What was the Supreme Court’s decision in Brown v. Board of Education?

School segregation = unconstitutional b/c violated Equal Protection Clause.

What was the rationale behind the Supreme Court’s decision in Brown v. Board of Education?

Sep. but equal=inherently unequal & impacts education of Black children

The 4th amendment protects against:

unreasonable searches and seizures

What did the Espionage Act of 1917 do?

made it illegal to interfere w/ military recruitment for war efforts

What was the rationale behind the Supreme Court’s decision in Obergefell v. Hodges?

Marriage is a right, and bans violate Equal Protection.

How does the 14th Amendment support social movements?

It helps fight discrimination in civil rights movements.

What is important to know about the Amish and Mennonite religion to understand this case?

They believe in sep from modern society, including limiting education

What was the Supreme Court’s rationale for their decision in Wisconsin v. Yoder?

Forcing kids to attend school past 8th gr interferes w/ deeply rooted faith

What makes a law unjust, according to King?

It harms minorities and lacks moral foundations

What was the Supreme Court’s decision in Plessy v. Ferguson?

The doctrine of “separate but equal” was constitutional

What was the constitutional question at the center of McDonald v. Chicago?

Does the 2nd Amend apply to state & local gov through the 14th Amend

How did the aftermath of Brown v. Board demonstrate a check on the Supreme Court?

States resisted by passing new segregation laws, delaying integration

What was the idea of “separate but equal” established in Plessy v. Ferguson?

If segregated facilities are equal quality, segregation = constitutional

How did Schenck violate the Espionage Act of 1917?

by printing & distributing leaflets urging men to resist the draft

How was the Civil Rights movement tied to the 14th amendment?

It used equal protection to fight racial injustice

When may speech be limited in schools?

If the speech is disruptive or interferes w/ learning environment

What is the “clear and present danger” test?

speech can be restricted if it leads to harmful actions/threatens security

Which Constitutional amendment(s) and clause(s) were relevant in McDonald v. Chicago?

2nd Amendment - Rights to Bear Arms, 14th Amendment - Due Process

How does Schenck v. US demonstrate how the Court promotes safety and order?

by allowing the gov to restrict speech that could harm nat. security

Why was Engel v. Vitale important based on what you know about public education, religion, and government?

Pub schools=gov funded - religious endorse. violates sep of church & state

According to MLK, what is the main goal/benefit of "constructive nonviolent tension"?

To force negotiation and social change

What was the Supreme Court’s decision in Gideon v. Wainwright?

state courts must provide an attorney to defendants who cannot afford one

What was the constitutional question at the center of Gideon v. Wainwright?

Does the right to attorney apply to state courts through 14th Amendment?

Why does King say unjust laws can be broken?

They degrade human dignity and violate moral law

What was the constitutional question at the center of Tinker v. Des Moines?

does school policy banning armbands violate students' 1st Amendment rights?

What is unique about Washington, D.C., in relation to the Heller case?

It is a federal district, so the Bill of Rights applies directly to it

How is McDonald v. Chicago related to selective incorporation?

It incorporated the 2nd Amend to the states through the 14th Amendment.

What was the Constitutional question in Brown v. Board of Education?

Does racial segregation in schools violate equal protection of 14th amend?

What did the Executive Branch do in response to the NY Times publishing the Pentagon Papers?

It tried to prevent newspapers from publishing docs about nat. security

What is the purpose of the doctrine of selective incorporation?

To apply protections of the BoR to the states thru the 14th amend

Which protection is found in the 8th amendment

freedom from cruel and unusual punishment

What was the Supreme Court’s decision in Engel v. Vitale?

The prayer was unconstitutional - violated Est. Clause

Which Constitutional amendment/clause/principle is related to Engel v. Vitale?

1st amend - establishment clause

What precedent did Plessy v. Ferguson set?

It reinforced racial segregation laws across the U.S.

Who was Homer Plessy, and how did he challenge the Separate Car Act?

A mixed-race man who sat in a "whites-only" railcar

What was the decision of the Supreme Court in NY Times v. US?

