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The Big AP Psych Exam Review
The Big AP Psych Exam Review
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1
When running for class president, Edy puts pictures of herself everywhere. Why might this help
deindividuation
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
central route persuasion
mere-exposure effect
2
Delusions and hallucinations are most characteristic of
dissociative identity disorder
schizophrenia
obsessive-compulsive disorder
antisocial personality disorder
3
Which structure is located at the most central and protected part of the brain
cerebral cortex
sensory cortex
cerebellum
medulla
4
According to Freud, what is the dominant factor in determining our personality traits
secondary drives and needs
genetics and nutrition
parenting styles
unconscious conflicts
5
which social psychology principle best explains prejudice
in-group bias
individualism
compliance strategies
self-serving bias
6
The case study of Phineas Gage was significant because it was one of the the first examples of
a specific brain area associated with emotional changes
treatment with drugs that alter neurotransmission
treating a brain-damaged patient with psychotherapy
using a CAT scan to document the extent of the injury
7
What factors are ignored when people commit the fundament attribution error
social
behavioral
situational
dispositional
8
which structure is part of the inner ear
tympanic membrane
auditory canal
malleus (hammer)
basilar membrane
9
An artist making a drawing could use which of the following to add depth to the picture
closure
convergence
linear perspective
retinal disparity
10
Elizabeth Loftus' research on wording and misinformation effects on memory best demonstrate
the role of the hippocampus in memory
the reconstructive nature of memory
the serial position effect
the rate at which people forget information
11
a musicians ability to discern between 2 similar pitches depends on which concept
difference threshold
absolute threshold
signal detection theory
bottom up processing
12
A musician who signs a recording contract stops playing for fun. This is best explained by
the law of effect
social learning theory
the overjustification effect
latent learning
13
the somatic nervous system is part of the
peripheral nervous system
sympathetic nervous system
autonomic nervous system
central nervous system
14
the "c" in the word
cat
is best described as a
phoneme
morpheme
grapheme
holobase
15
A teacher whose class culture encourages intrinsic motivation uses which management style
approach-avoidance
theory Y
James-Lange
postconventional
16
Which personality theory is criticized for its overly optimistic view of human nature
psychoanalytic
humanistic
trait
cognitive
17
Most people can taste 1g of salt in 1qt of water. Which concept is related to this statement
frequency theory
difference threshold
absolute threshold
sensory adaptation
18
Which is most directly involved in the electrical aspect of neurotransmission
synaptic cleft
terminal button
myelin
neurotransmiters
19
Which theory would assert that a key motivation for people is spreading their genetic material
cognitive
psychodynamic
evolutionary
humanistic
20
Restarting your printer over and over but failing to notice it is out of paper demonstrates
a mental set
belief perseverance
low experiential intelligence
divergent thinking
21
When Jake is late to basketball practice his coach makes him run laps. Jake is not late again
negative reinforcement
positive punishment
positive reinforcement
modeling
22
How would a person with schizophrenia most differ from a person with a dissociative disorder
a person with schizophrenia experiences hallucinations
a person with a dissociative disorder has delusions
a person with dissociative disorder has trouble keeping jobs
a person with schizophrenia has more than one personality
23
Which of the following is found in Jung's model of the collective unconscious
repressed memories
inferiority complexes
functional fixedness
archetypes
24
negative reinforcers __________ a stimulus in order to ___________ a behavior
remove : increase
remove : decrease
remove : punish
add : decrease
25
which kinds of personality theorists would make use of a projective test
psychoanalyst
humanist
social-cognitive
trait
26
Abraham Maslow theorized that people are motivated by
reinforcement of primary and secondary needs
achieving physiological homeostasis
satisfying needs on a hierarchy
desire to achieve in the eyes of others
27
A doctor determining whether an accident caused structural damage to the brain would use
EEG
MRI
rTMS
PET
28
Knowledge of different categories of trees is an example of what type of long-term memory
eidetic memory
episodic memory
procedural memory
semantic memory
29
physiological reactions like surprise or shock are controlled by which part of the NS
endocrine system
somatic nervous system
sympathetic nervous system
serotonin system
30
Julie is more alert in the morning; John in the evening. This is because of differences in
daily activities
personalities
circadian rhythm
sleep cycles
31
children who suffer brain damage can regain function more quickly than older patients due to
contralateral control
hemispheric lateralization
