____ usually targets the Blood Vessel Epithelium, where supression of Tumor Suppressors and Apoptosis cause cancer.

Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (KSHV or HHV-8)

Define Term: Gynecologist

A specialist of the female reproductive system

Define Term: Dysplasia

Increase of abnormal cells; Benign Tumor, chance to evolve to Cancer

"The lighter your skin is, the lower risk you are overall for Melanoma." Why is this true (or false)?

False, less Melanocytes means less Melanin to protect you from the sun

Usually, Cytokineses (C) and Telophase (T) overlaps each other. So what is the primary difference between the two?

C seperates the Cytoplasm + Membrane, T seperates the Chromosomes

BONUS QUESTION, AcDec Literature: In "Dear World" by Paula Gunn Allen, the poem centralizes around what illness?

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (a.k.a. Lupus)

Define Term: Neoplasm

Excessive growth of abnormal cells; a tumor

Define Term: Gouty Arthritis

Inflammation of Uric Acid in the Synovial Joint

Define Term: Anaphase Protein Complex (APC)

APC primarily destroys Securin so Separase can cleave Cohesin

Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer. If a mole is ___, go see your Primary Care Physician / Dermatologist NOW!

Asymmetric, Blurry (Borders), Colorful (i.e. Red), Wide (>6mm), or Evolving

Although gFOBT tests for heme FIT tests for globin, the procedure is the same. So why is gFOBT better?

gFOBT detects more polyps in the colon

Define Term: Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy

The use of chemotherapy before the main procedure

Define Term: Simple Squamous Epithelium

A sole layer of flat cells, lines the heart / blood / lymphatic vessels

~9.5K Americans are diagnosed with skin cancer each day. What is the best way skin cancer can be prevented?

Wearing clothes / physically covering skin (like long sleeves)

Define Term: Penetrance

How observable is a gene's phenotype

Since leukocytes are usually are able to neutralize ___, HIV or AIDS is needed to have inflammation (supports cancer).

Infectious Mononucleosis, Epstein-Barr Virus, Human Herpesvirus 4, Kissing Disease

What is not an accurate description of a Phospholipid Bilayer?

It primarily makes up [basically] every membrane [i.e. Ribosomal]

Sarcoma is the cancer deriving from embryonic connective tissue. So why is it incorrect to emit the word "embryonic"?

Sarcoma is cancer from the Mesenchyme, not just connective tissue

What are the advantages of an internal radiation therapy versus an external beam radiation?

The both options are tailored to the location, hence reducing side-effects

Define Term: Chromatin

Made up of RNA, DNA, and protein, uncoiled during Interphase

Define Term: Colonoscopy

An exam of the large intestine where a camera is inserted into the rectum

A patient has a large facial tumor that miraculously hasn't metastasized yet. What would be an appropriate procedure?

Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy + Surgery

A Narrow Opening of the Uterus, or Neck

Define Term: Mesothelioma

Cancer of Pericardium, Pleural Cavity, or Peritoneum

Define Term: Angiogenesis

Formation of New Blood Vessels from prexisting blood vessels

Replaces Acetaldehyde from being toxic

What's the difference between Microtubules (MT) and Microfilaments (MF)?

MF helps w/ exo-/endo- cytosis while MT act as the spindle apparatus

There are 3 pathways to Apoptosis: Intrinsic, Extrinsic, and Granzyme/Perforin. What is common w/ all of them?

They all need Caspases so they can activate Caspases to trigger Apoptosis

Multiple Myeloma is the cancer of Plasma B Cells, not blood plasma. Common symptoms are: ___

Low Blood Counts (i.e. Anemia), Immune Issues, & a Higher Risk of Breakage

Define Term: Chemotherapy

Using chemicals / drugs to slow cellular division &/or kill cancerous cells

studbud

AcDec Science, 2019-2020; Cancer

56 termsStudBud Administration10 plays

Questions are in order: Section 1; #1-4 : Terms given, match description #5-8 : Description given, match terms #9-12 : Advanced questions, too advanced for actual AcDec #13 Bonus Question :) Format repeats for the next 3 Sections

