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AP Psych Exam Review - The Big One Flashcards | StudBud
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AP Psych Exam Review - The Big One
AP Psych Exam Review - The Big One
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1
which structure in the eye is most responsible for color vision
cornea
cones
optic nerve
rods
2
What kind of therapy involves both cognitive and behavioral interventions
rational emotive behavior therapy
aversion therapy
counterconditioning
systematic desensitization
3
Which is most directly involved in the electrical aspect of neurotransmission
neurotransmiters
synaptic cleft
terminal button
myelin
4
A doctor determining whether an accident caused structural damage to the brain would use
EEG
rTMS
PET
MRI
5
Restarting your printer over and over but failing to notice it is out of paper demonstrates
belief perseverance
low experiential intelligence
divergent thinking
a mental set
6
Why are psychoanalysts interested in talking with patients about dreams
symbols in dreams represent unconscious conflicts
disturbing dreams are obstacles to self actualization
neurotransmitter anomalies cause dream disturbances
counter conditioned behaviors are often revealed in dreams
7
Milgram's obedience study was criticized based on what ethical grounds
risk of psychological harm
lack of informed consent
violation of confidentiality
lack of debriefing
8
When like-minded groups take more extreme positions than individuals comprising the group
deindividuation
social facilitation
groupthink
group polarization
9
Someone who can't move the muscles needed for accurate speech might have brain damage where
Wernicke's area
Broca's area
hippocampus
Gage's area
10
Garcia and Koelling's research on aversions established which UCS/CS pairs as most powerful
performing a task and receiving food
punishment and aversion
movement and electrical shocks
nausea and food or drink
11
Which best explains the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory
physiological reaction and cognitive labeling cause emotion
people follow a pattern of alarm, resistance, exhaustion
perceived control over life reduces stress and improves mood
an event causes an emotion and a physiological response
12
when first born, humans' dominant sense is
smell
touch
sight
hearing
13
Choosing 20 people at random from a large lecture class of 400 is an example of
assignment to conditions
representative assignment
random sampling
random assignment
14
4YO Kate sits right in front of all the other kids to watch a magician. According to Piaget,
Kate has a lack of conservation
Kate cannot reason hypothetically
Kate is demonstrating egocentrism
Kate lacks object permanence
15
After studying for weeks and taking an AP exam, Conrad gets the flu. What theory explains this
Selye's general adaptation syndrome
James-Lange theory of emotion
Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory
Yerkes-Dodson law
16
Intelligence researchers like Gardner and Sternberg argue that schools focus too much on
environmental factors that influence intelligence
meeting the needs of students with disabilities
traditional and analytical subjects and methods
nonessential subjects like art and music
17
After a natural disaster Faye says, "Serves them right for not having better warning systems."
just world bias
self-serving bias
false consensus effect
Barnum effect
18
Julie is more alert in the morning; John in the evening. This is because of differences in
circadian rhythm
personalities
sleep cycles
daily activities
19
which of the following is most likely to lead to a confabulated memory
brain injury
proactive interference
leading questions
relearning effect
20
Harlow's rhesus monkey experiment illustrated
the danger of separating babies from their natural parents
the importance of physical contact to development
that primates can make and use tools
that language is a uniquely human skill
21
a musicians ability to discern between 2 similar pitches depends on which concept
absolute threshold
difference threshold
signal detection theory
bottom up processing
22
Bandura's theory of reciprocal determinism states personality results from the interaction of
id, ego, and superego
genetics, the unconscious, and social facilitation
traits, the environment, and behavior
rewards, punishments, and reinforcers
23
Lana learns how to be goalie as her coach gradually rolls the ball faster at parts the goal
law of effect
higher-order conditioning
token economy
behavior shaping
24
What kind of personality theorist would be most interested in the results of the MMPI
trait
humanistic
biological
psychoanalytic
25
REM sleep deprivation generally causes what kinds of side effects
interference with memory tasks
sleep apnea and night terrors
intense, prolonged periods of Stage 3 & 4 sleep
