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EBP II Exam 1 Prep Flashcards | StudBud
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EBP II Exam 1 Prep
EBP II Exam 1 Prep
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1
Quasi-experimental studies are similar to experimental studies except they lack what?
Comparison Group
A hypothesis
A large enough sample
Random sampling
2
What best describes a case-control study?
Retrospective and compares cases to controls
Randomized and experimental
Retrospective and compares outcomes in exposed and unexposed
Prospective and observational
3
Efficacy refers to:
How well a treatment works in real-world settings
Whether a treatment is statistically significant
How well a treatment works in ideal, controlled conditions
The safety of a treatment
4
A cross-sectional design:
Follows subjects over time
Randomizes subjects to groups
Collects data at multiple time points
Collects data at a single point in time
5
A type I error occurs when:
The null hypothesis is falsely accepted
The alternative hypothesis is accepted
The null hypothesis is correctly rejected
The null hypothesis is falsely rejected (false positive)
6
True/False: Ordinal data has a meaningful order but not equal intervals
True
False
7
Which measure is least affected by outliers?
Median
Mode
Range
Mean
8
If you start with a low pre-test probability and get a strong +LR, the post-test probability will:
Increase significantly
Decrease significantly
Be invalid
Remain the same
9
What does it mean if a study is “underpowered”?
It lacks enough statistical power to detect a real effect
It has too many participants
It used only descriptive statistics
It rejected the null too soon
10
Validity refers to:
Whether a measure produces the same result repeatedly
Ratio of true positives
Whether a measure assesses what it claims to measure
Ability to generalize findings
11
Which correctly pairs Independent t-test & Dependent t-test?
dependent t-test: compares two independent groups measured twice
dependent t-test: compares one group via pre-post testing
Independent t-test: compares one group measured twice
Independent t-test: compares two independent groups via pre-post testing
12
In a positively skewed distribution:
Mean > Median > Mode
Mean < Median < Mode
Mean and median are equal
Mean = Median = Mode
13
True/False: Two-tailed t-test is a nondirectional hypothesis & has
MORE
statistical power than a One-tailed t-test.
True
False
14
Which of the following increases statistical power?
Lower alpha
High variability
Larger effect size
Small sample size
15
Which of the following is true about cohort studies?
They manipulate variables to determine causality
They compare subjects with and without a condition at the same time
They follow groups over time based on exposure
They are always retrospective
16
A test with high specificity is useful for:
Calculating incidence
Ruling out a condition
Estimating treatment effect
Ruling in a condition
17
You can not commit a type II error unless you accept (fail to reject) the null hypothesis.
True
False
18
In a normal distribution, approximately what percent of values fall within ±1 standard deviation of the mean?
68%
90%
50%
95%
19
A data set may present with a skewed distribution. If the distribution is negatively skewed is means ___________.
mean and median will be greater than the mode
data indicates there was a poor outcome
mean and median will be less than the mode
data indicates there are more negative outliers
20
What does it mean if a CI includes 0?
The null hypothesis should be rejected
The results are statistically significant
The effect size is large
There may be no effect; result is not statistically significant
21
What does it mean if a study is “underpowered”?
It rejected the null too soon and is used only descriptive statistics
It has too many participants
It lacks enough statistical power to detect a real effect
22
Inductive reasoning starts with:
Observations and data collection
A general theory
Experimental design
Hypothesis testing
23
True/False: If our finding is NOT statistically significant & the MCID is excluded from the CI, we have adequate power.
True
False
24
If p < 0.05 and α = 0.05, what is the correct decision?
Accept the null hypothesis
The results are inconclusive
Type II error
Reject the null hypothesis
25
Which of the following is a continuous variable?
Diagnosis Category
Height
Blood Type
Gender
26
A paired (dependent) t-test is used when:
Comparing the same group at two time points
Comparing two unrelated groups
Comparing more than two groups
Comparing between three variables
27
Inferential statistics allow researchers to:
Calculate mode and range
Estimate population parameters from a sample
Summarize data visually
Display histograms
28
A priori sample size estimation is used:
Before the study begins to plan how many subjects are needed
To calculate power post-hoc
After data collection to see is our design powerful enough
Only in qualitative research
29
What does MDC stand for in psychometrics?
Maximum Difference Calculated
Moderate Diagnostic Calculation
Mean Difference Change
Minimal Detectable Change
30
Descriptive statistics are used to:
Determine statistical power
Generalize from a sample to a population
Test hypotheses
Describe basic features of data
31
The dependent variable (DV) is:
A control factor
Unrelated to the study hypothesis
The outcome measured in response to the independent variable
The variable manipulated by the researcher
32
Which type of study is primarily used to explore unknown phenomena?
Experimental
Exploratory
Descriptive
Systematic Review
33
If alpha is set at 0.05 and your p-value is 0.02, your results are:
Not statistically significant
Likely due to chance
A type II error
Statistically significant; reject the null
34
Which of the following terms describes the extent to which a measurement is consistent and free from error?
Responsiveness
Sensitivity
Reliability
Validity
35
True/False: T-Test are only able to be used when there is one factor and two levels
False
True
36
Deductive reasoning moves from:
General theories to specific hypotheses
Specific observations to general theories
Data to hypothesis
Results to conclusions without testing
37
Alpha (α) represents:
The cutoff for statistical power
The probability of a Type II error
Confidence level
The probability of a Type I error
38
True/False: A narrower confidence interval typically indicates smaller precision.
False
True
39
A type II error means:
Misinterpreting standard deviation
Getting a p-value of exactly 0.05
Failing to reject the null when it’s false (false negative)
Falsely rejecting the null (false positive)
40
True/ False: You can commit a Type I error if you do
NOT
reject the null hypothesis.
True
False
41
A post-hoc power analysis is used:
To calculate effect size
Before any data is collected
To decide which hypothesis to test
After a study to assess whether it had sufficient power
42
What is the null value of a likelihood ratio (no change in probability)?
0
-1
10
1
43
A single-subject design differs from a case study in that:
It uses group statistics
It has systematic data collection and controls
It is purely qualitative
It lacks repeated measurement
44
A covariate is:
An independent variable
A random factor
A secondary variable that may influence the DV
A variable held constant
45
The four pillars of power are:
Alpha, Variance, Effect Size, Sample Size
Alpha, p-value, MCID, CI
Hypothesis, Design, p-value, CI
Sensitivity, Specificity, Variability, Significance
46
A test with high sensitivity is good for:
Measuring central tendency
Ruling out a condition
Ruling in a condition
Ensuring internal validity
47
MCID refers to:
The smallest change meaningful to the patient
The maximal change meaningful to the patient
A clinically meaningless change
The cutoff for statistical significance
48
What type of study is considered highest on the evidence pyramid?
Cohort Study
Case Study
Systematic Review
Case-Control Study
49
Effectiveness is best described as:
High Internal Validity
Highly Controlled
Real-world application and outcome of a treatment
Truth in the study
50
The Assumptions of a Parametric Test includes all of the following EXCEPT:
different standard deviation (heterogeneity of variance)
Normal Distributions
Homogeneity of variance within groups
Continuous Data