Flashcards56 cardsFPractice quizPHost liveL

Questions 56

Answers

1
____ usually targets the Blood Vessel Epithelium, where supression of Tumor Suppressors and Apoptosis cause cancer.
Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (KSHV or HHV-8)
An RNA Virus
Human Papillomavirus
Epstein Barr Virus
2
Define Term: Gynecologist
A specialist in sexual health (both sexes)
A specialist in solely women's health
A specialist in pregnancy and childbirth
A specialist of the female reproductive system
3
BONUS QUESTION, AcDec History: Typhoid Mary was a carrier of Typhoid Fever, which is caused by what bacteria?
Chlamydia Pneumoniae
E. Coli
Heliobacter Pylori
Salmonella
4
Define Term: Dysplasia
Increase of any abnormal cells, only Benign Tumors
Increase of abnormal cells; Benign Tumor, chance to evolve to Cancer
Increase of abnormal cells; formation of a Malignant Tumor
Normal Increase of normal cells, except it makes organ dysfunctional
5
"The lighter your skin is, the lower risk you are overall for Melanoma." Why is this true (or false)?
True, since Melanin is redirected superficially to denser, deeper layers
False, less Melanocytes means less Melanin to protect you from the sun
False, less Melanocytes means a weaker Stratum Basale, hence weak Epidermis
True, as it shows the Melanocytes are not overworked to produce Melanin
6
Usually, Cytokineses (C) and Telophase (T) overlaps each other. So what is the primary difference between the two?
C creates two new cells, T creates two new nuclei
C seperates the Cytoplasm + Membrane, T seperates the Chromosomes
C cleaves the cell, T seperates Cytoplasm + Chromosomes
C divides the cell membrane, T divides the nucleus
7
Gut bacteria such as ___ has been shown to cause Colon Cancer as it interferes w/ apoptosis and differentiation.
Escherichia Coli
Heliobacter Pylori
Salmonella Typhi
Bacteroides Fragilis
8
BONUS QUESTION, AcDec Literature: In "Dear World" by Paula Gunn Allen, the poem centralizes around what illness?
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (a.k.a. Lupus)
Type I Diabetes Mellitus
Celiac Disease
Vasculitis
9
About ~95% of cervical cancer are caused by ___ & 80% of sexually active people are exposed to ___....
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD)
Any Herpes Virus
10
___ has been shown to ironically aid Metastasis, as Macrophages secretes factors that promote Angiogenesis.
Inflammation
Autoimmune Diseases
Lymph Nodes
Vasodilation
11
___ is the most severe form of Gluten Intolerance, where it may cause Small Intestinal Cancer or non-Hodgkin Lymphoma.
Sjörden's Syndrome
Celiac Disease
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Type I Diabetes Mellitus
12
Define Term: Neoplasm
Excessive growth of abnormal cells; a tumor
Any abnormal growth of any cells
Cancerous cells that can invade tissues
Non-cancerous cells that can't invade tissue
13
Define Term: Gouty Arthritis
The arteries are inflamed, usually in the Gout
A Disorder where inflammation causes Polycythemia (Excess Erythrocytes)
Inflammatory Disease in where the (big) toe is erythemic (red)
Inflammation of Uric Acid in the Synovial Joint
14
Although a ___ protects your privacy, just know that ___ often misses advanced adenomas that requires expert evaluation.
guaiac-based Fecal Occult Blood Test (gFOBT)
Flushable Reagant Pad
Fecal Immunochemical Test (FIT)
Methylated SEPT9 Assay (mSEPT9 Assay)
15
Define Term: Anaphase Protein Complex (APC)
APC makes sure the cytoskeleton stays intact during cell expansion
APC triggers the centrosomes to pull the Kinetochores
APC primarily destroys Securin so Separase can cleave Cohesin
APC synthesizes more Polar Microtubules to push Centrosomes apart
16
____ binds to cancer cells or increases estrogen levels which then binds to cancer cells, both increase cancer growth.
Insulin
Epinephrine
Testosterone
Growth Hormone (Somatotrophin)
17
Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer. If a mole is ___, go see your Primary Care Physician / Dermatologist NOW!
Asymmetric, Blurry (Borders), Colorful (i.e. Red), Wide (>6mm), or Evolving
Anterior (Front of body), Blackened, Crazed, Dangerous, or Equal (Uniform)
Aggressive, Blue, Charred, Dark, or Elevated
Austere, Blight-like, Circular, Diminishing, or Evasive (blends in skin)
18
What is the main difference between the G₁Checkpoint versus the G₂ Checkpoint?
The purposes of both
The consequences of "failing" the checkpoint
The types of Cyclins Used
Where the checkpoint "occurs"
19
___ can spread by skin or mucous membranes, but mostly by sex. Hence, why ___ is the leading cause of Cervical Cancer.
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Any STD-causing Virus
Epstein Barr Virus (EBV)
An RNA Virus
20
Although gFOBT tests for heme FIT tests for globin, the procedure is the same. So why is gFOBT better?