heightened manifest dream content
26
Of the following, children will most likely develop this skill first
clap their hands
write with a pencil
say a sentence
cut with a knife
27
psychogenic amnesia is an indication of which kind of psychological disorder
dissociative
personality
schizophrenic
anixety
28
If a distribution of scores includes outliers, which measure of central tendency should be used
standard deviation
range
mean
median
29
which psychologist would agree w/the following: behavior results from reinforcers & punishers
Albert Bandura
B.F. Skinner
Carl Rogers
William James
30
Which of the following models of personality is the least deterministic
psychodynamic
biological
evolutionary
humanistic
31
which of the following statistics provides most information about how spread out a data set is
range
mean
median
standard deviation
32
Reading a job description written with masculine pronouns, people think of the employee as male
linguistic relativity hypothesis
the social role hypothesis
gender schema theory
principle of continuity
33
turning up the volume on a radio changes which aspect of sound
pitch of the tone
amplitude of the wave
frequency of the wave
transduction of the wave
34
When running for class president, Edy puts pictures of herself everywhere. Why might this help
central route persuasion
mere-exposure effect
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
deindividuation
35
which disorder would respond best to cognitive behavioral therapy
schizophrenia
dissociative identity disorder
bipolar disorder
major depressive disorder
36
What factors are ignored when people commit the fundament attribution error
dispositional
situational
social
behavioral
37
An American's prototype of a chair is most likely to include
a desk and/or table
pens, pencils, and a computer
an armchair, chairlift, and wheelchair
four legs and a seat
38
what is the first step in any example of classical conditioning
reinforcing for a behavior similar to the desired behavior
pairing an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus
rewarding a conditioned response with a conditioned stimulus
following a response with a reinforcement or punishment
39
classical conditioning involves __________; operant conditioning involves __________
fixed intervals; variable ratios
schedules; punishers
learned responses; physiological reactions
pairing stimuli; rewards and punishments
40
If Pavlov's dogs began to salivate when they heard a sound similar to a bell they would show
spontaneous recovery
stimulus discrimination
stimulus generalization
unconditioned response
41
Which is a common criticism of Freud's personality theory
his evidence comes from therapy sessions, not empirical data
it doesn't apply to people with disorders
his research wasn't representative of the population
Genetics was not advanced enough to be used as Freud tried
42
How would drive reduction theory explain a person eating half a bowl of M&M's and stopping
the person stopped when their body had reached homeostasis
they were satisfying the 2nd step on the hierarchy of needs
people eat in moderation to prevent being seen as selfish
humans are instinctively driven to eat sugar and fat
43
which is an example of an implicit memory
describing the taste of a birthday cake
recalling the name of your JH math teacher
recognizing a celebrity
remembering how to tie your shoelace
44
people who catch violent movies are more likely to behave violently: this statement reflects
insight learning
counterconditioning
observational learning
latent learning
45
Sherif's Robbers Cave study indicates that this principle best reduces tensions between groups
group polarization
diffusion of responsibility
superordinate goals
deindividuation
46
children who suffer brain damage can regain function more quickly than older patients due to
neuroplasticity
effective psychological environment
contralateral control
hemispheric lateralization
47
The ability to solve a new computer game based on logical puzzles probably depends on
multiple intelligences
crystallized intelligence
fluid intelligence
aptitude intelligence
48
if the College Board left out questions about neuroscience on the AP exam, the test would lack
split-half reliability
predictive validity
content validity
test-retest reliability
49
Which question would be most useful to test Kohlberg's idea of pre & post-conventional morality
If 3 are taken from a group of 12, how many are left
at what age can children reason abstractly
should you tell a small lie to not hurt someone's feelings
what is the best way to respond to a baby crying in her crib
50
A therapist who tells a client to write down their depressed thoughts is using this perspective
pharmacological
structuralist
behavioral
cognitive
51
which kinds of personality theorists would make use of a projective test
