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APES Midterm Review (Unit 1-4) Flashcards | StudBud
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APES Midterm Review (Unit 1-4)
APES Midterm Review (Unit 1-4)
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1
Which describes a sharp drop of a species due to environmental effects or human disturbances?
Evolution by Founder Effect
Evolution by Bottleneck Effect
Evolution by Artificial Selection
Evolution by Natural Selection
2
Which statement about the Phosphorus Cycle is correct?
All of the Above
Does not occur in the atmosphere
Usually found in minerals and inorganic rock
Can often take millions of years to cycle through
3
All of the following make a species more vulnerable for extinction EXCEPT. . .
Being endemic
Having a large fundamental niche
Being a species that migrates
Naturally Small Population
4
Biodiversity refers to... (BEST answer)
The variety of genes within a population
The variety of habitats within a given area
The variety of climates on the earth
The variety of life within a given area
5
In the following Food Chain, who is the Producer?
Zooplankton
Cod
Phytoplankton
Grass
6
Which of these is not associated with divergent plate boundaries?
Rift Valleys
Subduction Zones
Seafloor Spreading
Earthquakes
7
When too many _______ and _______ nutrients accumulate in a lake, eutrophication can occur.
Carbon and Phosphorus
Nitrogen and Sulfur
Carbon and Nitrogen
Nitrogen and Phosphrous
8
Which of the following is an example of an biotic factor in an ecosystem?
Phytoplankton
Sunlight
Temperature
Oxygen
9
What do the arrows in this food web indicate?
Who eats who
Movement of biomass
Transfer of energy
Nutrient cycling
10
Which of the following is the most long-term carbon reservoir?
Atmosphere
Old-growth forests
Soil
Fossil fuels
11
What percentage of energy is lost as heat, when one organism eats another organism?
70%
50%
90%
10%
12
What is the largest reservoir in the hydrologic cycle?
Groundwater
Glaciers and Ice Caps
Atmosphere
Oceans
13
What is the role of photosynthesis and cellular respiration in the carbon cycle?
Photosynthesis removes C from atmosphere; respiration removes C from atm.
Photosynthesis removes C from atmosphere; respiration adds C to atmosphere
Photosynthesis adds C to atmosphere; respiration removes C from atmosphere
Photosynthesis adds C to atmosphere; respiration adds C to atmosphere
14
What is the greatest agent of weathering and erosion?
Water
Wind
Gravity
15
Which has the greatest impact on soil formation?
Climate
Slope
Organisms
Parent Material
16
Which term refers to different species that are able to share things like food and habitat?
Keystone Species
Commensalism
Geographic Isolation
Resource Partitioning
17
In an ecosystem, plants and algae are considered to be a/an _______.
Decomposer
Heterotroph
Primary Producer
Autotroph
18
Bees pollinate flowers. Flowers provide the bees with nectar. This is an example of ________.
Commensalism
Mutualism
Parasitism
Predator/Prey
19
Which of the following represents primary productivity?
The rate of photosynthesis in a given area in a given period of time
The amount of energy available to consumers in a given area
The amount of solar radiation captured by producers in a given area
The amount of plant biomass added to a given area in a period of time
20
The IUCN's Red List is . .
a list of unidentified species
a list of ecologically damaged ecosystems
an identification list of known species
List of species facing unusually high risk of extinction
21
Which of the following is NOT an example of resource partitioning?
Robins spreading out and hunting for worms in different parts of a field
Evolution of different beak morphologies among finch species on an Island
Wolves and coyotes hunting prey at different times of the day
Species of native grasses sending roots to different soil depths
22
The "area effect" in island biogeography refers to . . .
Smaller islands are more species rich
Larger islands are more species rich
Islands closer to the mainland are more species rich
Rocky islands are more species rich
23
Which describes similar features that two different organisms may share from a common ancestor?
Vestigial Structures
Analogous Structures
Homologous Structures
Synthesizing Structures
24
In which layer of the atmosphere is the ozone layer located?
Mesosphere
Troposphere
Thermosphere
Stratosphere
25
Which layer of the atmosphere do we live in?
Troposphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere
Stratosphere
26
Soil particle size affects
soil fertility.
all of these
permeability.
porosity.
27
Why does phosphorus cycle more slowly than carbon, water, and nitrogen?
P has no gaseous phase, whereas C, N, and H20 all have gas phases
P is removed from the soil by plants faster than C, N, or H2O
Most P is removed from the environment and stored in fertilizers by humans
Rocks & sediments are often buried under the ocean for long periods of time
28
Which of the following represents a carbon source?
Animal respiration
Fossil fuel combustion
Formation of limestone
Sedimentation on the ocean floor
29
Which of the following is a key characteristic of aquatic biomes?