In favor of NY Times - prior restraint is unconstitutional

The 6th amendment guarantees

the right to a speedy and public trial by jury

What was the constitutional question at the center of Engel v. Vitale?

Does state-sponsored prayer in public schools violate the 1st amend

How is Obergefell v. Hodges a case about federalism?

It asked if states must recognize same-sex marriages from other states

What Constitutional amendment/clause/principle is related to Wisconsin v. Yoder?

1st Amend - Free Exercise Clause

What situation led to Wisconsin v. Yoder being heard by the Supreme Court?

Amish parents fined for refusing to send children to school beyond 8th gr.

What Constitutional amendment/clause/principle is related to Tinker v. Des Moines?

First Amendment - Freedome of Speech

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AP Gov Unit 8 Review

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Answers

1
What was the Supreme Court’s decision in Brown v. Board of Education?
School segregation = constitutional under “separate but equal” doctrine.
School segregation = unconstitutional b/c violated Equal Protection Clause.
The federal gov did not have the authority to intervene in school matters.
Each state could decide whether to integrate schools or not.
2
What was the rationale behind the Supreme Court’s decision in Brown v. Board of Education?
States had rights to segregate schools, but funding had to be equal.
Segregated schools were equal in resources but still unconstitutional.
Sep. but equal=inherently unequal & impacts education of Black children
The Constitution explicitly banned all forms of racial segregation.
3
The 4th amendment protects against:
denial of legal counsel
self-incrimination
cruel and unusual punishment
unreasonable searches and seizures
4
What did the Espionage Act of 1917 do?
made it illegal to interfere w/ military recruitment for war efforts
established freedom of speech for all citizens
allows the gov to censor newspapers
prohibited any criticism of the US government
5
What was the rationale behind the Supreme Court’s decision in Obergefell v. Hodges?
Congress has the final say on marriage laws.
States can regulate marriage under the Tenth Amendment.
Same-sex marriage should be decided by state votes.
Marriage is a right, and bans violate Equal Protection.
6
How did the school punish the Tinkers?
Forced them to apologize
Suspended them
Expelled them permanently
Gave them detention
7
How does the 14th Amendment support social movements?
It helps fight discrimination in civil rights movements.
It gives Congress full control over civil rights laws.
It lets states pass any civil rights law without limits.
It only applies to voting rights, not social issues.
8
What is important to know about the Amish and Mennonite religion to understand this case?
They believe in strict government oversight of religious practices
They require all children to attend public school until age 18
They believe in sep from modern society, including limiting education
They emphasize tech and higher ed for their members
9
What other required case centered around the same type of speech as Tinker v. Des Moines?
Citizens United v. FEC
Brown v. Board of Education
Engel v. Vitale
Schenck v. US
10
What was the Supreme Court’s rationale for their decision in Wisconsin v. Yoder?
The gov has no authority over religious education at any level
The Amish needed to prove their education was equal to public schooling
Forcing kids to attend school past 8th gr interferes w/ deeply rooted faith
Religious beliefs should not interfere with gov education policies
11
What makes a law unjust, according to King?
It is not passed by Congress
It breaks religious rules
It's unpopular with the majority
It harms minorities and lacks moral foundations
12
What was the Supreme Court’s decision in Plessy v. Ferguson?
The doctrine of “separate but equal” was constitutional
Homer Plessy won, and segregation was overturned
Segregation was unconstitutional in public facilities
The Separate Car Act was unconstitutional
13
What was the constitutional question at the center of McDonald v. Chicago?
Can the gov ban all guns nationwide
Does the federal government have the authority to regulate firearms?
Does the president have the power to override state gun laws?
Does the 2nd Amend apply to state & local gov through the 14th Amend
14
What is it called when people break a law on purpose to show it's unjust?
rioting
legal opposition
peaceful protest
civil disobedience
15
What does King warn will happen without nonviolent protest?
The police will take control
Violence and riots may erupt
Government will pass laws faster
Peace will come naturally
16
How did the aftermath of Brown v. Board demonstrate a check on the Supreme Court?
All states immediately complied with the ruling & integrated schools