gFOBT detects more polyps in the colon
gFOBT is more accurate, although FIT finds more specific cancers
FIT has been outlawed for being "too invasive" in various states
It isn't. Hence, FIT has replaced gFOBT ever since the CDC approved FIT
21
Define Term: Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy
Using chemotherapy in conjunction to other procedures during the procedure
The process of shrinking a tumor 1st before applying localized chemotherapy
The process of removing chemotherapuetic agents in an emergency
The use of chemotherapy before the main procedure
22
A Digital Rectal Exam examines the ___, and usually the ___-Specific Antigen levels are also measured in conjunction.
Bladder
Prostate
Urethra
Rectum
23
Define Term: Simple Squamous Epithelium
A sole layer of cells that exists only in the Stratum Basale (Skin)
Layers of circular cells in an organized pattern, lines "hollow structures"
A sole layer of flat cells, lines the heart / blood / lymphatic vessels
Perfect cellular squares in a sole layer, lines trachea and bronchi
24
~9.5K Americans are diagnosed with skin cancer each day. What is the best way skin cancer can be prevented?
Fully putting on sunscreen throughout the entire body for every 3 to 5hrs.
Switching blue light to a night or dim light on personal electronics
Wearing clothes / physically covering skin (like long sleeves)
Buying lights free of UV Radiations, especially UV Lights
25
An X-Ray of the groin conducted after groin pain complaints shows about 10 tumors. Which one should be evaluated first?
The biggest one
The one closest to another organ
The "first" tumor (origin)
The one with the lowest differentiation score
26
___ is normally caused by EBV and HIV, in where they infect B-Cells of the Mucosa. Makes up ~40% of all Lymphomas.
Multiple Myeloma
Lymphocytic Leukemia
Hodgkin Lymphoma
non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (nHL)
27
Define Term: Penetrance
An equation designed to show the possibility of a mutation
How observable is a gene's phenotype
Shows how disposed someone is to cancer
The likelihood of a cell to gain a mutation after Mitosis
28
Since leukocytes are usually are able to neutralize ___, HIV or AIDS is needed to have inflammation (supports cancer).
Infectious Mononucleosis
Epstein-Barr Virus
Human Herpesvirus 4
Kissing Disease
29
What is not an accurate description of a Phospholipid Bilayer?
Although ~5nm thick, it's purpose is to be [mostly] impermeable
It's [usually] made up of phospholipids, proteins, and cholesterol
It's amphipathic, made up of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts
It primarily makes up [basically] every membrane [i.e. Ribosomal]
30
Sarcoma is the cancer deriving from embryonic connective tissue. So why is it incorrect to emit the word "embryonic"?
Although cancer of muscular & nervous tissue aren't Sarcoma, bone cancer is
Sarcoma is cancer from the Mesenchyme, not just connective tissue
B/c cancer of connective tissues after birth is not considered Sarcoma
It isn't.
31
What are the advantages of an internal radiation therapy versus an external beam radiation?
The both options are tailored to the location, hence reducing side-effects
Internal is inexpensive and non-invasive, but External is more effective
None, both achieve the same goal of reducing cancer / tumor size
Internal is effective against Malignancies, but External is for all tumors
32
Define Term: Chromatin
A hormone that triggers the formation of Chromosomes during Prophase
Made up of RNA, DNA, and protein, uncoiled during Interphase
"Spaghetti" DNA strands
Supercoiled DNA or RNA thanks to Topoisomerase Inhibitors
33
Define Term: Colonoscopy
A surgical procedure where a camera & a "blade" is inserted into the rectum
A diagnostic procedure of the entire gastrointestinal tract
An exam of the large intestine where a camera is inserted into the rectum
An exam of the whole intestines by inserting a compact camera & microphone
34
A patient has a large facial tumor that miraculously hasn't metastasized yet. What would be an appropriate procedure?
Adjuvant Chemotherapy + CAR T-Cell Transfer
Radiation, then Surgery
Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy + Surgery
Adjuvant Chemotherapy + Radiation
35
Define Term: Cervix
A Sphincter of the Fallopian Tubes
A Narrow Opening of the Uterus, or Neck
A Group of Muscles controlling the Anal Canal
An Anatomical Region of the Anterior Gut (the Front)
36
What stage is this cancer?
Stage I
Stage III
Stage II
Stage IV
37
During ___, the nucleus undergoes Pyknosis and Karyorrhexis, then Phagocytosis.
Phagocytes ignores the dead cell (No official name)
Necrosis
Apoptosis
Pyroptosis
38
Define Term: Mesothelioma
Cancer of Parietal Lobe, Parietal Membranes, or Parietal Bone
