Why would it be an issue to conduct multiple t-tests?

Increases the Probability of a Type 1 Error

WHICH FEATURES APPLY TO INTERVAL SCALE? (MORE THAN ONE?)

Identity, Equal Intervals, Magnitude

WHICH OF THESE CAN WE DO IF WE HAVE OUTLIERS?

Run a non-parametric test, Remove value and replace with mean, Remove the value and leave as missing, Remove the value and replace with nearest acceptable value

If we draw a random sample, we:

randomly select participants to be in our study

THE KEY ANOVA ESTIMATE IS F. HOW DO WE CALCULATE IT?

(model variance) / (error variance)

If you see this result, what can you conclude?F(3,36)=3.30, p = .031, n2 .02

There is a significant relationship between the IV and DV

Experimental designs are characterised by...

Manipulation of at least one variable and randomisation

Hypothesising after results are known

What is a key advantage of parametric tests over non-parametric tests?

Parametric tests have more statistical power

A measure of magnitude of effect

What three factors affect statistical power?

Sample size, effect size, type 1 error rate

Error in statistical models...

Is important to measure, report and interpret

To assess test-retest reliability we should

administer the test to the same people on two occasions

What is a common practice in psychological studies when dealing with missing data values?

Removing the value and replacing it with the mean

The higher the F-statistic the more likely?

The null hypothesis would be rejected

What is an assumption of a Spearman correlation?

the relationship between the two variables are monotonic

What is the key difference between a one-way ANOVA and a t-test?

You can have more that 2 groups in an ANOVA

Which of the following is good research practice?