Congress overruled the Supreme Court and reinstated segregation
States resisted by passing new segregation laws, delaying integration
The president ordered immediate military enforcement of integration
17
What was the idea of “separate but equal” established in Plessy v. Ferguson?
Black Americans had to be provided w/ the same quality education
If segregated facilities are equal quality, segregation = constitutional
All racial groups must be treated exactly the same under laws
Racial segregation is unconstitutional in all public facilities
18
Which clause of the 14th amendment is used in selective incorporation?
Due Process Clause
Necessary and Proper Clause
Establishment Clause
Equal Protection Clause
19
How did Schenck violate the Espionage Act of 1917?
by publishing newspaper articles criticizing President Wilson
by organizing a protest outside the White House
by printing & distributing leaflets urging men to resist the draft
by refusing to serve in the military
20
What type of speech did the Tinker siblings utilize?
commercial speech
symbolic speech
hate speech
pure speech
21
How was the Civil Rights movement tied to the 14th amendment?
It focused on religious liberty
It used equal protection to fight racial injustice
It wanted to amend the Constitution
It was about voting rights
22
When may speech be limited in schools?
If the speech goes against the teacher's personal beliefs
If the speech is political in nature
If the speech expresses religious beliefs
If the speech is disruptive or interferes w/ learning environment
23
What is the “clear and present danger” test?
speech can be restricted if it leads to harmful actions/threatens security
legal standard used to determine if speech is offensive
test to decide if speech is truthful or misleading
a rule allowing the government to ban speech that is unpopular
24
What Constitutional amendment/clause/principle is related to NYT v. US?
10th amendment - states rights
4th amendment - search and seizure
1st amendment - free of press
5th amendment - due process
25
Which Constitutional amendment(s) and clause(s) were relevant in McDonald v. Chicago?
1st Amendment - Establishment Clause
10th Amendment - state's rights
2nd Amendment - Rights to Bear Arms
14th Amendment - Due Process
26
How does Schenck v. US demonstrate how the Court promotes safety and order?
by reinforcing the idea that all speech is protected under the 1st amend.
by allowing the gov to censor newspapers permanently
by limiting only political speech
by allowing the gov to restrict speech that could harm nat. security
27
Why was Engel v. Vitale important based on what you know about public education, religion, and government?
The Constitution does not apply to public school policies
Religious practices in schools help unify students under common beliefs
Pub schools=gov funded - religious endorse. violates sep of church & state
The gov has the authority to promote religious teachings in public edu
28
According to MLK, what is the main goal/benefit of "constructive nonviolent tension"?
To discourage participation in protests
To force negotiation and social change
To provoke violence for media
To destroy racist institutions
29
What were the Tinkers protesting?
Prayer in schools
Segregation in public schools
School dress code policies
The Vietnam War
30
What was the Supreme Court’s decision in Gideon v. Wainwright?
the right to an attorney does not apply to state trials
only federal courts are required to provide attorneys
state courts must provide an attorney to defendants who cannot afford one
states could provide attorneys at their discretion
31
What constitutional amendment is related to Schenck v. US?
10th amendment - states' rights
4th amendment - search and seizure
1st amendment - free speech
5th amendment - due process
32
What was the constitutional question at the center of Gideon v. Wainwright?
Does the right to attorney apply to state courts through 14th Amendment?
Do only serious crimes require an attorney for the defendant?
Does the Supreme Court have the power to overturn state court decisions?
Can states choose whether or not to provide legal counsel to defendants?
33
Why does King say unjust laws can be broken?
They degrade human dignity and violate moral law
They are not enforceable
No one will punish you
They are not voted on
34
What was the constitutional question at the center of Tinker v. Des Moines?
does school prayer violate the first amendment?
Can schools censor student newspapers?
does school policy banning armbands violate students' 1st Amendment rights?
can public schools require students to salute the flag?
35
What is unique about Washington, D.C., in relation to the Heller case?
It has no laws regulating firearms
It is a federal district, so the Bill of Rights applies directly to it
It has the strictest gun laws in the US
It is a US state
36
How is McDonald v. Chicago related to selective incorporation?