Cancer of Patella, Popliteal, or Pelvic Arteries
Cancer of Phalanges, Palms, or Phalanx Muscules
Cancer of Pericardium, Pleural Cavity, or Peritoneum
39
___ is activated by Cyclin, which causes ___ to phosphorylate the repressor to allow the activator to start the S-Phase
ATP Attributing-Cyclinase (AAC)
Cyclin Dependent Kinase (CDK)
Retinoblastoma Protein (Rb)
Cyclin Protein B (CPB)
40
Yescarta is a specific ___ for Large B-Cell non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, where T-Cells are modified to fight the B-Cells.
Weak Mycobacterium
Monoclonal T-Cell Antibodies
CAR T-Cell Therapy
Adjuvant Chemotherapy
41
Define Term: Angiogenesis
Creation of New Blood Vessels using Hematopoietic Stem Cells
The creation [-genesis] of blood [angio-]
Destruction of Abnormal Blood to generate Normal Blood
Formation of New Blood Vessels from prexisting blood vessels
42
Define Term: Acetate
Replaces Acetaldehyde from being toxic
Product of Alcohol Dehydrogenase, not toxic
Carcinogen, mostly towards the Liver
A reactant where Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH) converts it to Acetaldehyde
43
What are appropriate grades for both tumors shown?
Top: G3, Bottom: G1
Top: G2, Bottom: G3
Top: G4, Bottom: G3
Top: G1, Bottom: G4
44
Although ___ can spot ~90% of all breast cancer, both ___ and clinical exams remain necessary to find breast cancer.
Mammograms
Breast Self-Exams
BRCA-1 & 2 Gene Test
45
Ribosomes are categorized in where Free Ribosomes "float" in the ___ while Bound Ribosomes are attached to ER.
Nucleosol
Cytoskeleton
Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
Cytosol
46
When Chemotherapy Patients mention hair loss, anemia, infection, &/or etc., what Chemotherapeutic Agent caused them?
Alkylating Agents
Antimetabolites
Hormonal Drugs
Topoisomerase Inhibitors
47
What's the difference between Microtubules (MT) and Microfilaments (MF)?
MF is in the Cytoplasm, while MT is limited to the Nucleus
They're synonymous; helps with cell structure
MF helps w/ exo-/endo- cytosis while MT act as the spindle apparatus
MF forms in the Centriole, while MT is made in the Centrosome
48
BONUS QUESTION, AcDec Literature: In "Autobiography of a Face" by Lucy Grealy, what cancer did she have?
Osteosarcoma
Neurofibrosarcoma
Ewing's Sarcoma
Chondrosarcoma
49
There are 3 pathways to Apoptosis: Intrinsic, Extrinsic, and Granzyme/Perforin. What is common w/ all of them?
They all: are triggered by only proteins, needs Bax & Bak, & has cytochrome
They all: destroy BCL-2, needs Tumor Suppressors, & evades DNA Repairs
They all: need an "apoptotic" receptor & an antibody for the receptor
They all need Caspases so they can activate Caspases to trigger Apoptosis
50
Multiple Myeloma is the cancer of Plasma B Cells, not blood plasma. Common symptoms are: ___
Low Blood Counts (i.e. Anemia), Immune Issues, & a Higher Risk of Breakage
Prolonged Bleeding, Autoimmune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), & Neck Pain
Vasoconstriction (vaso- : artery) & Longer + More Frequent Inflammation
Swollen Lymph Nodes, Night Sweats, & Enlarged Spleen or Liver
51
Define Term: Chemotherapy
Using chemicals / drugs to slow cellular division &/or kill cancerous cells
The insertion of alkylating agents via Intravenous Fluid (IV Fluid)
The patient swallowing / eating / drinking anti-tumor drugs or chemicals
The use of therapeutic agents to destroy cytokines that induce angiogenesis
52
Unlike other viruses, ___ makes cells cancerous via Aneuploidy, and is linked to ATLLL and some non-Hodgkin Lymphoma.
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)
Human T-Lymphotrophic Virus (HTLV-1)
Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (KSHV or HHV-8)
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
53
A lung tumor is found to be ~10nm in diameter. Further X-Rays shows a smaller brain tumor. What is the TNM score?
T0N0M0
T3N2M2
T4N3M1
T1N3M1
54
___ codes for enzymes such as Endonucleases and Glycosylases that helps cut DNA, does a Base Excision Repair, and etc.
Recyclable-DNA Proteins
Reversible Endogenous / Exogenous Damage Sequencing (REDS)
DNA Repair Genes
Anti-apoptotic Genome Evaluation (AGE)
55
BONUS QUESTION, AcDec Art: Painting is "Henrietta Lacks (HeLa): The Mother of Modern Medicine". Why was she famous?
The painting by Kadir Nelson essentially revealed her silent contributions
Her death of cervical cancer paved the way for Obstetrics and Gynecology
She "gave" the 1st immortal cell which aided in the making of chemotherapy
The lack of consent to use Lack's cells caused major reform in healthcare
56
Define Term: Sarcoma
Cancer of Embryonic Connective Tissue
A Tumor regarding any Nervous Tissue
A Neoplasm of Muscular Tissue
Any Hyperplasia or Dysplasia of Epithelial Tissue