social-cognitive
trait
psychoanalyst
humanist
52
After repeated firings, neural connections are strengthened. What is this process
long-term potentiation
semantic encoding
state-dependent memory
proactive interference
53
which social psychology principle best explains prejudice
in-group bias
individualism
compliance strategies
self-serving bias
54
What research method could study the relationship between owning a hybrid car and being vegan
naturalistic observation
case study
experiment
correlation study
55
which 2 competing theories explain the effects of hypnosis
manifest content and latent content
role theory and dissociation theory
conscious level and non conscious level
circadian rhythm and paradoxical sleep
56
Which is most closely associated with creativity
functional fixedness
divergent thinking
contextual intelligence
hypothesis testing
57
10 YO Genna underwent a right hemispherectomy. What action best shows her neuroplasticity
moving her left hand
speaking aloud
solving a logic problem
understanding what was said to her
58
which of the following most impacts the speed of motor development
early gross motor practice
concrete operational exercises
myelination of brain neurons
secure attachment with parents
59
According to humanist theory, psychological disorders are most likely caused by
learned associations
neurochemical imbalances
unfulfilled needs
unhealthy attributional styles
60
Elizabeth Loftus' research on wording and misinformation effects on memory best demonstrate
the reconstructive nature of memory
the rate at which people forget information
the serial position effect
the role of the hippocampus in memory
61
According to Kohlberg, in order to reason at the postconventional level, people must
be able to take another person's perspective
resolve the integrity vs. despair conflict
believe in God
have been exposed to good, moral role models
62
Which of the following is LEAST likely to contribute to prejudice
superordinate goals
out-group homogeneity
scapegoating
stereotyping
63
which type of therapist is most likely to prescribe lithium for a patient with bipolar disorder
psychoanalyst
cognitive psychotherapist
clinical psychologist
psychiatrist
64
Ani believes she is capable of succeeding in nursing school. Her mindset is associated with
an extraverted personality
low self-esteem
high self-efficacy
a strong superego
65
A teacher ignoring her students' prior grades so her opinion of them is not influenced avoids
self-fulfilling prophecy
cognitive dissonance
self-serving bias
fundamental attribution error
66
Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation experiment studied what developmental concept
motor development
assimilation
parenting style
attachment
67
patients who are described as "split brain" have had what structure removed
corpus callosum
prefrontal cortex
hippocampus
medulla oblongata
68
what kind of symptom is common among all somatic symptom disorders
experiencing a physical problem without a physical cause
disconnection from reality and delusions
substance abuse and dependence
inappropriate or flat affect
69
What area of psychology focuses on subjective well-being, optimism, self-esteem, and happiness
psychometrics
positive psychology
social psychology
health psychology
70
Erikson's initiative vs. guilt stage is most closely related to Freud's
phallic stage
latency period
anal stage
oral stage
71
Most people can taste 1g of salt in 1qt of water. Which concept is related to this statement
difference threshold
absolute threshold
frequency theory
sensory adaptation
72
You girlfriend dumps you. "I always knew she was bad news" your friend says. This demonstrates
self-serving bias
hindsight bias
overconfidence
a theory
73
Runners in a park increase their speed when another runner comes into view. This illustrates
social roles
social facilitation
disinhibition
conformity
74
our ability to perceive depth depends on what other perceptual abilities
proximity and similarity
binocular and monocular cues
vestibular and kinesthetic senses
top-down and bottom-up processing
75
Someone who fails an exam and reacts by studying longer probably has this locus of control
fundamental
external
internal
situational
76
Which of the following has been linked to a deficit of dopamine
major depressive disorder
Alzheimer's disease
Parkinson's disease
autism
77
According to Piaget, when we can't ______ new information, we change our schemas through ______
reduce : stereotypes
ignore : adaptation
reward : punishment
assimilate : accomodate
78
which of the following terms applies to IQ tests
projective
achievement
standardized
triarchic
79
An EEG of Cyrus after he has been asleep for about an hour would show primarily
delta waves
sleep spindles
alpha waves
beta waves
80