It incorporated the 2nd Amend to the states through the 14th Amendment.
state gov'ts can selectively choose which amendments to follow
It denied the concept of selective incorporation.
It ruled that the First Amendment applies to all government actions.
37
What was the Constitutional question in Brown v. Board of Education?
Can Congress pass laws requiring schools to integrate?
Does school segregation violate 1st amendment?
Does racial segregation in schools violate equal protection of 14th amend?
Do states have the right to regulate own education systems w/o federal gov?
38
What did the Executive Branch do in response to the NY Times publishing the Pentagon Papers?
It ignored the publication as the docs were not important
It tried to prevent newspapers from publishing docs about nat. security
It arrested the journalist for espionage but took no action against the NYT
It encouraged the media to spread the info to promote transparency
39
What is the purpose of the doctrine of selective incorporation?
To allow the president to override state laws
To apply protections of the BoR to the states thru the 14th amend
To limit the power of the federal gov over the states
To give states full control over civil liberties
40
Which protection is found in the 8th amendment
freedom from cruel and unusual punishment
right to a jury trial
right to petition the government
right to free speech
41
What was the Supreme Court’s decision in Engel v. Vitale?
The prayer was unconstitutional - violated Est. Clause
The prayer was constitutional as long as students could opt out
The prayer was constitutional because it was voluntary
42
Which Constitutional amendment/clause/principle is related to Engel v. Vitale?
4th amend - search and seizure
1st amend - establishment clause
1st amend - free exercise clause
10th amend - states' rights
43
What precedent did Plessy v. Ferguson set?
It established that segregation was inherently unequal
It led to the immediate end of segregation in public spaces
It gave Congress the power to regulate state laws on segregation
It reinforced racial segregation laws across the U.S.
44
Who was Homer Plessy, and how did he challenge the Separate Car Act?
A mixed-race man who sat in a "whites-only" railcar
A Louisiana lawyer who argued against segregation in court
A formerly enslaved man who sued for his right to vote
A senator who proposed a law to desegregate public transportation
45
What was the decision of the Supreme Court in NY Times v. US?
In favor of the gov, stating natl security concerns outweigh press freedom
NY Times committed treason by publishing the docs
Court refused to hear the case and left it up to Congress
In favor of NY Times - prior restraint is unconstitutional
46
The 6th amendment guarantees
a grand jury
the right to bear arms
protection from excessive fines
the right to a speedy and public trial by jury
47
What was the constitutional question at the center of Engel v. Vitale?
Are students allowed to bring religious texts to school
Does state-sponsored prayer in public schools violate the 1st amend
Can a teacher lead a discussion on different religions in the classroom
Does the gov have the right to dictate curriculum in public schools
48
How is Obergefell v. Hodges a case about federalism?
It questioned Congress’s power over marriage laws.
It asked if states must recognize same-sex marriages from other states
It allowed states to define civil rights individually.
It ruled on federal laws about school segregation.
49
What Constitutional amendment/clause/principle is related to Wisconsin v. Yoder?
10th Amend - States' Rights
1st Amend - Free Exercise Clause
14th Amend - Equal Protection Clause
1st Amend - Establishment Clause
50
What situation led to Wisconsin v. Yoder being heard by the Supreme Court?
Amish parents fined for refusing to send children to school beyond 8th gr.
Amish parents sued WI for not providing religious edu options in schools
Amish & Mennonite communities challenged a law banning religious schools
Schools in WI refused to allow Amish students to wear religious clothing
51
What Constitutional amendment/clause/principle is related to Tinker v. Des Moines?
Fourth Amendment - Search and Seizure
First Amendment - Freedome of Speech
Fifth Amendment - Due Process Clause
Fourteenth Amendment - Equal Protection Clause
52
How did the Tinkers plan on protesting?
By wearing black armbands
By giving speeches in class
By organizing a walkout
By refusing to attend school
53
What does "prior restraint" refer to?
Government punishment after publication of a harmful article
A court's decision to reverse a conviction
Government censorship before a work is published
54
What was the Supreme Court’s decision in Wisconsin v. Yoder?
Amish parents could remove their children from school for religious reasons
Amish children had to decide for themselves whether to cont. school