AcDec Science, 2019-2020; Cancer Flashcards | StudBud

AcDec Science, 2019-2020; Cancer

56 termsStudBud Administration10 plays

Flashcards56 cardsFPractice quizPHost liveL

Questions 56

Answers

1
____ usually targets the Blood Vessel Epithelium, where supression of Tumor Suppressors and Apoptosis cause cancer.
Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (KSHV or HHV-8)
An RNA Virus
Human Papillomavirus
Epstein Barr Virus
2
Define Term: Gynecologist
A specialist in sexual health (both sexes)
A specialist in solely women's health
A specialist in pregnancy and childbirth
A specialist of the female reproductive system
3
BONUS QUESTION, AcDec History: Typhoid Mary was a carrier of Typhoid Fever, which is caused by what bacteria?
Chlamydia Pneumoniae
E. Coli
Heliobacter Pylori
Salmonella
4
Define Term: Dysplasia
Increase of any abnormal cells, only Benign Tumors
Increase of abnormal cells; Benign Tumor, chance to evolve to Cancer
Increase of abnormal cells; formation of a Malignant Tumor
Normal Increase of normal cells, except it makes organ dysfunctional
5
"The lighter your skin is, the lower risk you are overall for Melanoma." Why is this true (or false)?
True, since Melanin is redirected superficially to denser, deeper layers
False, less Melanocytes means less Melanin to protect you from the sun
False, less Melanocytes means a weaker Stratum Basale, hence weak Epidermis
True, as it shows the Melanocytes are not overworked to produce Melanin
6
Usually, Cytokineses (C) and Telophase (T) overlaps each other. So what is the primary difference between the two?
C creates two new cells, T creates two new nuclei
C seperates the Cytoplasm + Membrane, T seperates the Chromosomes
C cleaves the cell, T seperates Cytoplasm + Chromosomes
C divides the cell membrane, T divides the nucleus
7
Gut bacteria such as ___ has been shown to cause Colon Cancer as it interferes w/ apoptosis and differentiation.
Escherichia Coli
Heliobacter Pylori
Salmonella Typhi
Bacteroides Fragilis
8
BONUS QUESTION, AcDec Literature: In "Dear World" by Paula Gunn Allen, the poem centralizes around what illness?
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (a.k.a. Lupus)
Type I Diabetes Mellitus
Celiac Disease
Vasculitis
9
About ~95% of cervical cancer are caused by ___ & 80% of sexually active people are exposed to ___....
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD)
Any Herpes Virus
10
___ has been shown to ironically aid Metastasis, as Macrophages secretes factors that promote Angiogenesis.
Inflammation
Autoimmune Diseases
Lymph Nodes
Vasodilation
11
___ is the most severe form of Gluten Intolerance, where it may cause Small Intestinal Cancer or non-Hodgkin Lymphoma.
Sjörden's Syndrome
Celiac Disease
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Type I Diabetes Mellitus
12
Define Term: Neoplasm
Excessive growth of abnormal cells; a tumor
Any abnormal growth of any cells
Cancerous cells that can invade tissues
Non-cancerous cells that can't invade tissue
13
Define Term: Gouty Arthritis
The arteries are inflamed, usually in the Gout
A Disorder where inflammation causes Polycythemia (Excess Erythrocytes)
Inflammatory Disease in where the (big) toe is erythemic (red)
Inflammation of Uric Acid in the Synovial Joint
14
Although a ___ protects your privacy, just know that ___ often misses advanced adenomas that requires expert evaluation.
guaiac-based Fecal Occult Blood Test (gFOBT)
Flushable Reagant Pad
Fecal Immunochemical Test (FIT)
Methylated SEPT9 Assay (mSEPT9 Assay)
15
Define Term: Anaphase Protein Complex (APC)
APC makes sure the cytoskeleton stays intact during cell expansion
