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AP Exam Review
AP Exam Review
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1
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
prefrontal cortex
hypothalamus
medulla
occipital cortex
2
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
dyadic encoding
attention encoding
the semantic level of encoding
the triarchic level of encoding
3
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
functionalism
individualism
attributionism
collectivism
4
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
hallucinations
reduction of inhibitions
resistance to pain
total loss of personal control
5
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
not really been asleep
a headache
not been dreaming
been dreaming
6
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
pancreas
pituitary gland
sebaceous gland
thyroid gland
7
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
formal operations
post-conventional moral reasoning
development of secondary sex characteristics
8
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
state-dependent learning
observational learning
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
9
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
superstitious behavior
classical conditioning
positive reinforcement
observational learning
10
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
maladaptive behaviors
irrational thoughts
the conscious
the unconscious
11
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
crystallized
fluid
episodic
procedural
12
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
low in openness
low in extraversion
high in neuroticism
high in agreeableness
13
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
genital
latency
anal
oral
14
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
intermediate-term
sensory
long-term
short-term
15
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
fixed-interval schedule
fixed-ratio schedule
variable-ratio schedule
variable-interval schedule
16
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
a contravened stereotype
a self-serving attribution
a heuristic observation
demonstrates an illusory correlation
17
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
sensory memories
non-declarative memories
flashbulb memories
episodic memories
18
__ tests measure general mental ability; __ tests measure aspects of people (values, etc).
intelligence; standardized
intelligence; personality
standardized; intelligence
personality; standardized
19
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
wish fulfillment theory
problem-solving theory
activation-synthesis theory
None of the Above
20
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
punishment
observational learning
21
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
loud noise
fear reaction
rat
rabbit
22
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
use a holistic decision model
use the elimination by aspects strategy
are using the representativeness heuristic
are using the availability heuristic
23
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
neurogenic amnesia
repression
suppression
avoidance
24
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
group differences in basic intelligence
genetic influences on IQ
changes in testing procedures
a variety of environmental factors
25
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
reasoning
creativity
intelligence
insight
26
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
content
construct
criterion-related
absolute
27
The superego is Freud's term for...
the conscious aspect of personality
the moral component of personality
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the mediating agent between the id and ego
28
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
observational learning
reinforcement
29
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
concrete
conventional
preconventional
postconventional
30
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
sequential
cross-sectional
time of testing
longitundinal
31
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
ablated
retrieved
encoded
modeled
32
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
humanistic
behavioral
psychoanalytic
cognitive
33
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
syntax
phonemes
morphemes
linguistic heuristics
34
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
an intelligence test
an aptitude test
a personality test
an achievement test
35
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
compensation
regression
displacement
fixation
36
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
the gambler's fallacy
the confirmation bias
overestimating the improbable
the conjunction fallacy
37
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
a continuous reinforcement schedule
38
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
after autonomic arousal
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
before autonomic arousal
independently of autonomic arousal
39
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
investment differentiations
display rules
social scripts
parental investments
40
Homeostasis is a state of...
psychological stability
physiological stability
physiological instability
psychological instability
41
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
classical conditioning
latent learning
insight learning
operant conditioning
42
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
recognition
relearning
recall
reiteration
43
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
chunk
semantic network
schema
script
44
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
id mechanisms
defense mechanisms
coping mechanisms
offense mechanisms
45
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
become aggressive
remain in continuous sleep
become fearful/cautious
remain in continuous wakefulness
46
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a self-report inventory
a projective test
a behavior rating
a deceptive test
47
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
drive theory
evolutionary theory
instinct theory
incentive theory
48
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
spontaneous remission
extinction
conditioned forgetting
unconditioning
49
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
conflict
change
frustration
pressure
50
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
morphemic
platonic
mnemonic
phonemic
51
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
mechanical
logical-mathemathical
spatial
musical
52
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
tone
light
salivation
food/meat powder
53
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender behaviors
gender stereotypes
gender roles
gender differences
54
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
conditioned emotional reactions
spontaneous recovery
stimulus generalization
stimulus discrimination
55
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
car-nose
tree-bird
fill-feed
boat-goat
56
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
predictive validity
standardized validity
criterion-related validity
content validity
57
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
secure-avoidant
strange situation
attachment probing
shared inhibition
58
What is somnambulism?
difficulty breathing when asleep
difficulty remaining asleep
sleep-walking
sleep-talking
59
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
selection
step-wise conditioning
stimulus discrimination
shaping
60
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
I eated a cookie
cookie
i wanted a cookie
give cookie
61
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
psychotherapy
aversion therapy
avoidance therapy
systematic desensitization
62
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
an approach-avoidance conflict
a risk-aversion conflict
an approach-approach conflict
63
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
behavioral quality
attachment
personality
temperament
64
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
correlation coefficients
means
standard deviation
percentiles
65
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
pseudoforgetting
retroactive interference
anterograde amnesia
retrograde amnesia
66
A valid test is one that...
measures what it is supposed to measure
is reliable
is consistent
has been standardized but not normed
67
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
IQ
a potential score
a percentile score
mental age
68
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
centration
conservation
egocentrism
reversibility
69
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
sadness
happiness
surprise
fear
70
Negative reinforcement involves...
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
71
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
abstract operations
systematic hypothesis testing
logical reasoning
physical interaction
72
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
pathogens
teratogens
opiates
prenatals
73
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
the internal state causes the facial expression
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
74
Framing refers to...
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
presenting irrelevant information
presenting only part of the information required
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
75
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
cognition
mentalism
introspection
intelligence
76
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
trust vs. mistrust
industry vs. inferiority
initiative vs. guilt
77
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
insomnia
pseudoinsomnia
sleep apnea
narcolepsy
78
The function of sensory memory is to...
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
put information into long-term memory
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
hold information for a lifetime