What would Piaget test to see if a child is in pre-operational or concrete operational stage
attachment
universal ethical principles
object permanence
conservation
81
Vance's psychiatrist diagnoses him with bipolar disorder. Which medication would he prescribe
L-Dopa
lithium
benzodiazepines
SSRIs
82
what is the principle tool used in all forms of psychotherapy
cognitive-behavioral interventions
biomedical interventions
secondary preventions
talking to a patient
83
When Jake is late to basketball practice his coach makes him run laps. Jake is not late again
negative reinforcement
positive punishment
positive reinforcement
modeling
84
Which technique would be most helpful in avoiding the problems associated with groupthink
identifying approach-avoidance conflicts
responding to deindividuation among group members
increasing group polarization within different groups
encouraging contrary opinions within the group
85
Which of the therapies below is no longer used to treat patients
gestalt therapy
prefrontal lobotomy
electro-convulsive shock therapy
free association
86
What theory of emotion are cognitive psychologists likely to support
social facilitation theory
opponent process theory
Schachter two-factor theory
James-Lange theory
87
en route
to the visual cortex, information from the eyes' retinas crosses at the
optic nerve
optic chiasm
fovea
feature detectors
88
authoritarian parents demonstrate
high warmth and high control
low warmth and high control
low warmth and low control
high warmth and low control
89
In people, rods, unlike cones,
are located in the center of the retina
respond more quickly to colors
are unable to detect motion
have a lower absolute threshold for light
90
A teacher whose class culture encourages intrinsic motivation uses which management style
James-Lange
theory Y
postconventional
approach-avoidance
91
Maria slams the car door and yells at her kids. Now when they hear a car door slam they cringe
operant conditioning
observational learning
instrumental learning
classical conditioning
92
People who are easily hypnotizable are likely to score highly on which Big 5 trait
extraversion
conscientiousness
openness
neuroticism
93
Which best describes how neurons communicate with one another
hormones jump from one axon to the next
chemical signals at the synaptic cleft
electrical signals between two myelin sheaths
physical contact between dendrites
94
learned helplessness is most likely to be directly related to
the Oedipus complex
an external locus of control
unconditional positive regard
the self-serving bias
95
One group receives an ad for 99% fat free milk; the other for 1% fat milk. What being tested
confirmation bias
inattentional blindness
representativeness heuristic
framing effects
96
Lara is attracted to Craig but can't stand his friends and family. Her conflict is classified
approach-approach
she does not have a conflict
approach-avoidance
avoidance-avoidance
97
Knowledge of different categories of trees is an example of what type of long-term memory
episodic memory
semantic memory
procedural memory
eidetic memory
98
which structure is part of the inner ear
tympanic membrane
basilar membrane
malleus (hammer)
auditory canal
99
According to Freud, what is the dominant factor in determining our personality traits
unconscious conflicts
genetics and nutrition
secondary drives and needs
parenting styles
100
which would a researcher need to use to determine whether experiment data is significant
counterbalancing
inferential statistics
standard deviation
descriptive statistics
101
what kinds of motivations best encourage positive behaviors to persist over time
extrinsic motivation
intrinsic motivation
need for achievement
primary drives
102
Abraham Maslow theorized that people are motivated by
satisfying needs on a hierarchy
reinforcement of primary and secondary needs
achieving physiological homeostasis
desire to achieve in the eyes of others
103
When Susie went to prom with Dan, Max channeled his feelings of frustration into artwork
projection
reaction formation
sublimation
displacement
104
A musician who signs a recording contract stops playing for fun. This is best explained by
the law of effect
social learning theory
latent learning
the overjustification effect
105
James is interested in the processing strategies children use to learn new information. He is a
sociocultural psychologist
cognitive psychologist
clinical psychologist
personality psychologist
106
counterconditioning lies at the heart of which therapeutic approach
client-centered therapy
REBT
token economies
systematic desensitization
107
A test that identifies people with the potential to be great lawyers is an example of a(n)
EQ test
IQ test
achievement test
aptitude test
108
light enters the eye through an opening in the
fovea
iris
retina
blind spot
109
the somatic nervous system is part of the
