Chemistry test 2

Fasting blood glucose

Amino acids and glucose ______ insulin secretion

Set of individuals who comprise a defined group

Aids in the formation of structure of interstitial fluid and connective tissue in your organs

5 conditions that may lead to increased protein concentrations in CSF

Derivative of both amino sugar and acid sugar, attaches to proteins, adds negative charge to proteins it attaches to

Inherited defect in tubular reabsorption “Fanconi syndrome”; acquired defect in reabsorption, acute tubular necrosis

Percent of data in a Gaussian distribution that falls within 1SD of mean

Maltose, lactose, sucrose

ETC occurs in the

Determined by the mean of 20-40 replicate analyses of that control for that test, with several done on several days

6 carbon monosaccharide-ketohexose

A variable whose value describes a characteristic of a population (what you want to measure)

Decreased oxygen would back up ETC bc of concentration gradient

Pyruvate will turn to what if the ETC and Krebs backs up

6 carbon monosaccharide-aldohexose

Aldehyde and an alcohol condense; with glucose or other sugars too; ring forms from C1 to C5

Krebs cycle occurs in mitochondria matrix and every glucose molecule gets converted into 2 pyruvates during

Serum protein concentration goes down leading to nephrotic syndrome and could result in edema, swelling and puffy eyes.

Persistent microalbuminuria is considered an early warning sign for; >30-300mg/day

Comprised of 75% albumin, 2% prealbumin and Tau protein (asialotransferrin), low Ig

Parametric statistics

Ribose, ribulose, glucose, galactose and fructose

Amylose, amylopectin, glycogen and cellulose

Selective; mild damage to glomeruli; <3g/day

Disaccharide(s) with the reducing potential of 1 glucose

Made of glucose alpha and fructose beta, C1 - C2 glycocidic bonds, cannot open back up to reduce!

The “controls”/samples, QC procedures, statistical analysis of results, decision rules are components of QC program

Formed from digestion of starch

Summary of data collected from a sample, to provide an estimate of a population parameter

Probability of selecting one individual from a population more than 1SD from the mean

Strictly glucose molecules, must be connected by alpha1,4 glycosidic binds, certain number bond to another #6C=branches

More than 5% of results are more than 2SD from mean

Polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia and DKA are signs of Type 1 diabetes mellitus

Protein urine excretion in healthy adult

Age, sex, genetic factors, physiological factors and things such as environmental or socioeconomic factors

Coomassie blue and Pyrogallol Red bind to all proteins in CSF

Percentage of patients who have a disease and will give you the results you expect for disease

Reference range for total protein in CSF

Example of why you might exclude an individual from a reference range study

2SD from mean 4.5%, 3 SD from mean 0.3% and 2SD from mean on two consecutive runs 0.2% is the probability a control fail

Nothing wrong with kidneys; myglobinuria, hemoglobinuria and Bence Jones

Turbidimetric methods of measuring proteins concentration includes all of the follow EXCEPT

Defective insulin release from beta cells; either insulin receptors are bad or signaling pathways are bad

Increase cyanide or ninitrophenol and _________ ETC which would _______ oxidative phosphorylation

Renal threshold for reabsorption in proximal tubules is exceeded

Hydroxyl on anomer ic carbon formed UNDER plane ring

Goals of quality control

Normal albumin and other plasma protein excretion

Epinephrine decreases insulin secretions

Non-selective; severe damage to glomeruli, proteins of all sizes lost in urine; up to 10 g/day

The brain and RBCs depend on glucose

Monosaccharide- aldopentose

Benign; <1g/day; strenuous except use, cold temps pregnancy

Made of galactose and glucose, beta anomeric form, 1,4 glucocidic bond, reducing sugar

Sample selection, adequate # of individuals, analysis of freq. distrib. chart and elimination of outliers

Usually due to phlebotomist drawing wrong patient or mislabeled tubes

Glycogen tends to have more branching than amylopectin

Find top and bottom 2.5% to get central 95% (#of results X 0.025)

Standard deviation is the square root of

Energy is captured by reducing NAD+ to NADH which feeds into ETC

What is maltose made of?

Insulin independent tissue

Glucagon is produced by alpha cells in pancreases and regulates ability to regulate glucose to keep in blood stream

Many glucose molecules bonded together, straight chain

Lab test(s) for preeclampsia

What is the first department that gets a CSF sample above others?

Dye binding methods measures light

The ETC will get stuck if there is no O2 to accept the electrons

36 miles of ADP to ATP per glucose molecule; CO2; H2O; NADH H and FADH2 are products of Krebs

6 carbon monosaccharide- aldohexose

Can form with fructose and other sugars; bond between ketone and alcohol; C2 and C5 interact

Autoimmune destruction of beta cells in the pancreas so loss of insulin production

Acetyl CoA feed carbons to Karen cycle. Adding its 2 Carbons to 4 carbons on oxalacetate and making 6 carbon

When you have a protein core with a lot of disaccharide branches coming off of polysaccharide

Bonds between beat D glucose instead of alpha, considered a fiber, hydrogen bonds

Monosaccharide-ketopentose

Characteristics of QC material or control

“Sponge”; core protein with many glycosaminoglycans attaches to it; seen in connective and synovial tissue

Organs beta cells responsible for synthesizing and secreting insulin