Cladistics differs from Linnaean classification because it:

focuses on phylogenetic analyses.

Succession occurs on newly formed volcanic islands because:

pioneer communities alter the environment in which they live over time

Nitrogen is not taken up by plants directly from the atmosphere because:

it is free nitrogen and must first be fixed.

There is less energy stored at higher trophic levels because:

energy is lost as heat at each food chain level

The tolerance range of a species is:

the range of an abiotic factor within which an organism can survive.

a community of organisms interacting with their physical surroundings.

Random sampling is used so that:

every sample has an equal chance of being selected.

The number of people in the world increases by more than 1 per cent every year. This is an example of:

acceleration of population growth rate.

Intraspecific competition is:

sometimes cooperative and sometimes competitive

Ecological homeostasis occurs when:

+ & - feedbacks maintain a population around its carrying capacity

Denitrifying bacteria perform which function in the nitrogen cycle?

They reduce nitrate to nitrite, ammonia or nitrogen.

A dichotomous key is a tool for...

identifying organisms based on their observable features.

Transects are a better sampling strategy than plots when:

information is required over larger areas.

We expect the highest productivity in:

tropical rainforests, because they are both warm and wet.

Cladistics assumes that:

all species share a common ancestor and that species arise over time as single populations split into two.

Photosynthesis changes:

solar radiation into chemical energy.

The presence of fossil pollen samples of Nothofagus spp. in Antarctica indicates that:

the Earth’s tectonic plates move

In marine ecosystems, the biomass of phytoplankton is smaller than the biomass of the zooplankton living off them becaus

phytoplankton can reproduce quickly.

Adaptations to living in water should allow fish to:

store salt or remove it, depending on the environment.

a forest resulting from primary succession in which populations and overall

Two sexually reproducing animals are generally considered to be of the same species if they:

can produce living, viable offspring in the wild.

K-strategists, because they have extensive parental care through a long pre

Intraspecific relationships are those between:

individuals of the same species.

Terrestrial ecosystems tend to have high temperature variability. Therefore, terrestrial organisms tend to:

be adapted to specific temperature ranges.

A nutrient cycle is the pathway for an element through:

the living and non-living components of an ecosystem.

Agriculture can increase the salinity of the soil because:

irrigation raises the natural water table, bringing salts to the surface.

Transpiration is defined as:

the loss of water from plant leaves to the atmosphere.

Biodiversity refers to:

the range of living organisms and their environments.

excessive build-up of nutrients in water.

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12 Biology Unit 3 Revision QCE