APC triggers the centrosomes to pull the Kinetochores
APC primarily destroys Securin so Separase can cleave Cohesin
APC synthesizes more Polar Microtubules to push Centrosomes apart
16
____ binds to cancer cells or increases estrogen levels which then binds to cancer cells, both increase cancer growth.
Insulin
Epinephrine
Testosterone
Growth Hormone (Somatotrophin)
17
Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer. If a mole is ___, go see your Primary Care Physician / Dermatologist NOW!
Asymmetric, Blurry (Borders), Colorful (i.e. Red), Wide (>6mm), or Evolving
Anterior (Front of body), Blackened, Crazed, Dangerous, or Equal (Uniform)
Aggressive, Blue, Charred, Dark, or Elevated
Austere, Blight-like, Circular, Diminishing, or Evasive (blends in skin)
18
What is the main difference between the G₁Checkpoint versus the G₂ Checkpoint?
The purposes of both
The consequences of "failing" the checkpoint
The types of Cyclins Used
Where the checkpoint "occurs"
19
___ can spread by skin or mucous membranes, but mostly by sex. Hence, why ___ is the leading cause of Cervical Cancer.
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Any STD-causing Virus
Epstein Barr Virus (EBV)
An RNA Virus
20
Although gFOBT tests for heme FIT tests for globin, the procedure is the same. So why is gFOBT better?
gFOBT detects more polyps in the colon
gFOBT is more accurate, although FIT finds more specific cancers
FIT has been outlawed for being "too invasive" in various states
It isn't. Hence, FIT has replaced gFOBT ever since the CDC approved FIT
21
Define Term: Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy
Using chemotherapy in conjunction to other procedures during the procedure
The process of shrinking a tumor 1st before applying localized chemotherapy
The process of removing chemotherapuetic agents in an emergency
The use of chemotherapy before the main procedure
22
A Digital Rectal Exam examines the ___, and usually the ___-Specific Antigen levels are also measured in conjunction.
Bladder
Prostate
Urethra
Rectum
23
Define Term: Simple Squamous Epithelium
A sole layer of cells that exists only in the Stratum Basale (Skin)
Layers of circular cells in an organized pattern, lines "hollow structures"
A sole layer of flat cells, lines the heart / blood / lymphatic vessels
Perfect cellular squares in a sole layer, lines trachea and bronchi
24
~9.5K Americans are diagnosed with skin cancer each day. What is the best way skin cancer can be prevented?
Fully putting on sunscreen throughout the entire body for every 3 to 5hrs.
Switching blue light to a night or dim light on personal electronics
Wearing clothes / physically covering skin (like long sleeves)
Buying lights free of UV Radiations, especially UV Lights
25
An X-Ray of the groin conducted after groin pain complaints shows about 10 tumors. Which one should be evaluated first?
The biggest one
The one closest to another organ
The "first" tumor (origin)
The one with the lowest differentiation score
26
___ is normally caused by EBV and HIV, in where they infect B-Cells of the Mucosa. Makes up ~40% of all Lymphomas.
Multiple Myeloma
Lymphocytic Leukemia
Hodgkin Lymphoma
non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (nHL)
27
Define Term: Penetrance
An equation designed to show the possibility of a mutation
How observable is a gene's phenotype
Shows how disposed someone is to cancer
The likelihood of a cell to gain a mutation after Mitosis
28
Since leukocytes are usually are able to neutralize ___, HIV or AIDS is needed to have inflammation (supports cancer).
Infectious Mononucleosis