Depth
Nutrient availability
Temperature
Salinity
30
Match this climatogram to the correct biome
Desert
Tundra
Shrubland
Taiga
31
Which of the following is the most long-term P reservoir?
Rocks with phosphorus-containing minerals
Soil
Pant biomass
Sediments at the bottom of the ocean
32
Which of the following provides the correct formula for calculating primary productivity?
NPP = GPP - Respiration
GPP = NPP - Respiration
Respiration = GPP - NPP
GPP = Respiration - NPP
33
Nitrogen Cycle process where plants convert inorganic nitrogen into organic amino acids is ___.
Ammonification
Nitrification
Denitrification
Assimilation
34
The rain shadow effect is caused by
valleys.
oceans.
rivers.
mountains.
35
What is the primary cause for changes in biome distribution on earth?
Tectonic plate activity
Deforestation
Invasive species
Global climate change
36
Which of the following is the major distinguishing feature of primary succession?
Occurs over the course of 100 years
Soil present
No soil present
Occurs after a natural disaster
37
Smaller Islands have _____________.
High Extinction Rates
Low Extinction Rates
High Immigration Rates
Low Immigration Rates
38
Which of the following describes an accurate impact of a decrease in the wolf population of this ecosystem?
A decrease in thrush and rat populations
A decrease in fruit fly and grasshopper populations
All of the following are accurate impacts of a decrease in wolf population
An increase in eagle population
39
Which of these is not an example of intraplate volcanism?
Mt. St. Helens
Yellowstone National Park
The Hawaiian Islands
40
El Niño and La Niña occur at regular intervals.
False
True
41
Which of the following best relates to the bottleneck effect?
A disease wipes out a large portion of the population. Few survivors.
One population outcompetes the other when resources are limited
Red fish choose to only mate with other red fish
A few organisms migrate to start a new population
42
Which of the following best describes species evenness?
A measure of relative abundance
A measure of population distribution
A measure of species abundance
A measure of population change
43
Nitrogen Cycle process where bacteria changes ammonium to nitrites and nitrates is ______.
Ammonification
Nitrification
Assimilation
Denitrification
44
In order for evolution to occur, a variation must result in...
Differential Reproduction
Increased Dispersal
Speciation
Allocation
45
What term is used for this diagram?
Soil Profile
Soil Texture Diagram
Soil Layer Diagram
Soil Horizon
46
Which of the following is NOT an example of symbiosis?
Birds making their nests in trees
Coyotes eating a dear carcass from a wolf kill after the wolf has finished
Nitrogen fixing bacteria living in the root nodules of legume plants
Photosynthetic algae and coral living together in a coral reef
47
We are experiences species loss at 100 to 1000x greater than the background rate
True
False
48
Which of the following is an example of an EXCLUSIVELY secondary consumer in this food web?
Frog
Dragonfly
Butterfly
Thrush
49
El Niño impacts which of the following?
Weather in the Americas
Weather in Southeast Asia
All of these
Pacific fisheries
50
What type of plate boundary is this?
Divergent
Transform Fault
Convergent
51
How many mass extinctions has earth faced (before this one?
4
2
5
3
52
Soil formation is strictly a top-down process.
False
True
53
During an earthquake, energy radiates out from the center known as the
focus.
epicenter.
fault.
54
Nitrogen fixation
converts N2 gas from the atmosphere into ammonium (NH4)
converts nitrogen gas into an organic molecule that is useable by plants
all of the above are true of N fixation
can be carried out by bacteria in the root nodules of legumes
55
Which of the following is the greatest cause for biodiversity loss?
Poaching
Habitat Loss
Disease
Invasive Species
56
Which of the following is true of specialists?
Small fundamental niche that is only partially realized
Small fundamental niche that is almost fully realized
Large fundamental niche that is almost fully realized
Large fundamental niche that is only partially realized
57
Whats the relationship between habitat diversity and species diversity?
Diversity of habitats leads to diversity of species
Diversity of species leads to diversity of habitats
58
A flea will live in a dogs fur, and will extract blood. Which symbiotic relationship is this?
Parasitism
Mutualism
Predator/Prey
Commensalism
59
A mixture of salt and freshwater where a large river empties into an ocean or sea
Marshland
Estuary
Intertidal zone
Coral reef
60
Full range of the physical and biological factors a species can use if there is no competition.
Fundamental Niche
Biotic Niche
Realized Niche
Abiotic Niche
61
Rocks and sediments made up of phosphorus-containing minerals are the primary reservoirs in the P cycle
True
False
62
"When two species occupy the same niche they cannot coexist indefinitely."
Realized Niche
Resource Partitioning
Competitive Exclusion Principle
Founder Effect
63
Which of the following would not result in allopatric speciation?
Separation of land masses
Forming of a new island
Dividing a river with a dam
Formation of breeding groups based on mating calls
64
What defines a watershed?