neuroplasticity
effective psychological environment
32
What kind of personality theorist would be most interested in the results of the MMPI
biological
psychoanalytic
trait
humanistic
33
Ani believes she is capable of succeeding in nursing school. Her mindset is associated with
high self-efficacy
low self-esteem
an extraverted personality
a strong superego
34
The ability to solve a new computer game based on logical puzzles probably depends on
aptitude intelligence
multiple intelligences
crystallized intelligence
fluid intelligence
35
What is the purpose of the DSM
explain the symptoms and cures of disorders
list the diagnostic criteria and symptoms of disorders
discuss theories related to the treatment of disorders
describe the biopsychosocial causes of disorders
36
Why are psychoanalysts interested in talking with patients about dreams
disturbing dreams are obstacles to self actualization
counter conditioned behaviors are often revealed in dreams
symbols in dreams represent unconscious conflicts
neurotransmitter anomalies cause dream disturbances
37
If a distribution of scores includes outliers, which measure of central tendency should be used
range
standard deviation
median
mean
38
authoritarian parents demonstrate
high warmth and high control
low warmth and high control
low warmth and low control
high warmth and low control
39
James is interested in the processing strategies children use to learn new information. He is a
clinical psychologist
cognitive psychologist
sociocultural psychologist
personality psychologist
40
Which is one of the key factors distinguishing major depressive disorder from sadness
normal sadness is much less intense than depression
sadness is paired with heightened senses and mania
lasts longer than 2 weeks without an obvious cause
specific changes in the brain
41
A therapist who tells a client to write down their depressed thoughts is using this perspective
behavioral
cognitive
pharmacological
structuralist
42
which disorder would respond best to cognitive behavioral therapy
major depressive disorder
bipolar disorder
dissociative identity disorder
schizophrenia
43
According to Piaget, when we can't ______ new information, we change our schemas through ______
assimilate : accomodate
reduce : stereotypes
ignore : adaptation
reward : punishment
44
What would Piaget test to see if a child is in pre-operational or concrete operational stage
conservation
attachment
object permanence
universal ethical principles
45
Withdrawal symptoms are most directly caused by this process
activation-synthesis
antagonists
dissociation
tolerance
46
which of the following terms applies to IQ tests
standardized
triarchic
achievement
projective
47
the limbic system plays an important role in
processing sensory information
planning for the future
maintaining balance
regulating emotion
48
which brain structure is involved in hunger motivation
hypothalamus
amygdala
cerebellum
medulla
49
in the nature vs. nurture debate, nature is most closely associated with
culture
environment
temperament
family
50
psychogenic amnesia is an indication of which kind of psychological disorder
anixety
schizophrenic
personality
dissociative
51
which newborn reflex helps infants find and eat food
Moro
stepping
Babinski
rooting
52
Which of the following has been linked to a deficit of dopamine
autism
Parkinson's disease
major depressive disorder
Alzheimer's disease
53
According to humanist theory, psychological disorders are most likely caused by
unfulfilled needs
neurochemical imbalances
learned associations
unhealthy attributional styles
54
Research indicates that which factor most influences one's sexual orientation
parenting style
hormones released in the womb
traumatic childhood experiences
masculine/feminine personality traits
55
Which is a common criticism of Freud's personality theory
it doesn't apply to people with disorders
his research wasn't representative of the population
Genetics was not advanced enough to be used as Freud tried
his evidence comes from therapy sessions, not empirical data
56
which technique controls for both experimenter and subject bias
double blind study
single blind study
Hawthorne effect
counterbalancing
57
Which of the therapies below is no longer used to treat patients
prefrontal lobotomy
electro-convulsive shock therapy
free association
gestalt therapy
58
which of the following statistics provides most information about how spread out a data set is
range
median
standard deviation
mean
59
What was one of the factors that increased conformity in Asch's studies
size of the group
placebo effect
wearing guard uniforms
presence of an authority figure
60
Ryan suffers from constant, low-level arousal of his autonomic NS. He most likely suffers from
generalized anxiety disorder
obsessive-compulsive disorder
major depressive disorder
post-traumatic stress disorder
61
A medication prescribed for major depression would most likely act on which neurotransmitter
serotonin
acetylcholine
dopamine
adrenaline
62
4YO Kate sits right in front of all the other kids to watch a magician. According to Piaget,
Kate is demonstrating egocentrism
Kate lacks object permanence
Kate has a lack of conservation
Kate cannot reason hypothetically
63
