinal
Nominal
Interval
Ratio
89
Which of the following sources can be used to locate information on dental care products?
Internet, Colleagues
Sales representatives
All of these
Lay magazines
90
The number of examiners should be fairly large to ensure calibration.
False
True
91
What type of graph is represented below?
2,4,6
1,4,6
1,3,5
1,4,5
92
A peer-reviewed article indicates that the article has been reviewed by ____
All of these
Editorial reviewers who are copyeditors
An editor from the publishers
Editorial reviewers who are dental providers/researchers
93
Research misconduct may include ________.
Plagiarism
Copyright or patent infringement
Falsifying or fabricating data
All of these
94
Results and discussions
Findings of a study
none
Method and material section
Detailed outline of previous findings
95
Standard deviation measures:
Dispersion of data
Central tendency of data
Both dispersion and spread of data
Spread of data
