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Cardiac Physiology Flashcards | StudBud
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Cardiac Physiology
Cardiac Physiology
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1
What are the semilunar valves? (2)
bicuspid
pulmonic
tricuspid
aortic
2
Opening of what channels in phase 4 in slow response action potentials lead to upstroke of phase zero?
L-type calcium channels
na channels
T-type calcium channels
k channels
3
What is the pericardial sac split up into? (2)
parietal layer
outer fibrous pericardium
inner serous pericardium
visceral layer
4
What are the layers of the heart wall? (3)
myocardium
pericardial space
epicardium
endocardium
5
What is the definition of end systolic volume?
amount of blood ejected from left ventricle
measurement of how much blood is ejected from the left ventricle
volume in the left ventricle after ventricular contraction
volume in the left ventricle just prior to contraction
6
What are the functional consequences of A-fib?(3)
loss of atrial kick
decreased filling time
increased CO
thrombus
does not interfere with coronary perfusion
increased EDV
7
What occurs at point A in the cardiac pressure volume loop?
aortic valve closes
aortic valve opens
mitral valve closes
mitral valve opens
8
What is the SA nodes firing rate is determined by?
phase 4 spontaneous depolarization
transient T-type calcium channels
opening of na channels
slowing of phase 4
9
what can excess fluid in the pericardial space can lead to? (2)
cardiac tamponade
constrictive pericarditis
heart failure
pericardial effusion
10
What does the LAD supply? (3)
anterior 2/3 of interventricular septum
inferior and posterior side of the left ventricle
right ventricle
anterior wall of the left ventricle
apex of the heart
SA node
11
On an ECG, what does the T wave represent?
atrial repolarization
atrial depolarization
ventricular repolarization
ventricular depolarization
12
What is the leading cause of death globally?
multiple sclerosis
alzheimers
cystic fibrosis
heart disease
13
What occurs during phase 1 of fast response action potentials?
na channels close and k channels open
k channels close
ca channels close and k channels remain open
opening of na channels
14
What has the biggest impact on increasing cardiac oxygen demand?
increased afterload
increased HR
increased contractility
increased preload
15
What does the RCA supply? (4)
lateral and posterior wall of the left ventricle
entire right ventricle
apex of the heart
inferior and posterior side of the left ventricle
SA and AV nodal arteries
posterior 1/3 of the interventricular septum
16
Coronary autoregulation occurs between a MAP of...
70-120
40-160
80-120
60-140
17
When does peak coronary blood flow occur?
systole
diastole
contraction
ejection
18
When the SA node fails and the AV junction kicks in, what is this rhythm called?
junctional rhythm
ventricular escape rhythm
atrial tachycardia
normal sinus rhythm
19
What is used to calculate ejection fraction? (2)
HR
ESV
EDV
SV
20
Why do cardiac muscle cells have a striated appearance?
multiple nucleuses
desmosome and gap junctions
single mitochondria
sacromeres of aligned actin and myosin filaments
21
Diastole is the resting state and systole is the contraction/ejection
False
True
22
What are supraventricular tachyarrhythmias characterized by?
prolonged PR interval
wide QRS
occasional P waves are not followed by QRS
narrowed QRS
23
If an action potential occurs during the supranormal period, what can occur?
life-threatening arrhythmias
nothing due to membrane excitability being zero
normal depolarization
slowing of phase 4 in fast response action potentials
24
What occurs at point F in the cardiac pressure volume loop?
mitral valve opens
aortic valve closes
mitral valve closes
aortic valve opens
25
How does slowing of phase 4 occur?
decreased cAMP - decreased L-type ca activity
ach - decreased hr - decreased av conduction
promote opening of K channels
ach - m2 receptor - gi protein - decrease cAMP
26
Nonpacemaker cells make up 1% of the cardiac cells
True
False
27
Which myocardial ion channel shape action potential of cardiac cells?
voltage gated na, ca, and k ion channels
na/ca exchange proteins
ca/atpase active transport pump
na/k/atpase pumps
28
What AV block is this?
second degree type 1
third degree
second degree type 2
1st degree
29
What is the function of Ryanodine receptor?
remove ca from the cytoplasm
shape action potentials
allow rapid propogation of action potentials
increase ca to release into the cytoplasm
30
What is the most common arrhythmia?
V-tach
A-flutter
V-fib
A-fib
31
What forms the AV junction? (2)
AV node
bundle of his
sa node
left and right bundle branches
32
Catecholamines stimulate the beta 1 adrenergic receptors. What does this result in?
Gs-protein stimulation - increased cAMP and protein kinase A
Gq-protein stimulation - phospholipase C stimulation
Gi-protein stimulation - decreased cAMP
Gi-protein stimulation - increased cAMP and protein kinase A
33
Where are L-type Ca channels located? (2)
lungs
veins
arterioles
heart
34
What are the ECG characterstics of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome? (3)
delta wave
prolonged PR interval
prolonged QRS
shortened PR interval
35
What do atrioventricular valves connect?
ventricle - outflow tract
IVC/SVC - right atrium
left ventricle - aorta
atrium - ventricle
36
Where do the right and left coronaries arise from?
root of the aorta
pulmonary artery
subendocardium
left ventricle