Garcia and Koelling's research on aversions established which UCS/CS pairs as most powerful
movement and electrical shocks
nausea and food or drink
punishment and aversion
performing a task and receiving food
64
Which question would be most useful to test Kohlberg's idea of pre & post-conventional morality
at what age can children reason abstractly
If 3 are taken from a group of 12, how many are left
what is the best way to respond to a baby crying in her crib
should you tell a small lie to not hurt someone's feelings
65
How would a psychometrician interpret an IQ score of 145
well below the average of 200
three standard deviations above the mean of 100
slightly above average
the person has high verbal bot low logical intelligence
66
An American's prototype of a chair is most likely to include
pens, pencils, and a computer
a desk and/or table
four legs and a seat
an armchair, chairlift, and wheelchair
67
One group receives an ad for 99% fat free milk; the other for 1% fat milk. What being tested
framing effects
confirmation bias
inattentional blindness
representativeness heuristic
68
An EEG of Cyrus after he has been asleep for about an hour would show primarily
sleep spindles
alpha waves
beta waves
delta waves
69
Reading a job description written with masculine pronouns, people think of the employee as male
linguistic relativity hypothesis
gender schema theory
principle of continuity
the social role hypothesis
70
After repeated firings, neural connections are strengthened. What is this process
semantic encoding
long-term potentiation
state-dependent memory
proactive interference
71
Lana learns how to be goalie as her coach gradually rolls the ball faster at parts the goal
token economy
higher-order conditioning
law of effect
behavior shaping
72
learned helplessness is most likely to be directly related to
an external locus of control
unconditional positive regard
the Oedipus complex
the self-serving bias
73
what is the principle tool used in all forms of psychotherapy
cognitive-behavioral interventions
talking to a patient
secondary preventions
biomedical interventions
74
Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation experiment studied what developmental concept
parenting style
motor development
assimilation
attachment
75
what kinds of motivations best encourage positive behaviors to persist over time
primary drives
intrinsic motivation
need for achievement
extrinsic motivation
76
Amy has a cat. The first time she sees a rabbit she calls it a cat. Her mistake is due to
assimilation
accommodation
habituation
discrimination
77
Bandura's theory of reciprocal determinism states personality results from the interaction of
genetics, the unconscious, and social facilitation
traits, the environment, and behavior
id, ego, and superego
rewards, punishments, and reinforcers
78
At what age is the onset of schizophrenia most typical
late 40s
early 20s
mid 30s
puberty
79
According to Kohlberg, in order to reason at the postconventional level, people must
resolve the integrity vs. despair conflict
be able to take another person's perspective
believe in God
have been exposed to good, moral role models
80
Which best summarizes the results of Tolman's latent learning experiment
rats that received punishment ran the maze faster
reinforcement had little impact on the rats' performance
rats that were continually reinforced ran the maze faster
rats who explored the maze first ran faster when reinforced
81
Of the following, children will most likely develop this skill first
say a sentence
write with a pencil
clap their hands
cut with a knife
82
Erikson's initiative vs. guilt stage is most closely related to Freud's
phallic stage
oral stage
anal stage
latency period
83
A test that identifies people with the potential to be great lawyers is an example of a(n)
IQ test
achievement test
aptitude test
EQ test
84
Sherif's Robbers Cave study indicates that this principle best reduces tensions between groups
diffusion of responsibility
group polarization
deindividuation
superordinate goals
85
What area of psychology focuses on subjective well-being, optimism, self-esteem, and happiness
positive psychology
psychometrics
social psychology
health psychology
86
Which of the following is LEAST likely to contribute to prejudice
stereotyping
scapegoating
superordinate goals
out-group homogeneity
87
A librarian gives a prize for every five books students read. Her schedule of reinforcement is
fixed ratio
fixed variable
continuous
variable interval
88
which type of therapist is most likely to prescribe lithium for a patient with bipolar disorder
cognitive psychotherapist
psychiatrist
clinical psychologist
psychoanalyst
89
what kind of symptom is common among all somatic symptom disorders
experiencing a physical problem without a physical cause
inappropriate or flat affect
disconnection from reality and delusions
substance abuse and dependence
90
Intelligence researchers like Gardner and Sternberg argue that schools focus too much on
environmental factors that influence intelligence
traditional and analytical subjects and methods
nonessential subjects like art and music
meeting the needs of students with disabilities
91
After a natural disaster Faye says, "Serves them right for not having better warning systems."