All of the above are good research practice

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Questions 91

Answers

1
Leptokurtic means…
Positive kurtosis
Normal distribution
Positive skew
Negative kurtosis
2
What does the blue dotted lines represent?
Error
Data
Participants
Model
3
Effect size is a measure of…
The significance of the effect
The strength of the effect
The error of the effect
The variability of the effect
4
WHICH OF THESE IS NOT A PRINCIPLE OF DATA VISUALISATION?
Don’t just show summary statistics
None of the above
Aesthetics
Should be guided by scientific questions
5
Why would it be an issue to conduct multiple t-tests?
It's really hard to doIt's really hard to do
Increases the Probability of a Type II Error
Increases the Probability of a Type 1 Error
It's really hard to do
6
What is not a measure of central tendency?
Skew
Mean
Mode
Median
7
There is a relationship between blood pressure and heart rate. What is the inferential statistical test of choice?
Independent samples t-test
Pearson Correlation
Anova
Paired samples t-test
8
Which test is non-parametric?
T-test
Wilcoxon test
Anova
Pearson correlation
9
WHICH FEATURES APPLY TO INTERVAL SCALE? (MORE THAN ONE?)
Identity
Equal Intervals
Magnitude
Absolute Zero
10
You would use a Welsh's approach to ANOVA when you violate the assumption of?
Kurtosis
Homogeneity of Variance
Skew
Levenes
11
WHICH OF THESE CAN WE DO IF WE HAVE OUTLIERS?
Run a non-parametric test
Remove value and replace with mean
Remove the value and leave as missing
Remove the value and replace with nearest acceptable value
12
T-tests are used When you want to compare two ___.
variance
means
modes
variable
13
A STATISTICAL MODEL USES ____ TO SUMMARISE A DATASET RELATIVE TO ____:?
Statistics, a single variable
Statistics, multiple variables
Maths, multiple variables
Maths, a single variable
14
If we draw a random sample, we:
randomly select hypotheses to evaluate
randomly select participants to be in our study
select participants who are a bit random
randomly assign participants to levels of the independent variable
15
THE KEY ANOVA ESTIMATE IS F. HOW DO WE CALCULATE IT?
(model variance) x (error variance)
(error variance) / (model variance)
(error variance) x (model variance)
(model variance) / (error variance)
16
If you see this result, what can you conclude?F(3,36)=3.30, p = .031, n2 .02
There is a significant difference between the IV and DV
There is no significant relationship between the IV and DV
There is no significant difference between the IV and DV
There is a significant relationship between the IV and DV
17
Pearson's Coefficient is a measure of?
True
False
18
Participants are randomly allocated to levels of the independent variable in order to
a & b
rule out the selection threat to internal validity
increase the internal validity of a study
increase the external validity of the study
19
I gathered my sample by recruiting an equal number n=(6) of 10-14-year-olds, 15-19-year-olds, and 20-24year-olds.
Population based sampling
Stratification
Within groups
Convivence sampling
20
Experimental designs are characterised by...
Manipulation of at least one variable and randomisation
Manipulation of at least one variable and no randomisation
An allocation to condition based on pre-existing characteristics
Manipulation of at least two variables and randomisation
21
What is the default alpha level in hypothesis testing?
0.5
0.1
0.01
0.05
22
THE WILCOXON TEST CAN BE USED TO COMPARE ANY TWO GROUPS FROM BOTH WITHIN AND BETWEEN GROUPS STUDIES ?
False
True
23
What characterises parametric data?
Non-normal distribution
High skewness
Outliers present
A bell curve distribution
24
Samples in psychological research are typically…
Population representative
Very large
Biased
Generalisable
25
What is HARKing?
Unethical research practice
All of the above can be HARKing
Hypothesising after results are known
Changing data to get a significant result
26
The middlemost score in a distribution of scores is the
mode
mean
variation ratio
median
27
What is a key advantage of parametric tests over non-parametric tests?
Parametric tests are simpler to perform
Parametric tests have more statistical power
Parametric tests are less sensitive to outliers
Parametric tests require smaller sample sizes
28
Investigating the relationship between blood pressure and perceptions of stress. What parametric test would be used?
Wilcoxon
ANOVA
Pearson
T-test
29
A partial n2 is?
Usually much greater than n2
Equal to n2
A measure of magnitude of effect
A measure of the power of your analysis
30
What three factors affect statistical power?
Sample size, statistical significance, independence
Sample size, effect size, type 1 error rate
Sample size, effect size, type 2 error rate
Sample size, statistical significance, type 1 error rate
31
Error in statistical models...
Purely reflects measurement error
Is important to measure statistical significance
Is important to measure, report and interpret
Is only apparent on rare occasions
32
To assess test-retest reliability we should
administer half of the test on 1 occasion & other half on another occasion
any of the above
administer the test to the same people on two occasions
administer the test to different people on two occasions
33
What type of research looks for relationships between variables?
Qualitative research
Correlational research
Experimental research
Quantitative research
34
What is a common practice in psychological studies when dealing with missing data values?
Removing the value and replacing it with the mean
Running non-parametric tests
Replacing missing values with the nearest acceptable value
Removing the value and leaving it as missing
35
What variable scale is this?
Ordinal
Ratio
Nominal
Interval
36
Investigating the effect of vitamin d on energy levels from time 1 to time 2. What non parametric statistical test ?
Kruskall Wallis
Spearman
ANOVA
Wilcoxon
37
The higher the F-statistic the more likely?
Internal validity has been violated
The null hypothesis would be accepted
The null hypothesis would be rejected
Random error has influenced the findings
38
Nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio scales all share what feature?
Validity
Size
Magnitude
Identity
39
WHAT REPRESENTS THE EFFECT SIZE FOR AN ANOVA?
p
η2
d
F
40
We may be able to infer causation if…
causality is significant
we use an experimental design
we employ a cross-sectional design
the results are generalisable
41
What is an assumption of a Spearman correlation?
the relationship between the two variables are monotonic
Both variables have parametic distributions
The relationship between the two variables is linear
Both variables are nominal
42
Investigating the relationship between blood pressure and perceptions of stress. What non parametric test would be used?
t-test
Spearman
Kruskall-Wallis
Wilcoxon
43
When do you look at the results of your post hoc tests?
