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APES FINAL REVIEW
APES FINAL REVIEW
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1
According to some analysts, mining of low-grade ores may be limited by
land reclamation costs.
energy costs.
availability of fresh water.
All of these answers.
2
Ecologists would consider all of the following to be natural disturbances
except
floods
deforestation
droughts
fires
3
Which of the following statements about nuclear fusion is false?
Fusion is the source of energy in the sun.
High-temperature fusion is much harder to initiate
two nuclei of isotopes of light elements are forced together
Controlled nuclear fusion reactors are being tested
4
All of the following are characteristic of life forms
except
highly diffuse internal structure and organization.
the ability to reproduce.
ability to capture and transform matter and energy
the ability to adapt to external change by mutations.
5
Which of the following does not belong with the others?
sandstone
granite
basalt
volcanic rocks
6
Which of the following is not important in determining the damage produced by a pollutant?
origin
persistence
concentration
chemical nature
7
Wind power
emits moderate air pollution.
has a low net useful energy yield.
requires long construction time.
is an unlimited source of energy at favorable sites.
8
Multiple nuclear fissions
may result in chain reactions.
occur when two nuclei hit each other.
require isotopes with small mass numbers.
occur best with a small mass of isotopes.
9
Burning of biomass
requires little land.
can cause soil erosion and loss of wildlife habitat.
releases more air pollution per unit of energy
releases more carbon dioxide per ton burned than does coal.
10
Identified coal reserves in the United States should last about __ years at current usage rates
400
200
100
300
11
Nuclear changes are governed by
the law of conservation of matter and energy
the law of entropy
the law of conservation of energy
the law of conservation of matter
12
Scientists classify energy as either
chemical or physical.
potential or kinetic.
kinetic or mechanical.
potential or mechanical.
13
All of the following would be considered seasonal wetlands except
cypress swamps
flood plains
bottomland hardwood swamps
prairie potholes
14
An r-strategist generally
survives to reproduce.
has a low biotic potential.
gives much parental care to its offspring.
is small and short-lived.
15
The world's fastest growing energy resource is
hydroelectric dams.
wind power.
nuclear power.
coal-fired power plants.
16
Which would contribute the greatest number to total population size in one year?
a country of 100 million people with a growth rate of 2%
a country of 5 million people with a growth rate of 2.5%
a country of 1.5 million people with a growth rate of 3%
a country of 500 million people with a growth rate of 1.5%
17
Earth is essentially a closed system for
energy.
matter and energy.
matter.
neither matter nor energy.
18
Which of the following terms includes the others?
energy resources
nonmetallic mineral resources
mineral resources
metallic mineral resources
19
In a tropical rainforest, direct sunlight is strongest
in the understory
in the canopy
on the forest floor
in the emergent layer
20
Which of the following is an example of recycling?
saving leftovers in a peanut butter jar
cleaning and refilling soft-drink bottles
selling used clothing at a garage sale
collecting and remelting aluminum cans
21
Which of the following countries has the greatest tar sand deposits?
Venezuela
Saudi Arabia
Kuwait
Canada
22
Climate and vegetation vary with
altitude only.
latitude only.
latitude and longitude.
latitude and altitude.
23
The surface litter horizon is described by the letter
A
O
C
B
24
Children fly kites in the
troposhere
stratosphere
hydrosphere
lithosphere
25
Humans are most likely to alter the earth's thermostat through their impact on the compound
hydrogen sulfide
phoshate
carbon dioxide
nitrogen gas
26
Marine biologists have estimated that about __% of the world's coral reefs have been destroyed.
20
15
10
5
27
The volume of an atom is mostly
neutrons
electrons
protons
free space
28
The energy "lost" by a system is
converted to lower-quality energy.
returned to the system eventually.
converted into an equal amount of matter.
equal to the energy the system creates.
29
The greatest use of oil in the United States is for
industrial uses.
commercial and residential heating and cooling.
transportation.
generation of electricity.
30
Going from the equator to the North Pole, leaving the coniferous forest, you anticipate next
patterns of cone design in coniferous trees.
the role of lichens and mosses in boggy ecosystems.
the fall leaves of New England.
gases captured in the ice.
31
Geographic isolation is
least
likely to give rise to
divergent evolution.
speciation.
convergent evolution.
reproductive isolation.
32
Based on the theory of island biogeography you would predict that large islands near a mainland
would have low immigration and high extinction rates
would have low immigration and low extinction rates
would have high immigration and low extinction rates
would have high immigration and high extinction rates
33
Which of the following pieces of evidence is likely to form the basis of an economist's opinion
The rate of crop yield increases is declining.
The human population is growing exponentially.
The human population is not growing.
People are our most important resource.
34
Since 1985, oil extraction in the United States has
increased rapidly
declined
stayed the same
increased slightly
35
Root causes of environmental problems include
rapid population growth.
even distribution of wealth.
increasingly sustainable use of resources.
prices reflecting environmental costs.