false consensus effect
Barnum effect
just world bias
self-serving bias
92
A variable ratio of reinforcement is often preferable to a fixed ratio because
fixed ratios allow both classical and operant learning
variable ratio schedules produce the quickest results
variable ratio schedules are more resistant to extinction
fixed ratio schedules are more time intensive
93
Which statement best represents the relationship between performance and arousal
too little or too much arousal is harmful to performance
performance steadily increases as arousal increases
performance continually decreases as arousal increases
performance is best at low and high levels of arousal
94
What research method could study the relationship between owning a hybrid car and being vegan
correlation study
experiment
case study
naturalistic observation
95
testing the problem-solving skills of 10, 20, and 30-year-olds in a study uses this method
developmental study
cross-sectional study
longitudinal study
social-cognitive study
96
When Susie went to prom with Dan, Max channeled his feelings of frustration into artwork
projection
reaction formation
sublimation
displacement
97
In people, rods, unlike cones,
are unable to detect motion
respond more quickly to colors
are located in the center of the retina
have a lower absolute threshold for light
98
an A+ grade in a class is which kind of reinforcer
continuous
primary
secondary
partial
99
Which is most closely associated with creativity
contextual intelligence
hypothesis testing
functional fixedness
divergent thinking
100
10 YO Genna underwent a right hemispherectomy. What action best shows her neuroplasticity
speaking aloud
solving a logic problem
understanding what was said to her
moving her left hand
101
After studying for weeks and taking an AP exam, Conrad gets the flu. What theory explains this
Selye's general adaptation syndrome
Yerkes-Dodson law
Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory
James-Lange theory of emotion
102
What is true about experiments that is not of other research methods
they can gather data from a large number of people quickly
they take place in more realistic, real-life settings
they involve more research participants than other studies
they can determine causal relationships between variables
103
If Pavlov's dogs began to salivate when they heard a sound similar to a bell they would show
stimulus generalization
spontaneous recovery
unconditioned response
stimulus discrimination
104
Someone who can't move the muscles needed for accurate speech might have brain damage where
Wernicke's area
Gage's area
hippocampus
Broca's area
105
Someone who fails an exam and reacts by studying longer probably has this locus of control
internal
situational
fundamental
external
106
REM sleep deprivation generally causes what kinds of side effects
interference with memory tasks
intense, prolonged periods of Stage 3 & 4 sleep
sleep apnea and night terrors
heightened manifest dream content
107
You girlfriend dumps you. "I always knew she was bad news" your friend says. This demonstrates
overconfidence
a theory
hindsight bias
self-serving bias
108
Which best explains the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory
an event causes an emotion and a physiological response
people follow a pattern of alarm, resistance, exhaustion
perceived control over life reduces stress and improves mood
physiological reaction and cognitive labeling cause emotion
109
Which part of the brain is "newest" in an evolutionary sense
cerebellum
hypothalamus
pons
cerebral cortex
110
Which theory explains how experiences from infancy through old age influence personality
Piaget's cognitive development theory
Harlow's contact comfort theory
Erikson's psychosocial stage theory
Kohlberg's moral development theory
111
damage to the occipital region of the brain would most likely affect which sense
touch
sight
hearing
balance
112
Milgram's obedience study was criticized based on what ethical grounds
violation of confidentiality
lack of debriefing
lack of informed consent
risk of psychological harm
113
patients who are described as "split brain" have had what structure removed
prefrontal cortex
medulla oblongata
hippocampus
corpus callosum
114
turning up the volume on a radio changes which aspect of sound
pitch of the tone
transduction of the wave
frequency of the wave