All children must attend school until 16, regardless of religious beliefs
55
What Constitutional amendment(s) or principle was central to Plessy v. Ferguson?
5th amendment - due process
1st amendment - free speech
14th amendment - equal protection clause
10th amendment - states' rights
56
What was the Supreme Court’s rationale in Gideon v. Wainwright?
the decision should be left up to each individual state
only wealthy defendants have a right to an attorney
the right to counsel is a fundamental right essential to a fair trial
the right to counsel only applies in capital cases
57
What was the Constitutional question in Plessy v. Ferguson?
Does segregation in schools violate the Fifth Amendment?
Does the Separate Car Act violate the First Amendment?
Does segregation on public transport. violate the Equal Protection Clause?
Is Congress allowed to regulate interstate travel?
58
What was the constitutional question at the center of NY Times v. US
Can the gov exercise prior restraint to stop the press from publishing?
Does the gov have the right to seize journalist gocs w/o a warrant?
Does the president have unlimited power to control the media?
Can the gov punish journalists for exposing corruption
59
What took place each morning at the start of the school day in New York that led to Engel v. Vitale?
a mandatory reading from the Bible
a voluntary, state-approved prayer
a moment of silence for reflection
a student-led religious service
60
How was Brown v. Board of Education an example of judicial activism?
The Court refused to issue a ruling & left decisions up to schools.
The Supreme Court deferred to state govts to decide on school integration.
The Court changed social policy by overturning precedent
The Court allowed Congress to pass new segregation laws
61
What Constitutional amendment(s)/clause(s) was central to Obergefell v. Hodges?
14th amendment - equal protection
5th amendment - due process
14th amendment - due process
10th amendment - states' rights
62
According to LFBJ, why did King and his followers use nonviolence to protest?
Violence was illegal
They were not allowed to carry weapons
It had moral force and gained sympathy
It made them look weak
63
Was the prayer mandatory for students in Engel v. Vitale?
Yes, unless parents submitted a written request for exemption
No, but the state's endorsement still made it unconstitutional
No, and that made it constitutional
Yes, students were required to participate
64
What is the primary goal of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972?
prevent sex-based discrimination in federally funded education programs
ban segregation in public schools
protect the rights of students with disabilities
Ensure equal funding for religious schools
65
What did the Supreme Court decide in Schenck v. US?
In favor of Schenck - the gov't cannot restrict speech during wartime
Conviction upheld - speech can be restricted when "clear & present danger"
Case was dismissed b/c his actions were protected political speech
Schenck's conviction was overturned b/c free speech is absolute
66
What did Daniel Ellsberg and the New York Times do? What kinds of information did they contain?
They revealed nuclear weapon codes to foreign nations
They exposed presidential corruption in the Watergate scandal
Leaked secret CIA docs about Cold War spy operations
They published classified docs revealing gov deception about US in Vietnam
67
In Letter from Birmingham Jail, Dr. King argues that
Local clergy supported the civil rights protests
Civil disobedience is morally wrong
Individuals have a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws
Waiting for change is acceptable if violence is avoided
68
What was the Supreme Court’s rationale for their decision in Engel v. Vitale
Prayer was voluntary/the gov endorsing prayer violated church & state
The Est. Clause applies only to fed. institutions, not schools
Allowing the prayer promoted religious freedom for all students
Since the prayer was non-denominational, it didn't violate the Constitution
69
What was the Supreme Court’s decision in McDonald v. Chicago?
the Second Amendment does not apply to states.
states have complete authority over gun regulations.
the federal government cannot regulate guns.
the Second Amendment applies to state and local governments.
70
What was dangerous about Linda Brown's trip to school?
Had to take a bus thru dangerous neighborhood b/c no closer schools existed
Had to cross state lines to since KS had no schools for Black students
Had to walk through a forest where wild animals were a threat
Had to cross a train yard/walk a mile b/c Kansas had segregated schools
71
What was the constitutional question at the center of Wisconsin v. Yoder?
Can the government force religious groups to change their beliefs
Should private religious schools receive government funding