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Questions 46

Answers

1
Cladistics differs from Linnaean classification because it:
focuses on phylogenetic analyses.
is more technologically complicated.
does not consider derived characteristics.
focuses on homologous structures.
2
Which type of ecological pyramid can only have an upright pyramid shape?
Pyramid of productive efficiency
Energy pyramid
Biomass pyramid
Pyramid of numbers
3
Succession occurs on newly formed volcanic islands because:
it takes longer for the seeds of more complex plants to arrive to an island
the acidic rock of volcanic islands is neutralised by lichens.
larger, more complex plants (trees) take longer to grow than simple plants
pioneer communities alter the environment in which they live over time
4
In a cyclical predator-prey relationship, we expect increasing predator numbers will always occur when:
there are many predators competing for the same resources.
predators move freely into and out of habitats.
a monsoon arrives in a desert.
the number of prey increases.
5
A second-order consumer gets its energy from eating:
plants
carnivores
herbivores
my biology teacher (I wish)
6
Nitrogen is not taken up by plants directly from the atmosphere because:
it is free nitrogen and must first be fixed.
it is free nitrogen and must first be reduced.
it is primarily stored in rocks.
it is uncommon in the atmosphere.
7
Which species are easily defined by the ‘reproductive isolation’ definition of species?
Animals
Ring species
Fossils
Asexual organisms
8
There is less energy stored at higher trophic levels because:
carnivores tend to be larger than herbivores.
energy is destroyed at each food chain level.
energy is lost through defecation at each food chain level.
energy is lost as heat at each food chain level
9
The tolerance range of a species is:
the range of a biotic factor at which an organism survives best.
the range of an abiotic factor at which an organism survives best.
the range of a biotic factor within which an organism can survive.
the range of an abiotic factor within which an organism can survive.
10
An ecosystem is:
all the individuals of a species interacting in an abiotic habitat.
the populations of species interacting with one another in a habitat
a habitat in which populations do not suffer physiological stress.
a community of organisms interacting with their physical surroundings.
11
Random sampling is used so that:
researchers can prove that their hypothesis is correct.
all sampling locations are possible to reach.
every sample has an equal chance of being selected.
a sampling location is not accidentally repeated.
12
The number of people in the world increases by more than 1 per cent every year. This is an example of:
negative feedbacks with the environment.
acceleration of population growth rate.
positive feedbacks with the environment.
homeostasis.
13
Of the solar energy absorbed by the Earth, how much is absorbed by plants?
30%
1%
100%
10%
14
Intraspecific competition is:
typically mutualistic because individuals are more likely to survive attack
usually competitive if the individuals of a species have nests.
sometimes cooperative and sometimes competitive
always a symbiosis.
15
Ecological homeostasis occurs when:
population growth decelerates.
environmental resistance stops changing.
the environment becomes more stable.
+ & - feedbacks maintain a population around its carrying capacity
16
Simpson’s Index is defined by the formula:
cosθ=vl
D= ΣN(n−1)ΣN(N−1)
S=s/√N
SDI=1−D
17
Denitrifying bacteria perform which function in the nitrogen cycle?
They fix atmospheric nitrogen.
They transform ammonia into nitrite.
They reduce nitrate to nitrite, ammonia or nitrogen.
They produce nitrate to liberate energy.
18
An anemometer is used to measure:
the slope of a hillside.
humidity.
the density of anemones.
wind.
19
A dichotomous key is a tool for...
comparing the DNA of different species
comparing the embryos of taxa.
determining the number of chromosomes in a cell.
identifying organisms based on their observable features.
20
Transects are a better sampling strategy than plots when:
surveys cannot be placed randomly.
there is a high canopy layer in the vegetation.
aquatic species are being sampled.
information is required over larger areas.
21
We expect the highest productivity in:
tropical rainforests, because they are both warm and wet.
deserts, because they are very hot and higher temperatures cause molecules
the Arctic tundra, because high latitudes receive the most solar radiation
temperate forests, because they have the tallest trees
22
Cladistics assumes that:
all species share a common ancestor and that species arise over time as single populations split into two.
species’ relationships to one another cannot be understood without genetic
species do not change once they have evolved.
an individual’s DNA is always inherited from the maternal line through mito
23
Photosynthesis changes:
incident radiation into transmitted radiation.
visible light into green light.
solar radiation into heat energy .
solar radiation into chemical energy.
24
Following a large-scale use of the herbicide DTT in a marine environment, it is most dangerous to:
eat large fish.
drink the water.
eat small fish.
eat nori (seaweed).
25
The presence of fossil pollen samples of Nothofagus spp. in Antarctica indicates that:
pollen grains are more resistant to decay in ice.
the Earth’s tectonic plates move
Nothofagus could grow in Antarctica if scientists brought fresh pollen.
this species is adapted to cold climates.
26
In marine ecosystems, the biomass of phytoplankton is smaller than the biomass of the zooplankton living off them becaus
phytoplankton store energy for long periods of time.
the food web in marine ecosystems is very complex.
phytoplankton can reproduce quickly.
zooplankton are much larger than phytoplankton.
27
Adaptations to living in water should allow fish to:
remove water, depending on the environment.
store salt or remove it, depending on the environment.
remove salt, depending on the environment
store salt, depending on the environment.
28
Vestigial structures are those that:
function differently between species, but indicate that they are related.
are similar to one another despite a common ancestor.
are common to all embryos.
have no apparent function.
29
A primary forest is:
a forest resulting from primary succession in which populations and overall
the successional stage where ecosystem development in driven by primary pro
the first forest to develop during succession, made up of r-selected pionee
the tallest forest that may develop in an area, given the abiotic condition
30
Two sexually reproducing animals are generally considered to be of the same species if they:
look similar to one another.
compete with one another for territory.
are distributed in the same geographic region.
can produce living, viable offspring in the wild.
31
Humans are:
r-strategists, because a man can father many children.
r-strategists, because they share rather than compete for resources.
K-strategists, because they have extensive parental care through a long pre
mixed r and K strategists, because they vary in size.
32
Intraspecific relationships are those between:
individuals of the same species.
organisms within the same ecosystem.
individuals that compete with one another.
species that are autotrophs.
33
At the base of all food chains are:
Consumers
Decomposers
Omnivores
Producers
34
Terrestrial ecosystems tend to have high temperature variability. Therefore, terrestrial organisms tend to:
be adapted to specific temperature ranges.
have high metabolic rates.
have external surfaces which prevent water loss.
have greater variation in animal shapes than aquatic ecosystems.
35
The hypothesis that all the Southern continents were once joined into one continent is supported by:
the similarity of the geology.
textbooks.
the distribution of people.
the distribution of fossils.
36
A nutrient cycle is the pathway for an element through:
all of the organisms in a food web.
he atmosphere, oceans and waterways on the Earth’s surface.
the living and non-living components of an ecosystem.
a variety of cycling pools.
37
Agriculture can increase the salinity of the soil because:
pesticides and herbicides interact with ultraviolet light to produce salts.
fertiliser interacts with the soil to produce salts.
building dams for irrigation leads to the erosion of riverbanks
irrigation raises the natural water table, bringing salts to the surface.
38
Fungal spores are placed into a petri dish. The first trend we expect to see is an increase and then a decrease in:
population growth rate.
population size.
carrying capacity.
equilibrium.
39
Transpiration is defined as:
the loss of water from plant leaves to the atmosphere.
water exchanging as a gas through the soft surfaces of terrestrial animals.
surface freshwater moving into underground stores.
frozen water turning into water vapour.
40
The form of nitrogen which can be assimilated by plants is:
ammonia.
nitrate.
free nitrogen.
nitrite.
41
The internal salt concentration of marine vertebrates is ____________ that of the water.
similar to
higher than
equal to
lower than
42
A species can be absent from a habitat because of:
density-dependent effects.
intraspecific competition.
dispersal limitation.
abiotic factors that are within its tolerance range.
43
Biodiversity refers to:
the number of species in an environment.
the genetic diversity within an environment.
the range of living organisms and their environments.
the variety of different types of habitats on a continent.
44
Eutrophication is:
excessive build-up of nutrients in water.
depletion of nutrients in water.
a state where no fertilisers have been used on plants.
excessive fertilisers used on plants.
45
During photosynthesis, plants transform solar energy into _________ energy.
biological
heat
chemical
kinetic
46
r-strategist species thrive:
in stable environments.
where the population size is mostly limited by density-dependent effects.
where there is strong competition for resources.
in unstable environments.

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