amplitude of the wave
115
How would drive reduction theory explain a person eating half a bowl of M&M's and stopping
they were satisfying the 2nd step on the hierarchy of needs
people eat in moderation to prevent being seen as selfish
humans are instinctively driven to eat sugar and fat
the person stopped when their body had reached homeostasis
116
which psychologist would agree w/the following: behavior results from reinforcers & punishers
William James
B.F. Skinner
Albert Bandura
Carl Rogers
117
which of the following most impacts the speed of motor development
myelination of brain neurons
early gross motor practice
concrete operational exercises
secure attachment with parents
118
A person who experiences flashbacks after a serious car accident is likely to be diagnosed with
dissociative identity disorder
post-traumatic stress disorder
bipolar disorder
panic disorder
119
a test which places someone into personality categories (e.g.extravert/introvert) is based on
trait theory
social cognitive theroy
biological theory
psychodynamic theory
120
Pat is laughing because she just won the lottery. Sal thinks she is a fun person. Sal's opinion
is influenced by the self-serving bias
is influenced by the just world hypothesis
is influenced by the norm of reciprocity
is influenced by the fundamental attribution error
121
Vance's psychiatrist diagnoses him with bipolar disorder. Which medication would he prescribe
L-Dopa
benzodiazepines
SSRIs
lithium
122
which structure in the eye is most responsible for color vision
rods
optic nerve
cornea
cones
123
Which technique would be most helpful in avoiding the problems associated with groupthink
increasing group polarization within different groups
responding to deindividuation among group members
identifying approach-avoidance conflicts
encouraging contrary opinions within the group
124
In a class of 25 students, all but 2 score between 82 and 94. The 2 scores of 47 and 55 are
modes
variances
outliers
normally distributed
125
Which concept is most relevant to Noam Chomsky's theory of how children learn language
language acquisition device
phonemes and morphemes
linguistic relativity hypothesis
serial position effect
126
What number will tell Matt whether his research is statistically significant
a correlation coefficient close to .75
a probability of chance less than 5%
a mean that is the same as the median
a standard deviation of 4 or more
127
What percent of people score between 70 and 130 on the WISC (M: 100, SD:15)
50
84
95
68
128
Dan is a toddler who avoids eye contact and resists to changes to routine. He shows symptoms of
Down syndrome
autism spectrum disorder
fetal alcohol syndrome
mental retardation
129
Which of the following models of personality is the least deterministic
psychodynamic
evolutionary
biological
humanistic
130
A teacher ignoring her students' prior grades so her opinion of them is not influenced avoids
self-serving bias
self-fulfilling prophecy
fundamental attribution error
cognitive dissonance
131
Maria slams the car door and yells at her kids. Now when they hear a car door slam they cringe
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
instrumental learning
observational learning
132
if the College Board left out questions about neuroscience on the AP exam, the test would lack
test-retest reliability
content validity
predictive validity
split-half reliability
133
seeing someone at the grocery store and remembering their name is an example of
retroactive memory
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
episodic memory
recall
134
which would a researcher need to use to determine whether experiment data is significant
inferential statistics
descriptive statistics
standard deviation
counterbalancing
135
classical conditioning involves __________; operant conditioning involves __________
learned responses; physiological reactions
pairing stimuli; rewards and punishments
schedules; punishers
fixed intervals; variable ratios
136
Which best describes how neurons communicate with one another
physical contact between dendrites
chemical signals at the synaptic cleft
electrical signals between two myelin sheaths
hormones jump from one axon to the next
137
light enters the eye through an opening in the
iris
retina
fovea
blind spot
138
what is the first step in any example of classical conditioning