Do laws requiring school attendance violate the 1st Amend rights of Amish
Do states have the power to ban religious homeschooling?
72
Which facts led to Obergefell v. Hodges reaching the Supreme Court?
The Supreme Court decided on same-sex marriage without lawsuits.
The president ordered states to recognize same-sex marriages.
Congress passed a law banning same-sex marriage, causing lawsuits.
Same-sex couples sued after states refused to recognize their marriages.
73
What was the long-term legacy of Plessy v. Ferguson?
It was quickly overturned by new federal laws
It established racial segregation laws (Jim Crow) that lasted for decades
It had no impact on racial policies in the U.S.
It led to the immediate desegregation of public transportation
74
What did the Supreme Court rule in DC v. Heller (2008)?
The 2nd Amend. protects an individs right to own guns, for militia service
The federal government can ban all firearms.
The 2nd Amendment does not protect an individual's right to own firearms.
The 2nd Amend protects individual's right to own firearms for self-defense.
75
Which Constitutional amendment(s) and clause(s) were relevant to Gideon v. Wainwright?
10th amendment - states' rights
1st amendment - Free Speech
14th amendment - due process
6th amendment - right to counsel
76
The 5th amendment protects all of the following except:
due process
double jeopardy
self-incrimination
speedy trial
77
What was the Supreme Court’s decision in Obergefell v. Hodges?
States could define marriage however they wanted.
States banning same-sex marriage violated the 14th Amendment.
Marriage was not a constitutional right.
Congress could ban same-sex marriage nationwide.
78
What happened to Clarence Earl Gideon that led to the Gideon v. Wainwright case?
He was provided a state attorney who was ineffective
He was tried in federal court but was unable to afford an attorney
He was denied an attorney in state criminal trial w/o legal representation
He refused to accept an attorney and chose to represent himself in court
79
Why does King reject the idea that African Americans should wait?
Waiting is easier than action
They wanted to protest during an election year
Delay prolongs injustice and suffering
Time would fix everything on its own
80
What does it mean that the government cannot interfere with your “free exercise” of religion?
Individs can practice their religion unless it conflicts with gov interests
Religious groups are allowed to make own laws separate from Constitution
The government must provide funding for religious education
The gov must support all religious practices equally
81
What was the Supreme Court's rationale in McDonald v. Chicago?
gun laws are purely a matter of state discretion.
Right to bear arms = fundamental right under Due Process/14th Amend
Second Amendment does not apply to individuals.
only federal governments have the power to regulate gun laws.
82
When do we tend to see the government restrict free speech?
when speech is used in protests
when speech criticizes government officials
when speech poses a threat to national security/public safety
when speech is offensive to certain groups
83
What background info is important to know about NY Times v. US
Took place during Vietnam War, a time of tension and gov secrecy
Occurred during WWII when the US was fighting in Europe
Occurred during the Great Depression when economy collapsing
Happened during the Civil Rights Movement when protests were widespread
84
What led to the McDonald v. Chicago case reaching the Supreme Court?
Illinois passed a law banning all guns statewide
Chicago refused to enforce any gun control laws
Residents of Chicago argued its handgun ban violated 2nd amend rights
The federal gov attempted to confiscate all firearms in Chicago
85
What did the Supreme Court rule in Tinker v. Des Moines?
The school could punish the students as their behavior was disruptive
The case was dismissed as not relevant to constitutional law
Tinkers lost because schools have total control over student speech
Students do not lose their 1st amend. rights at school unless it disrupts
86
What Constitutional amendment(s)/clause(s)/principle was central to Brown v. Board of Education?
1st amendment - free speech
5th amendment - due process
10th amendment - states' rights
14th amendment - equal protection
87
According to LFBJ, why is King disappointed in the white moderate?
They valued order over justice
They joined violent protests
They left the movement
They opposed all change
88
How is Gideon v. Wainwright related to selective incorporation?
Ruled that only civil cases require legal representation
The 6th Amend right to attorney applies to state courts via 14th amend
Denied the use of selective incorporation for criminal cases
It ruled that state courts can selectively decide which rights to uphold.

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