how alternatives in a decision problem are presented

A valid test is one that...

measures what it is supposed to measure

Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...

personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level

Negative reinforcement involves...

the removal of an unpleasant stimulus

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AP Psychology - 1st Semester Review

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A basic review over all material covered in AP #Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam. --modified and copied from generous person

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Questions 93

Answers

1
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
wish fulfillment theory
None of the Above
problem-solving theory
activation-synthesis theory
2
Framing refers to...
presenting irrelevant information
presenting only part of the information required
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
3
A valid test is one that...
is reliable
measures what it is supposed to measure
has been standardized but not normed
is consistent
4
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
insight learning
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
latent learning
5
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
state-dependent learning
observational learning
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
6
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
endorphin
acetylcholine
serotonin
dopamine
7
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
physiological recordings
questionnaires
psychological tests
direct observation
8
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
a just noticeable difference
a superimposed stimulus
a false alarm
subliminal perception
9
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
phonemic
morphemic
mnemonic
platonic
10
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
standard deviation
percentiles
means
correlation coefficients
11
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
sensory memory
absolute threshold
just noticeable difference
subliminal threshold
12
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
smelling an odor
seeing a flash of light
moving a part of his body
hearing a sound
13
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
lesioning
stereotaxic inversion
ESB
tumor ligation
14
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
overextension
fast-mapping
semantic slanting
metalinguistic awareness
15
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
observational learning
punishment
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
16
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
the semantic level of encoding
attention encoding
the triarchic level of encoding
dyadic encoding
17
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
unrealistic demands from family/friends
18
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
color
saturation
light purity
brightness
19
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
processing
sensation
attention
perception
20
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
I eated a cookie
i wanted a cookie
cookie
give cookie
21
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
overestimating the improbable
the conjunction fallacy
the confirmation bias
the gambler's fallacy
22
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
a percentile score
mental age
a potential score
IQ
23
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
consciousness
sensation
hypnosis
perception
24
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
encoded
retrieved
modeled
ablated
25
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
mentalism
intelligence
introspection
cognition
26
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
decibels
timbre
loudness
pitch
27
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
script
chunk
schema
semantic network
28
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
cornea
vitreous humor
lens
iris
29
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
creativity
insight
reasoning
intelligence
30
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
representativeness
consistency
predictability
accuracy of inference
31
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Sperry's area
Wernicke's area
Cannon's area
Broca's area
32
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
reticular formation
cerebellum
brainstem
limbic system
33
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
operant conditioning
observational learning
reinforcement
classical conditioning
34
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
top-down processing
bottom-up processing
lateral processing
bottom-to-top processing
35
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
standardized validity
criterion-related validity
predictive validity
content validity
36
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
cultural practices
exposure to light
amount of time awake
amount of time alseep
37
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
criterion-related
content
absolute
construct
38
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
a headache
not been dreaming
been dreaming
not really been asleep
39
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
linguistic heuristics
phonemes
morphemes
syntax
40
What is somnambulism?
difficulty remaining asleep
sleep-walking
sleep-talking
difficulty breathing when asleep
41
Negative reinforcement involves...
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
42
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
smell buds
olfactory cilia
sciatic receptors
gustatory bulbs
43
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
oval window
cochlea
temporal lobe
stirrup
44
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
intelligence; personality
intelligence; standardized
personality; standardized
standardized; intelligence
45
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
endocrine system
limbic system
reticular formation
leftbrain/right brain communication
46
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
boat-goat
fill-feed
tree-bird
car-nose
47
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a clinical psychologist
a social psychologist
a developmental psychologist
a forensic psychologist
48
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
agonists
action potentials
antagonists
neurotransmitters
49
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
a personality test
an achievement test
an intelligence test
an aptitude test
50
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
sensory memories
flashbulb memories
non-declarative memories
episodic memories
51
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
mescaline
cocaine
heroin
marijuana
52
The school of psychology associated with how our minds adapt over time is...
functionalism
psychoanalysis
neodynamism
behaviorism
53
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
constancy
similiarity
closure
symmetry
54
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
a continuous reinforcement schedule
55
The function of sensory memory is to...
hold information for a lifetime
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
put information into long-term memory
56
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
are using the availability heuristic
use the elimination by aspects strategy
use a holistic decision model
are using the representativeness heuristic
57
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
partial storage
complete retrieval failure
complete storage failure
partial retrieval
58
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
unconditioning
conditioned forgetting
spontaneous remission
extinction
59
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
corpus callosum
cerebral cortex
hypothalamus
medulla
60
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
genetic influences on IQ
group differences in basic intelligence
a variety of environmental factors
changes in testing procedures
61
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
fixed-ratio schedule
fixed-interval schedule
variable-interval schedule
variable-ratio schedule
62
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
electrographic tomography
positron emission tomography
computerized tomography
magnetic resonance imaging
63
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
representativeness heuristic
conjunction heuristic
law of small numbers
availability heuristic
64
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
feeding
memory
the endocrine system
the autonomic nervous system
65
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
observational learning
classical conditioning
superstitious behavior
positive reinforcement
66
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
sleep apnea
narcolepsy
insomnia
pseudoinsomnia
67
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
mechanical
spatial
logical-mathemathical
musical
68
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
the absolute refractory period
transduction incapacity
the relative threshold period
transduction capacity
69
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test norms
test scales
test scores
test levels
70
A perceptual set implies that...
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
people often see what they expect to see
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
71
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
G. Stanley Hall
Wilhelm Wundt
Rene Decartes
William James
72
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
cannabis
sedatives
alcohol
narcotics
73
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
print letters
fear the dark
tie shoe laces
sing a song
74
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
avoidance learning
escape learning
an unconditioned response
positive reinforcement
75
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
light
tone
food/meat powder
salivation
76
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
conscious experience
the unconscious
the brain
behavior
77
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
stage 4
REM
stage 1
stage 2
78
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
gonads
thyroid
pituitary
thalamus
79
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
pineal gland
corpus callosum
thalamus
parietal lobe
80
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
mode
median
midpoint
mean
81
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
step-wise conditioning
selection
shaping
stimulus discrimination
82
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
gamma
beta
alpha
delta
83
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
spinal cord
cortex
thalamus
location of injury
84
An antagonist...
extends the absolute refractory period
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
85
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
spontaneous recovery
stimulus generalization
conditioned emotional reactions
stimulus discrimination
86
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
rat
rabbit
fear reaction
loud noise
87
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
recognition
recall
reiteration
relearning
88
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
short-term
sensory
intermediate-term
long-term
89
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the control group
the correlational group
the observational group
the experimental group
90
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
a narcotic
a hallucinogen
an amphetamine
a sedative
91
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
afferent nerves
efferent nerves
sympathetic nerves
autonomic nerves
92
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
retroactive interference
retrograde amnesia
pseudoforgetting
anterograde amnesia
93
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
become fearful/cautious
remain in continuous wakefulness
remain in continuous sleep
become aggressive

AP Psychology - 1st Semester Review Flashcards | StudBud