A significant ANOVA result
After a non-significant ANOVA result
When the ANOVA assumptions are violated
When you have a directional hypothesis
44
What is the key difference between a one-way ANOVA and a t-test?
T-tests split variance into within and between
You can have more that 2 groups in an ANOVA
T-test involve paired samples
ANOVA is about the variance and t-test is about the mean
45
What can't we do with statistics?
Describe
Predict
Decide
Neutrality
46
The mean of a variable is reported as 5.26e-75 in jamovi. What is the number to two decimal places?
6.0
5.27
1.00
5.26
47
Which research design captures data at more than one point in time?
Longitudinal
Experimental
Observation
Cross-sectional
48
What's the goal of ANOVA?
To predict the future outcomes
To find the best mean value
To compare two or more means
To measure the variance of data
49
WHICH TEST IS PARAMETRIC?
Kruskall-wallis test
Wilcoxon test
Spearman correlation
Pearson correlation
50
WHEN IS P SIGNIFICANT?
<0.5
<0.05
>0.05
>0.5
51
Which of the following is good research practice?
Reporting ALL results
All of the above are good research practice
Not HARKING and p-hacking
Not being obsessed by the P value
52
A good experimental research design does what?
Minimises alternative explanations
Guarantees a large effect size
Sets a conservative alpha value
Guarantees a significant p value
53
What is a hypothesis?
A description of a behavior or phenomenon.
A summary of research findings.
A testable prediction about the relationship between two variables.
A subjective opinion.
54
Homoscedasticity is Most commonly tested using ____ test ?
Levene's test
t-test
Kruskall-wallis test
Wilcoxon test
55
Investigate the difference between the amount of exercise required (low, medium or high) to improve sustained attention.
T-test
Pearson
Kruskall-Wallis
ANOVA
56
What is reliability?
Each value of the variable represents something different
Each value of the variables have a unique meaning
The degree to which we are measuring the construct
The consistency of our measurements
57
There is a relationship between blood pressure and heart rate. What are the assumptions for this statistical test?
Normality
Normality and linearity
Normality and equality/homogeneity of variances
Adequate cell size
58
When a researcher chooses variables to measure a theoretical construct, she has ___ the construct
validated
externalized
operationalised
generalised
59
WHAT ARE THE THREE MAIN TYPES OF REVIEWS?
Literature
Systematic
Scoping
Narrative
60
When you have a significant ANOVA finding this means?
You can determine the strength of the correlation
You can tell which groups differed from each other
You can only tell there were difference between groups
You can tell if the control group differed from the other groups
61
What is the first step in research process?
Interpreting results
Designing a study
Reviewing literature
Collecting data
62
We use the terms predictor and outcome variable in...
Experimental research
Quasi-experimental research
Observational research
Longitudinal research
63
The same effect size cut-offs can be used for spearman correlations and what other statistical model?
Pearson Correlation
ANOVA
T-test
Cohens d
64
Which three factors affect power?
Sample Size
Effect Size
Type 1 Error
Type 2 Error
65
Which is NOT a step in Null Hypothesis testing?
Collect some data relevant to the hypothesis
Formulate an interpretation of the data before analysis
Formulate a hypothesis that embodies our prediction
Assess the “statistical significance” (p value) of the result
66
Qualitative designs use...
Numbers
Descriptive representations of information
Numerical representations
Only longitudinal (not cross-sectional)
67
A factor is also known as a…
Sample
Group
Variable
Data
68
Research has good ________ validity when the variables measured are highly related to the concepts under study.
operational
external
construct
internal
69
Defining independent or dependent variables in terms of the procedures or actions used to measure them.
Hypothesising
Methods
Operationalising
Compartmentalising
70
rs(226)=0.19, p = 0.005 Is this a significant result?
False
True
71
What does this image represent?
Unreliable but Valid
Reliable but invalid
Reliable and Valid
Unreliable and invalid
72
Integer data are characterised by…
whole numbers
sample size
dichotomous values
decimal places
73
What represents effect size for an t-test?
p
η2
F
d
74
Data = x + y, where x and y are...
Variance and error
Variance and distribution
Distribution and model
Model and error
75
What makes a good statistical model?
Correlation
Lots of variables
Less error
More error
76
Investigate the effect of vitamin d on energy levels from time 1 to time 2. What parametric statistical test?
Pearson
Paired sample t-test
ANOVA
Independent t-test
77
Which of the following questions would produce Binary Data?
Are you hungry?
How many days until your birthday?
How much flour do I add to the cake?
How many eggs do I add to the cake?
78
What is not a property of distribution?
Information across a dataset
Symmetry
Central tendency
Variability
79
There are four possible features of variables. They are?
Identity, magnitude, equal intervals, changeable zero.
Masking, magnitude, equal intervals, absolute zero.
Identity, magnitude, equal intervals, absolute zero.
Masking, magnitude, equal intervals, changeable zero.
80
Null results need to be published
False
True
81
Weight data has been collected from newborn babies, how the data differs is referred to as...
Empirical factors
Variance
Unknown error
Inferential information
82
If p<.05, you have _____ homogeneity of variance.
confirmed
violated
assumed
not violated
83
Prior to developing your hypothesis, you must...
Conduct a literature search
Determine if our p value is significant
Ensure we have a large effect
Collect your data
84
It is critical in psychological research to operationalise key terms because...
The reader may conflate the hypothesis and aim
The reader needs to know what is being studied
DVs and IVs are correlated
Most variables are discernible
85
THE KEY ANOVA ESTIMATE IS?
D
F
A
N
86
What does the red line represent?
Data
Error
Particpants
Model
87
Pearson's Correlation Coefficient ranges from?
-1 to 1
-100 to 100
-2 to 1
-10 to 10
88
The Alpha value is…
Akin to the p value
Always 0.05
An alternative measure of effect size
Set before analyses are run
89
Heteroscedastic data is ideal for running parametric tests on?
True
False
90
What does a p-value of less than 0.05 (<.05) in the Shapiro-Wilk test typically suggest about the data's normality?
The data is negatively skewed
The data is non-normal
The data is perfectly normal
The data is positively skewed
91
WHAT IS AN ANOVA?
Used for parametric data
Investigates differences in means
Analysis of variance
A statistical test

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