sympathetic nervous system
central nervous system
peripheral nervous system
autonomic nervous system
110
Dan is a toddler who avoids eye contact and resists to changes to routine. He shows symptoms of
fetal alcohol syndrome
autism spectrum disorder
Down syndrome
mental retardation
111
At what age is the onset of schizophrenia most typical
early 20s
mid 30s
puberty
late 40s
112
The fact that our ears are located on opposite sides of our head best helps us with
sensory adaptation
hearing high frequencies
sound localization
detecting absolute threshold
113
Which part of the brain is "newest" in an evolutionary sense
hypothalamus
pons
cerebral cortex
cerebellum
114
Which is an important technique used by humanist psychologists during therapy
factor analysis
secondary central dispositions
unconditional positive regard
defense mechanisms
115
A person with a painful skin rash finds hard scratching temporarily relieves the pain
opponent-process theory
gate-control theory
transduction theory
frequency theory
116
An artist making a drawing could use which of the following to add depth to the picture
linear perspective
convergence
closure
retinal disparity
117
How would a person with schizophrenia most differ from a person with a dissociative disorder
a person with schizophrenia has more than one personality
a person with schizophrenia experiences hallucinations
a person with dissociative disorder has trouble keeping jobs
a person with a dissociative disorder has delusions
118
Which concept is most relevant to Noam Chomsky's theory of how children learn language
phonemes and morphemes
language acquisition device
linguistic relativity hypothesis
serial position effect
119
What was one of the factors that increased conformity in Asch's studies
size of the group
wearing guard uniforms
presence of an authority figure
placebo effect
120
What is true about experiments that is not of other research methods
they take place in more realistic, real-life settings
they can gather data from a large number of people quickly
they can determine causal relationships between variables
they involve more research participants than other studies
121
A librarian gives a prize for every five books students read. Her schedule of reinforcement is
fixed variable
variable interval
continuous
fixed ratio
122
damage to the occipital region of the brain would most likely affect which sense
sight
touch
hearing
balance
123
What is the purpose of the DSM
describe the biopsychosocial causes of disorders
list the diagnostic criteria and symptoms of disorders
discuss theories related to the treatment of disorders
explain the symptoms and cures of disorders
124
which technique controls for both experimenter and subject bias
counterbalancing
single blind study
double blind study
Hawthorne effect
125
A person who experiences flashbacks after a serious car accident is likely to be diagnosed with
post-traumatic stress disorder
bipolar disorder
dissociative identity disorder
panic disorder
126
A low level of glucose in Sam's bloodstream would most likely make him want to
pursue a romantic interest
eat a meal
make new friends
go for a run
127
Which personality theory is criticized for its overly optimistic view of human nature
cognitive
humanistic
trait
psychoanalytic
128
A personality test which calls Jan an extravert the first time and an introvert the next lacks
construct validity
aptitude measures
standardization
test-retest reliability
129
a test which places someone into personality categories (e.g.extravert/introvert) is based on
biological theory
social cognitive theroy
trait theory
psychodynamic theory
130
Which of the following is found in Jung's model of the collective unconscious
inferiority complexes
repressed memories
archetypes
functional fixedness
131
Sigmund Freud made this perspective popular in Western Europe at the turn of the 20th century
psychoanalytic
cognitive
evolutionary
behavioral
132
Which structure is located at the most central and protected part of the brain
cerebral cortex
cerebellum
medulla
sensory cortex
133
Which theory would assert that a key motivation for people is spreading their genetic material
psychodynamic
cognitive
humanistic
evolutionary
134
Which statement best represents the relationship between performance and arousal
too little or too much arousal is harmful to performance
performance is best at low and high levels of arousal
performance steadily increases as arousal increases
performance continually decreases as arousal increases
135
In the 3-box model of information processing, memories are first stored in
long-term memory
short-term memory
sensory memory
procedural memory
136
an A+ grade in a class is which kind of reinforcer
secondary
continuous
primary
partial
137
What percent of people score between 70 and 130 on the WISC (M: 100, SD:15)