36
Demand for ecocars would be increased by all of the following strategies except
including social and environ. costs in the price of gasoline
establishing higher fuelefficiency standards for new cars.
rebate system for people buying fuel-efficient cars
maintaining the status quo.
37
The zone in which no member of a population can live is called the
upper limit of tolerance
zone of intolerance
lower limit of tolerance
zone of physiological stress
38
Discovering and formulating scientific laws requires
logic
All of these answers are correct
use of scientific methods
imagination
39
Which of the following trees is characteristic of tropical coastal wetlands?
mangrove
palm
cypress
coconut
40
If you fish for trout, you would be most likely to seek out which part of a stream?
middle elevations
all sections equally
mouth
headwaters
41
Hydrogen gas can be used to
fuel cars, and trucks.
power factories.
heat buildings.
All of the above
42
Land sinking (subsidence) can result from
higher ocean levels.
natural gas extraction.
surface mining.
underground coal mining.
43
Which of the following is an argument for reducing legal immigration?
B. help to reduce the environmental impact of increasing pop
a and b only
C. decrease the number of workers willing to take menial job
A. allow the U.S. to stabilize its population sooner
44
The
most
important factor in determining which biome is found in a particular area is
soil type.
climate.
topography.
magnetic fields.
45
What does species richness refer to?
the number of individuals of each species.
the number of different species.
the number of edge effects.
the number of ecotones in an area.
46
Generally, women who are feeding their infant only with breast milk are
98% protected from pregnancy for 6 months after giving birth
78% protected from pregnancy for 6 months after giving birth
58% protected from pregnancy for 6 months after giving birth
38% protected from pregnancy for 6 months after giving birth
47
A disadvantage of sexual reproduction would be
a and b only
B. there is an increased chance of genetic errors
A. females must produce twice as many offspring as asexual
C. offspring are exact genetic replicas of the parents.
48
Consumers can make more economically and environmentally conscious decisions by considering
initial cost
external cost
life-cycle cost
operating cost
49
Which one of the following statements about U.S. low-level radioactive waste disposal is false?
1940-1970 low-level waste was dumped in the ocean in drums.
Nuclear Regulatory Commission removed it from fed. reg.
1970+, lowlevel waste is buried at government-run landfills
Pre1970 lowlevel waste sealed in glass in salt deposits.
50
Which of the following statements is false?
Many experimental breeder reactors built have caught fire.
Reactors wouldn't extend the supplies of U in the world.
Breeder reactors would generate more fuel than they consume.
Breeder reactors produce plutonium extremely slowly.
51
Renewable energy resources include all of the following
except
biomass.
the sun.
the wind.
natural gas.
52
All of the following are advantages of conventional natural gas except
low cost
low net energy yield
low land use
less air pollution than other fossil fuels
53
All of the following are elements
except
water
nitrogen
oxygen
hydrogen
54
The hydrologic cycle refers to the movement of
hydrogen
oxygen
hydrocarbons
water
55
A mature ____ has the greatest species diversity of all terrestrial biomes.
tropical rain forest
tundra
taiga
temperate deciduous forest
56
Magma is
an air pollutant given off by geothermal energy.
molten rock.
cooled lava flow.
a deep source of fossil fuel.
57
The least efficient method of space heating is
passive solar heat.
oil furnaces.
electricity produced by nuclear power plants.
natural gas furnaces.
58
Natural gas has a ____ net useful energy yield and is a ____ fuel compared to coal.
low . . . dirty
low . . . clean-burning
high . . . clean-burning
high . . . dirty
59
Refining crude oil separates components based on their boiling points.
The component with the lowest boiling point is diesel oil
The component with the lowest boiling point is gasoline
The component with the lowest boiling point is naptha
The component with the lowest boiling point is aviation fuel
60
You can thank petrochemicals if you use
medicines.
All of these answers.
paints.
plastics.
61
The birth rate in the United States has been at or below replacement level for about
18 years
38 years
28 years
8 years
62
A positive feedback loop is illustrated by all of the following
except
a thermostat.
compound interest in a savings account.
the greenhouse effect.
exponential population growth.
63
When a new kitten is added, older cat is observed gobbling up all the food. This behavior is
mutualism
predation
interference competition.
exploitation competition.
64
A distinctive building block of matter is called a(an)
mixture
isotope
element
compound
65
Natural capital includes all of the following
except
water
sunlight
soil
air
66
A tropical grassland with scattered shrubs and stunted trees would be called a
veldt.
savanna.
steppes.
67
Any heritable trait that allows an organism to survive through natural selection and reproduce
adaptation
evolution
natural selection
a mutation
68
The three-factor model of environmental degradation and pollution includes the following
except
amount of environmental degradation/pollution generated
the climate in which people live
average number of units of resources each person uses.
number of people
69
There are ____ separate belts of moving air or prevailing winds.
six
two
four
eight
