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Semester 2 Environmental Dynamics Exam Review 2019 Flashcards | StudBud
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Semester 2 Environmental Dynamics Exam Review 2019
Semester 2 Environmental Dynamics Exam Review 2019
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Semester 2 Environmental Dynamics Exam Review 2019
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1
Ocean acidification is the result of
warming ocean water
oceans absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
eutrophication
acid rain
2
What is the primary goal of an integrated pest management system (IPM)?
to decrease yields and increase costs
to increase pesticide use
to increase inputs of fertilizer and irrigation water
to reduce crop damage to an economically tolerable level
3
What causes cultural eutrophication?
input of nutrients from human activities
natural nutrient enrichment of a shallow lake
blooms of algae
increase in aerobic bacteria
4
The greatest threat to most species is
water pollution
sport hunting
loss of habitat
parasites
5
The leading renewable energy resource that is used to produce electricity in the world today is
geothermal
wind power
biomass
hydropower
6
The Endangered Species Act was designed to
emphasize protection of bio diversity & ecosystem function
identify & protect endangered species in US & abroad
identify & protect endangered species only in the US
catalog & protect threatened species from extinction in US
7
Which type of fires usually burn only undergrowth and leaf litter on the forest floor?
crown fires
ecotone fires
surface fires
canopy fires
8
The majority of freshwater usage in the southwestern states of the US is for
cooling towers of power plants
industrial processess
irrigation
domestic use
9
What is a major disadvantage of desalination?
it is relatively expensive
too much sea water is polluted and can't be used
water produced this way cannot be used for irrigation
it requires the use of reverse osmosis and transpiration
10
The United States has a(n)
smart electric grid that lets rapid regulation & repair
highly efficient smart grid for electricity
electrical grid that consists only of the newest technology
electrical grid that could be made more energy efficient
11
Biologists warn that human activities might actually increase the __ for many weeds and pests
ecological services
extinction rates
biodiversity
speciation rates
12
_ is a form of industrialized agriculture used in developing countries where cash crops R grown
plantation agriculture
organic agriculture
polyculture
no till agriculture
13
Large dams and reservoirs
cannot be used for outdoor recreation
reduce danger of flooding upstream
allow extensive downstream transport of sediments
disrupt migration and spawning of fish
14
What phenomenon can alter the hydrologic cycle on a global scale?
climate change
geothermal energy
wind
gravity
15
_ involves turning a degraded ecosystem into functional w/o trying to restore it to original
Rehabilitation
Replacement
Reintroduction
Restoration
16
Monoculture is a method of growing food that is characteristic of
traditional intensive agriculture
traditional subsistence agriculture
both industrialized & traditional intensive agriculture
industrialized agriculture
17
Wolves were successfully reintroduced into Yellowstone. Why were wolves chosen for this?
predator on grizzly bear cubs
keystone species
indicator species
generalist species
18
What process can lead to desertification?
severe and prolonged drought
conservation tillage
polyculture farming
crop rotation
19
In designing a conservation plan, which species is the biggest conservation concern?
primary consumer w/a wide & varied diet
large predator that lives in huge territory & has 2-3 kids
species that has no commercial value
plant sparsely distributed in diverse habitats in large area
20
The earth's surface is covered by
71% water, mostly freshwater, 29% land
about half water, mostly saltwater, and about half land
about half water, mostly freshwater, and about half land
71% water, mostly saltwater, 29% land
21
For good health & disease prevention, people need carbs, proteins & fats which are called
vitamins
micronutrients
macronutrients
vitamins
22
Which describes how cogeneration systems work?
Heat left over from power generation can be captured & used
A hybrid system uses both renewable & nonrenewable resources
A system makes energy flexibly through a mix of resources
A system uses variable speed electric motors
23
If plants with similar root depths were planted in a field, then
they would be unable to grow at all
roots R tangled but would grow same if had varied root depth
they would compete for nutrients & H2O & not grow very well
they could absorb nutrients & water with max. efficiency
24
What's the best way to prevent invasive species from being introduced and becoming established?
using model 2predict how new arrivals of species will spread
educating people abt importance of prevention including risk
using transmitters 2 collect data for models to see patterns
releasing predators and parasites to control them
25
Reintroduction of the wolf eventually reduced attacks on cattle by what other species?
coyote
local wild hogs
fox
grizzly bear
26
Which type of forest is usually a reservoir of biodiversity?
tree plantation
old-growth
second-growth
selective
27
Which practice would make forestry
less
sustainable?
reduce road building in forests
stop clear cutting on steep slopes
Include ecosystem services of forests in estimates of value
clear old growth forests for tree plantations
28
What aquatic ecosystem receives the vast majority of the global inputs of pollution?
coastal parts of the ocean
swiftly flowing stream
deep water ocean
slow moving river
29
A major reason for preventing extinction is the belief of many people that
all species have economic value
wild species have a right to exist
nature is more important than humans
there is recreational value of species to humans
30
According to water experts, what are the two main causes of water waste?
industrial agricultural practices and over irrigation
lack of info about efficient systems and lack of regulation
unsustainable management and over-pumping of aquifers
low cost H2O to users & lack of gov subsidies for efficiency
31
Aquifers and _ are the most important sources of drinking water globally.
snowmelt
surface water
rainfall
desalinated ocean water
32
Which is an example of an ecosystem service provided by forests?
