When is qualitative research better than quantitative research?

When understanding human experiences and behaviour

What does Type II (false negative) mean?

Null hypothesis is not true but is mistakenly accepted

What does a confidence interval represent in statistics?

A range where the true value likely lies

In an experiment, what is the role of the independent variable?

It is the variable that is manipulated to observe effects

Quick mental shortcuts used in decision making

What is the availability heuristic?

Relying on information that is easiest to recall

What is the anchoring heuristic?

Relying too much on the first piece of information received

What distinguishes prevalence from incidence in epidemiology?

Prevalence includes all cases, incidence counts only new cases

What is the focus of epidemiology?

Study of disease occurrence and distribution in populations

Which type of data should researchers avoid?

Inaccurate, incomplete or biased data

What best describes confirmation bias?

Seeking or interpreting information that supports existing beliefs

Which of the following best describes quantitative data?

Numerical information that can be counted or measured

What does it mean when something is clinically significant?

The effect is meaningful in a real-world setting

What does the Hawthorne effect describe?

Changes in behaviour when people are aware they are being observed

What does Type I (false positive) mean?

Null hypothesis is true but is mistakenly rejected

What is a confounding variable?

Effects independent and dependent variables, leading to false association

What best describes qualitative data?

Descriptive, non-numerical information about meanings or experiences

What does a bell-shaped curve represent?

Data clustering around an average

What is a paradigm shift?

A complete change in the usual way of thinking

Determines if there is a difference between the means of two groups

What does NOT describe a p-value?

Used to determine if a relationship exists between variables

What does internal validity refer to in a study?

How confidently you can say the independent variable caused the effect

What is the difference between a null hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis?

Null = no effect, alternative = there is an effect

What best describes external validity?

How well a study’s findings generalise to other people, settings, or times

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Questions 24

Answers

1
When is qualitative research better than quantitative research?
When understanding human experiences and behaviour
When testing hypotheses with statistical methods
When measuring numerical data
When collecting data through surveys
2
What does Type II (false negative) mean?
Null hypothesis is true and is correctly accepted
Null hypothesis is not true and is correctly rejected
Null hypothesis is not true but is mistakenly accepted
Null hypothesis is true but is mistakenly rejected
3
What does a confidence interval represent in statistics?
The median of the dataset
The exact true value of a population parameter
The standard deviation of the data
A range where the true value likely lies
4
In an experiment, what is the role of the independent variable?
It is the outcome measured
It is the variable that is dependent on the outcome
It is the variable that remains constant
It is the variable that is manipulated to observe effects
5
What are heuristics?
Laboratory based experimental procedures
Detailed systematic data-gathering methods
Statistical tests for hypothesis testing
Quick mental shortcuts used in decision making
6
What is the availability heuristic?
Seeking patterns where none exist
Ignoring negative information
Relying on information that is easiest to recall
Anchoring on the first number seen
7
What is the anchoring heuristic?
Relying too much on the first piece of information received
Looking for patterns in randomness
Focusing on emotionally charged events
Preferring recent information over older data
8
What distinguishes prevalence from incidence in epidemiology?
Prevalence includes all cases, incidence counts only new cases
Prevalence counts only new cases, incidence includes all cases
Both terms mean the same thing
Incidence measures total diseases
9
What is the focus of epidemiology?
Study of disease occurrence and distribution in populations
Study of economic trends
Study of historical events
Study of EpiPens
10
Which type of data should researchers avoid?
Data that is relevant to the study
Inaccurate, incomplete or biased data
High-quality and complete data
Data from reliable sources
11
What best describes confirmation bias?
Seeking or interpreting information that supports existing beliefs
Overestimating control in random events
Treating irrelevant variables as important
Relying on easily recalled information
12
Which of the following best describes quantitative data?
Non-numerical descriptions of feelings or experiences
Symbols or labels used for categorical data
Numerical information that can be counted or measured
Data that cannot be analysed using statistics
13
What does it mean when something is clinically significant?
It can be used in the hospital
The effect is not meaningful in a real-world setting
The effect is meaningful in a real-world setting
The doctor said it was true
14
What does the Hawthorne effect describe?
Changes in behaviour when people are aware they are being observed
Random variations in data collection
Improved performance due to new equipment
Decreased productivity due to lack of supervision
15
What does Type I (false positive) mean?
Null hypothesis is true and is correctly accepted
Null hypothesis is not true but is mistakenly accepted
Null hypothesis is true but is mistakenly rejected
Null hypothesis is not true and is correctly rejected
16
What is a confounding variable?
A dependent variable that changes with time
A variable intentionally manipulated by the researcher
A control variable used to improve validity
Effects independent and dependent variables, leading to false association
17
What best describes qualitative data?
Data that is always presented in charts and graphs
Values that measure frequency or quantity
Descriptive, non-numerical information about meanings or experiences
Numerical values used for statisical analysis
18
What does a bell-shaped curve represent?
Data clustering around an average
Random data distribution
Data with no variation
Data that is skewed to one side
19
What is a paradigm shift?
A minor adjustment in research methodolgy
A temporary change in data collection methods
A shift in statistical analysis techniques
A complete change in the usual way of thinking
20
What is a t-test?
Compares the median to the mean
Determines if there is a difference between the means of two groups
Determines if the hypothesis is true or false
Tests the temperature of your tea
21
What does NOT describe a p-value?
Compared to a threshold (eg. 0.05)
P stands for probability
Used to determine if a relationship exists between variables
Measures if something is statistically significant
22
What does internal validity refer to in a study?
The size of the sample population
How well the results apply to other people and settings
The consistency of the measurements used
How confidently you can say the independent variable caused the effect
23
What is the difference between a null hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis?
Alternative hypothesis creates a second hypothesis
Null = there is an effect, alternative = no effect
Null = no effect, alternative = there is an effect
Null hypothesis voids the original hypothesis
24
What best describes external validity?
How well a study’s findings generalise to other people, settings, or times
The ability to establish a cause and effect relationship
The consistency of measurements across trials
The accuracy of the experimental design

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