following a response with a reinforcement or punishment
pairing an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus
reinforcing for a behavior similar to the desired behavior
rewarding a conditioned response with a conditioned stimulus
139
What theory of emotion are cognitive psychologists likely to support
James-Lange theory
social facilitation theory
opponent process theory
Schachter two-factor theory
140
People who are easily hypnotizable are likely to score highly on which Big 5 trait
conscientiousness
extraversion
neuroticism
openness
141
In the 3-box model of information processing, memories are first stored in
sensory memory
procedural memory
long-term memory
short-term memory
142
people who catch violent movies are more likely to behave violently: this statement reflects
insight learning
latent learning
observational learning
counterconditioning
143
Sigmund Freud made this perspective popular in Western Europe at the turn of the 20th century
evolutionary
psychoanalytic
cognitive
behavioral
144
A low level of glucose in Sam's bloodstream would most likely make him want to
pursue a romantic interest
eat a meal
go for a run
make new friends
145
A personality test which calls Jan an extravert the first time and an introvert the next lacks
construct validity
aptitude measures
test-retest reliability
standardization
146
When like-minded groups take more extreme positions than individuals comprising the group
social facilitation
groupthink
deindividuation
group polarization
147
which 2 competing theories explain the effects of hypnosis
role theory and dissociation theory
manifest content and latent content
conscious level and non conscious level
circadian rhythm and paradoxical sleep
148
when first born, humans' dominant sense is
smell
hearing
touch
sight
149
which is an example of an implicit memory
remembering how to tie your shoelace
recalling the name of your JH math teacher
describing the taste of a birthday cake
recognizing a celebrity
150
What kind of therapy involves both cognitive and behavioral interventions
rational emotive behavior therapy
counterconditioning
aversion therapy
systematic desensitization
151
our ability to perceive depth depends on what other perceptual abilities
proximity and similarity
binocular and monocular cues
top-down and bottom-up processing
vestibular and kinesthetic senses
152
a charity includes free address labels in its fundraising letters to increase contributions
out-group homogeneity
fundamental attribution error
self-fulfilling prophecy
reciprocity norm
153
A person with a painful skin rash finds hard scratching temporarily relieves the pain
opponent-process theory
frequency theory
gate-control theory
transduction theory
154
The fact that our ears are located on opposite sides of our head best helps us with
detecting absolute threshold
hearing high frequencies
sensory adaptation
sound localization
155
Bandura's Bobo doll experiment evidenced the importance of __________ in social learning
mirror neurons
latent learning
modeling
sublimation
156
en route
to the visual cortex, information from the eyes' retinas crosses at the
optic chiasm
optic nerve
feature detectors
fovea
157
Lara is attracted to Craig but can't stand his friends and family. Her conflict is classified
she does not have a conflict
approach-avoidance
approach-approach
avoidance-avoidance
158
Runners in a park increase their speed when another runner comes into view. This illustrates
disinhibition
social facilitation
conformity
social roles
159
Which is an important technique used by humanist psychologists during therapy
secondary central dispositions
factor analysis
defense mechanisms
unconditional positive regard
160
which of the following is most likely to lead to a confabulated memory
proactive interference
brain injury
relearning effect
leading questions
161
Harlow's rhesus monkey experiment illustrated
that language is a uniquely human skill
the danger of separating babies from their natural parents
the importance of physical contact to development
that primates can make and use tools
162
Choosing 20 people at random from a large lecture class of 400 is an example of
assignment to conditions
random sampling
representative assignment
random assignment
163
counterconditioning lies at the heart of which therapeutic approach
systematic desensitization
token economies
client-centered therapy
REBT