Forests reduce soil erosion
Forests are used for livestock grazing
Forests are used to make paper
Forests are used for human recreation
33
Why do our economic systems promote unsustainable forms of industrialized agriculture?
Harmful enviro & health costs of food production R not shown
They are major job providers
They are successful at giving healthy food to our population
They are extremely effective in cutting costs
34
Coal is considered to be
relatively clean when used responsibly
dirty b/c of the amount of pollution and damage it causes
a renewable resource
a green technology when used following environmental guides
35
What resource was used to generate about 40% of the electricity generated in the US in 2014?
coal
nuclear energy
oil
natural gas
36
What action could help decrease the single largest use of domestic water in the US?
use gray water to water your house plants
use native plants in your landscaping
install a low flow shower head
install a water saving toilet tank
37
The prices on hybrid, plug-in hybrid and all electric cars are high b/c of the high cost of
production
batteries
fuel cells
technology
38
Why is OPEC so important?
the members control the largest unconventional reserves
the members use the most petroleum in the world
It is 3 countries with about half of the world's oil
they have about 81% of the world's proven crude oil
39
What's the most important reason why introduced zebra mussels were so successful?
can attach to boats&irrigation pipes so more poss. habitats
able to exploit niche w/o natural predators to control them
humans helped protect them until the population grew stable
populations grew rapidly b/c they are photosynthetic
40
Topsoil has an important effect on the Earth's climate because
it can undergo erosion
organisms store CO2 and remove it from the atmosphere
oxygen and water vapor bond to the soil
it purifies water that runs through it
41
One example of a renewable energy resource is
natural minerals such as lithium
natural gas
hydroelectric power
fracking
42
After the number of wolves declined in Yellowstone
the ecosystem recovered and became more stable
elk population crashed
coyotes took over the role in the ecosystem, so few changes
herbivores devastated willow & aspen trees near streams
43
Recoveries after mass extinctions can
happen over a few hundred years
only happen in the absence of human activity
never happen
take several million years
44
Old-growth forests are also known as
tree farms
second-growth forests
succession forests
primary forests
45
An endangered species is best described as any species that
has fewer than two individuals remaining
may eventually become threatened
could soon become extinct
is considered economically important
46
When trees are removed, which type of forest develops naturally if not assisted?
second growth forest
old growth forest
recovery forest
primary forest
47
What is the best approach to preserving genetic information for endangered plant species?
seed banks
national laws
wildlife refuges
arboretums
48
What is the type of agriculture most likely to be found in developing countries?
high input agriculture
industrialized agriculture
traditional subsistence agriculture
maximum tillage agriculture
49
The term biomagnification means that a chemical __ at each trophic level in a food chain
becomes less concentrated
becomes more concentrated
changes
undergoes chemical changes
50
International treaties that ban transfer of harmful species between countries is a way 2control
habitat fragmentation
invasive species
poaching
population growth
51
What is the most inefficient form of irrigation?
center pivot irrigation
flood irrigation
drip irrigation
low pressure irrigation
52
What would likely be found on an organic farm?
food additives
food with no antibiotics
synthetic pesticides
genetically engineered seeds
53
What is an effective way that individuals can avoid producing water pollution?
use gray water for drinking
don't flush medications down toilets
water their lawns in the summer
use gray water for cooking
54
Which is true of nuclear waste disposal?
nuclear waste rapidly loses its radioactivity
no current fully satisfactory disposal method
dry casks can last as long as needed for waste to be safe
no risk of wastes being used for weapons
55
What is the type of agriculture most likely to be found in developed countries?
traditional agriculture
industrialized agriculture
minimum tillage agriculture
plantation agriculture
56
Which of the following is an important problem in predicting future extinction rates?
don't know how many individs r needed for a pop to be viable
they don't know all details of ecological roles of species
most of the world's species have already been identified
no info about extinctions b4 written human records
57
Captive breeding programs in zoos
require the captive population to be between 100-500
eliminate the need to preserve critical habitats
increase the genetic variability of species
are largely unsuccessful
58
Gray wolves disappeared from Yellowstone because
elk were over hunted by humans
their habitat had severely degraded
they were killed by humans
of a series of devastating crown fires
59
What is the root cause of food insecurity?