Epstein-Barr Virus
Human Herpesvirus 4
Kissing Disease
29
What is not an accurate description of a Phospholipid Bilayer?
Although ~5nm thick, it's purpose is to be [mostly] impermeable
It's [usually] made up of phospholipids, proteins, and cholesterol
It's amphipathic, made up of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts
It primarily makes up [basically] every membrane [i.e. Ribosomal]
30
Sarcoma is the cancer deriving from embryonic connective tissue. So why is it incorrect to emit the word "embryonic"?
Although cancer of muscular & nervous tissue aren't Sarcoma, bone cancer is
Sarcoma is cancer from the Mesenchyme, not just connective tissue
B/c cancer of connective tissues after birth is not considered Sarcoma
It isn't.
31
What are the advantages of an internal radiation therapy versus an external beam radiation?
The both options are tailored to the location, hence reducing side-effects
Internal is inexpensive and non-invasive, but External is more effective
None, both achieve the same goal of reducing cancer / tumor size
Internal is effective against Malignancies, but External is for all tumors
32
Define Term: Chromatin
A hormone that triggers the formation of Chromosomes during Prophase
Made up of RNA, DNA, and protein, uncoiled during Interphase
"Spaghetti" DNA strands
Supercoiled DNA or RNA thanks to Topoisomerase Inhibitors
33
Define Term: Colonoscopy
A surgical procedure where a camera & a "blade" is inserted into the rectum
A diagnostic procedure of the entire gastrointestinal tract
An exam of the large intestine where a camera is inserted into the rectum
An exam of the whole intestines by inserting a compact camera & microphone
34
A patient has a large facial tumor that miraculously hasn't metastasized yet. What would be an appropriate procedure?
Adjuvant Chemotherapy + CAR T-Cell Transfer
Radiation, then Surgery
Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy + Surgery
Adjuvant Chemotherapy + Radiation
35
Define Term: Cervix
A Sphincter of the Fallopian Tubes
A Narrow Opening of the Uterus, or Neck
A Group of Muscles controlling the Anal Canal
An Anatomical Region of the Anterior Gut (the Front)
36
What stage is this cancer?
Stage I
Stage III
Stage II
Stage IV
37
During ___, the nucleus undergoes Pyknosis and Karyorrhexis, then Phagocytosis.
Phagocytes ignores the dead cell (No official name)
Necrosis
Apoptosis
Pyroptosis
38
Define Term: Mesothelioma
Cancer of Parietal Lobe, Parietal Membranes, or Parietal Bone
Cancer of Patella, Popliteal, or Pelvic Arteries
Cancer of Phalanges, Palms, or Phalanx Muscules
Cancer of Pericardium, Pleural Cavity, or Peritoneum
39
___ is activated by Cyclin, which causes ___ to phosphorylate the repressor to allow the activator to start the S-Phase
ATP Attributing-Cyclinase (AAC)
Cyclin Dependent Kinase (CDK)
Retinoblastoma Protein (Rb)
Cyclin Protein B (CPB)
40
Yescarta is a specific ___ for Large B-Cell non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, where T-Cells are modified to fight the B-Cells.
Weak Mycobacterium
Monoclonal T-Cell Antibodies
CAR T-Cell Therapy
Adjuvant Chemotherapy
41
Define Term: Angiogenesis
Creation of New Blood Vessels using Hematopoietic Stem Cells
The creation [-genesis] of blood [angio-]
Destruction of Abnormal Blood to generate Normal Blood
Formation of New Blood Vessels from prexisting blood vessels
42
Define Term: Acetate
Replaces Acetaldehyde from being toxic
Product of Alcohol Dehydrogenase, not toxic
Carcinogen, mostly towards the Liver
A reactant where Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH) converts it to Acetaldehyde
43