68
95
84
50
138
A medication prescribed for major depression would most likely act on which neurotransmitter
acetylcholine
adrenaline
serotonin
dopamine
139
How would a psychometrician interpret an IQ score of 145
the person has high verbal bot low logical intelligence
well below the average of 200
slightly above average
three standard deviations above the mean of 100
140
Which is one of the key factors distinguishing major depressive disorder from sadness
sadness is paired with heightened senses and mania
specific changes in the brain
lasts longer than 2 weeks without an obvious cause
normal sadness is much less intense than depression
141
Withdrawal symptoms are most directly caused by this process
dissociation
tolerance
activation-synthesis
antagonists
142
Amy has a cat. The first time she sees a rabbit she calls it a cat. Her mistake is due to
discrimination
accommodation
assimilation
habituation
143
In a class of 25 students, all but 2 score between 82 and 94. The 2 scores of 47 and 55 are
modes
normally distributed
outliers
variances
144
a charity includes free address labels in its fundraising letters to increase contributions
out-group homogeneity
self-fulfilling prophecy
reciprocity norm
fundamental attribution error
145
which brain structure is involved in hunger motivation
hypothalamus
amygdala
medulla
cerebellum
146
the "c" in the word
cat
is best described as a
grapheme
morpheme
holobase
phoneme
147
Which theory explains how experiences from infancy through old age influence personality
Erikson's psychosocial stage theory
Harlow's contact comfort theory
Kohlberg's moral development theory
Piaget's cognitive development theory
148
in the nature vs. nurture debate, nature is most closely associated with
environment
culture
family
temperament
149
What number will tell Matt whether his research is statistically significant
a correlation coefficient close to .75
a standard deviation of 4 or more
a mean that is the same as the median
a probability of chance less than 5%
150
which newborn reflex helps infants find and eat food
Babinski
rooting
Moro
stepping
151
Research indicates that which factor most influences one's sexual orientation
traumatic childhood experiences
hormones released in the womb
parenting style
masculine/feminine personality traits
152
Bandura's Bobo doll experiment evidenced the importance of __________ in social learning
modeling
latent learning
mirror neurons
sublimation
153
seeing someone at the grocery store and remembering their name is an example of
episodic memory
retroactive memory
recall
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
154
the limbic system plays an important role in
planning for the future
maintaining balance
regulating emotion
processing sensory information
155
A variable ratio of reinforcement is often preferable to a fixed ratio because
variable ratio schedules produce the quickest results
variable ratio schedules are more resistant to extinction
fixed ratio schedules are more time intensive
fixed ratios allow both classical and operant learning
156
The case study of Phineas Gage was significant because it was one of the the first examples of
treating a brain-damaged patient with psychotherapy
a specific brain area associated with emotional changes
treatment with drugs that alter neurotransmission
using a CAT scan to document the extent of the injury
157
Delusions and hallucinations are most characteristic of
obsessive-compulsive disorder
schizophrenia
dissociative identity disorder
antisocial personality disorder
158
Pat is laughing because she just won the lottery. Sal thinks she is a fun person. Sal's opinion
is influenced by the fundamental attribution error
is influenced by the self-serving bias
is influenced by the just world hypothesis
is influenced by the norm of reciprocity
159
physiological reactions like surprise or shock are controlled by which part of the NS
serotonin system
endocrine system
sympathetic nervous system
somatic nervous system
160
Which best summarizes the results of Tolman's latent learning experiment
rats who explored the maze first ran faster when reinforced
rats that received punishment ran the maze faster
reinforcement had little impact on the rats' performance
rats that were continually reinforced ran the maze faster
161
testing the problem-solving skills of 10, 20, and 30-year-olds in a study uses this method
developmental study
social-cognitive study
cross-sectional study
longitudinal study
162
Ryan suffers from constant, low-level arousal of his autonomic NS. He most likely suffers from
post-traumatic stress disorder
obsessive-compulsive disorder
generalized anxiety disorder
major depressive disorder
163
negative reinforcers __________ a stimulus in order to ___________ a behavior
add : decrease
remove : increase
remove : punish
remove : decrease