climate change
insufficient food resources
political disputes
poverty
60
In a small town there are more frequent earthquakes. What could cause this?
extraction of heavy oil from oil sands
extraction of oil from crude oil
extraction of natural gas through fracking
increased burning of coal to provide larger amount of energy
61
If a scientist analyzed the parts of petroleum, he would find
hydrocarbons only
oxygen nitrogen and sulfur only
mostly hydrocarbons with small amounts of S, O and N
oxygen and hydrogen only
62
What is a disadvantage of solar thermal systems?
high costs associated with the needed natural gas backups
low potential for growth
some direct emissions of CO2 and air pollutants
systems have low net energy yield and high costs
63
Switching from conventional oil to natural gas probably means
having less risk of carbon dioxide leakage
switching from a nonrenewable to a renewable resource
slowing the adoption of renewable energy sources
producing more carbon dioxide per unit of energy
64
Compared to synthetic pesticides, use of natural biological pest controls is
faster
more costly
not very effective
nontoxic
65
What is the byproduct of combining hydrogen and oxygen to produce energy?
carbon dioxide
hydrogen sulfide
smoke
water
66
What is by far the leading cause of water pollution?
organic wastes
agricultural activities
unlined landfills
untreated sewage waste
67
A major concern about the Ogallala aquifer is that
it is experiencing over-pumping
it is not being used at maximum capacity
it is severely polluted
it is reliant on government subsidies for its continued use
68
Why is it less sustainable to eat grain fed beef compared to other meat?
cows produce more methane than other herbivores
cows have more fat per unit body weight than other animals
red meat causes heart disease
uses more grain per pound of body to make grain fed beef
69
What is an advantage of solar cells?
little or no direct CO2 emissions or air pollutants
the costs are low for older systems and dropping rapidly
no electricity storage systems or backups are needed
solar cell power plants do not disrupt desert ecosystems
70
Freshwater that is used indirectly is called _, meaning it is not directly consumed but is used
industrial water
virtual water
ground water
irrigation water
71
Large numbers of visitors to parks and protected areas
are always beneficial in increasing biodiversity
can result in damage from vehicles & the use of facilities
are associated with significant increases in poaching & hunt
are always beneficial in promoting more conservation
72
What is the best method to maintain soil fertility via topsoil conservation?
keeping the soil covered by vegetation
converting croplands into pasture lands or feed lots
preventing insect pests from destroying valuable crops
rotating crops annually
73
What is the best way to reduce threats from invasive species?
genetic engineering
prevention
pesticides
technology and science
74
Over-fishing of smaller fish is of particular concern because
it reduces the food supply for higher trophic levels
it impacts farmed fish, which are fed these smaller fish
it allows big fish to be overpopulated
it leads to overpopulation of jellyfish
75
One reason protecting marine biodiversity is difficult is that
marine ecosystems cannot be restored
most marine species are keystone species
marine life is much more affected by urban sprawl
much damage to water is not visible to most people
76
A _ amount of commercial energy is used to perform important tasks while much is lost or wasted
relatively small
variable
relatively large
moderate
77
Which fertilizer type is relied upon most in more developed countries?
synthetic
manure
organic
compost
78
Most soil erosion is caused by
flowing water
human activities
climate change
strong winds
79
What is a major cause of soil salinization?
desertification
too little irrigation on crops grown in dry climates
application of fertilizers that contain salt compounds
repeated irrigation in dry climates
80
What is formed when extreme sudden subsidence occurs within a depleted aquifer?
an impermeable layer that prevents recharge
sinkholes
virtual water
freshwater scarcity stress
81
What is a water resource that can be considered nonrenewable?
surface water in lakes and streams
snowpack
water vapor in the atmosphere
deep aquifers
82
What is the primary reason that coal is a relatively cheap way to produce energy?
provides more energy per dollar for electrical generation
less expensive to extract than any of the fossil fuels
harmful enviro & health costs are not included
reserves are large
83
A harvesting method that involves cutting intermediate or mature trees singly or in small group
strip cutting
clear cutting
patch cutting
selective cutting
84
What could governments do with deforestation todo full cost pricing principle of sustainability
increase taxes on fuel to drive up the price of timber
build logging roads so companies can find forest land easier
outlaw logging
replace $breaks for deforestation w/forest sustaining reward
85
What aquatic ecosystem is most capable of diluting large amounts of sewage and wastes?
coastal parts of the ocean
slow moving river
estuary
deep water ocean