What are appropriate grades for both tumors shown?
Top: G3, Bottom: G1
Top: G2, Bottom: G3
Top: G4, Bottom: G3
Top: G1, Bottom: G4
44
Although ___ can spot ~90% of all breast cancer, both ___ and clinical exams remain necessary to find breast cancer.
Mammograms
Breast Self-Exams
BRCA-1 & 2 Gene Test
45
Ribosomes are categorized in where Free Ribosomes "float" in the ___ while Bound Ribosomes are attached to ER.
Nucleosol
Cytoskeleton
Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
Cytosol
46
When Chemotherapy Patients mention hair loss, anemia, infection, &/or etc., what Chemotherapeutic Agent caused them?
Alkylating Agents
Antimetabolites
Hormonal Drugs
Topoisomerase Inhibitors
47
What's the difference between Microtubules (MT) and Microfilaments (MF)?
MF is in the Cytoplasm, while MT is limited to the Nucleus
They're synonymous; helps with cell structure
MF helps w/ exo-/endo- cytosis while MT act as the spindle apparatus
MF forms in the Centriole, while MT is made in the Centrosome
48
BONUS QUESTION, AcDec Literature: In "Autobiography of a Face" by Lucy Grealy, what cancer did she have?
Osteosarcoma
Neurofibrosarcoma
Ewing's Sarcoma
Chondrosarcoma
49
There are 3 pathways to Apoptosis: Intrinsic, Extrinsic, and Granzyme/Perforin. What is common w/ all of them?
They all: are triggered by only proteins, needs Bax & Bak, & has cytochrome
They all: destroy BCL-2, needs Tumor Suppressors, & evades DNA Repairs
They all: need an "apoptotic" receptor & an antibody for the receptor
They all need Caspases so they can activate Caspases to trigger Apoptosis
50
Multiple Myeloma is the cancer of Plasma B Cells, not blood plasma. Common symptoms are: ___
Low Blood Counts (i.e. Anemia), Immune Issues, & a Higher Risk of Breakage
Prolonged Bleeding, Autoimmune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), & Neck Pain
Vasoconstriction (vaso- : artery) & Longer + More Frequent Inflammation
Swollen Lymph Nodes, Night Sweats, & Enlarged Spleen or Liver
51
Define Term: Chemotherapy
Using chemicals / drugs to slow cellular division &/or kill cancerous cells
The insertion of alkylating agents via Intravenous Fluid (IV Fluid)
The patient swallowing / eating / drinking anti-tumor drugs or chemicals
The use of therapeutic agents to destroy cytokines that induce angiogenesis
52
Unlike other viruses, ___ makes cells cancerous via Aneuploidy, and is linked to ATLLL and some non-Hodgkin Lymphoma.
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)
Human T-Lymphotrophic Virus (HTLV-1)
Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (KSHV or HHV-8)
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
53
A lung tumor is found to be ~10nm in diameter. Further X-Rays shows a smaller brain tumor. What is the TNM score?
T0N0M0
T3N2M2
T4N3M1
T1N3M1
54
___ codes for enzymes such as Endonucleases and Glycosylases that helps cut DNA, does a Base Excision Repair, and etc.
Recyclable-DNA Proteins
Reversible Endogenous / Exogenous Damage Sequencing (REDS)
DNA Repair Genes
Anti-apoptotic Genome Evaluation (AGE)
55
BONUS QUESTION, AcDec Art: Painting is "Henrietta Lacks (HeLa): The Mother of Modern Medicine". Why was she famous?
The painting by Kadir Nelson essentially revealed her silent contributions
Her death of cervical cancer paved the way for Obstetrics and Gynecology
She "gave" the 1st immortal cell which aided in the making of chemotherapy
The lack of consent to use Lack's cells caused major reform in healthcare
56
Define Term: Sarcoma
Cancer of Embryonic Connective Tissue
A Tumor regarding any Nervous Tissue
A Neoplasm of Muscular Tissue
Any Hyperplasia or Dysplasia of Epithelial Tissue