The divides
Its length
Arbitrary lines created by humans
Its composition
65
How much energy is transferred from the producer level of a trophic pyramid to the secondary consumer level?
0.1%
10%
0.01%
1.0%
66
If the grass has 11,000 kCal of energy from the sun, how much energy will the bird end up with?
1,100 kCal
110 kCal
11 kCal
1.1 kCal
67
Large bodies of water create more stable temperatures in nearby land areas.
False
True
68
Winds are named by where they originate.
False
True
69
In biodiversity hotspots you would expect a high degree of...
Resource Partitioning
Selection
Parasitism
Synchronization
70
Process where atmospheric nitrogen is converted by bacteria into usable nitrogen for plants
Denitrification
Nitrogen Fixation
Nitrogenation
Nitrification
71
Competition drives species to utilize only a portion of their niche
Fundamental Niche
Genetic Drift
Resource Partitioning
Competitive exclusion principle
72
The realized niche for a species is. . .
All the ecological roles the species could fill
Limited for a generalist
A ratio for competitive exclusion
The ecological roles the species is filling at a given time
73
Stable, diverse community that is the "end point" of succession
Resilient Community
Pioneer Community
Carrying Capacity
Climax Community
74
What happens to the pressure as altitude increases?
It increases
It decreases, then increases, then decreases, then increases
It decreases
It stays the same
75
Sunfish can release 300 million eggs at a time. Charles Darwin says that this describes that...
Individuals cannot vary in their phenotypes
None of the above
Individuals can select for preferred traits
Individuals can produce a large number of offspring
76
Coyotes live in many climates and eat many meat, fruits, and plants..they are considered to be.
Specialist Species
Generalist Species
Indicator Species
Keystone Species
77
On a small scale, human disturbances can increase biodiversity because...
Disturbances introduce invasive species
Disturbances favor specialists
Disturbances can increase habitat diversity
Disturbances promote resource partitioning
78
Stable environments favor...
Specialists
Generalists
R-Strategists
Variants
79
Global species richness exhibits the following pattern
Transverse Gradient
Uniform Distribution
Latitudinal Gradient
Longitudinal Gradient
80
A barnacle attached to a whale. Barnacle extracts nutrients from water, whale is unaffected.
Mutualism
Predator/Prey
Commensalism
Parasitism
81
The carbon in fossil fuels originally came from
Coral reef
Dinosaur bones
Plants such as ferns
Ocean shellfish
82
Which of the following represents carbon sequestration?
Photosynthesis
Animal Agriculture
Fossil Fuel Combustion
Cellular Respiration
83
Which of the following is NOT a carbon sink?
The atmosphere
The Ocean
Old-growth Forests
Soil
84
What causes the Coriolis Effect?
Earth's tilted axis
Earth's revolution
Earth's rotation
Earth's precession
85
Earth is closest to the sun in January.
True
False
86
Which soil horizon contains the greatest amount of organic matter?
B
C
A
R
87
Nitrogen generally spends less time in its reservoirs than carbon or phosphorus
False
True
88
What causes Earth's seasons?
Its revolution
Its rotation
Its precession
Its tilted axis
89
Which of the following statements is true of natural selection?
It is a random process that determines adaptations
Is driven by evolution
It always results in speciation
It is a targeted process that results in a change in gene frequency
90
Which soil particle has the greatest impact on a soil's water holding capacity?
Silt
Sand
Loam
Clay
91
Over time, when a species has been cut off, and cannot reproduce due to genetic changes..it is.
Hybridization
Genetic Drift
Geographic Isolation
Selective Breeding
92
All watersheds are the same.
True
False
93
Nitrogen Cycle process where decomposers return nutrients from plants back to the soil is ____.
Denitrification
Ammonification
Assimilation
Nitrification
94
A founding population 200 of fish is 40% blue. How many fish are blue?
120
40
20
80
95
California sea otters are pivotal in the survival of many species in their ecosystem. They are
an Indicator Species
a Generalist Species
a Keystone Species
a Specialist Species
96
Nitrogen Cycle Process where bacteria places nitrogen back into the atmosphere is _______.
Ammonification
Nitrogen Fixation
Denitrification
Assimilation
97
Speciation depends on which processes?
Immigration and Extinction
Natural Selection and Heredity
Competitive Isolation and Geographic Isolation
Geographic Isolation and Reproductive Isolation
98
Which of the following is NOT considered when determining an area is a biodiversity "hotspot"
Endemic Species
Species Abundance
Species Richness
Ecosystem Services
99
Why is each level of a trophic pyramid smaller than the level below it?
Energy is lost as heat as it transfers up each trophic level
Each level of a trophic pyramid has smaller organisms than the level below
There is less biomass at each trophic level compared to the one below
The organisms at each successive trophic level have shorter lifespans
100
Which type of soil is best for agriculture?
Loam
Sand
Clay
Silt
