Choose the most true choice below

A correlation is a weaker relation than causation but still shows relation

Psychology is grounded in?

BROAD - empiricism and scientific method

What is the sample, population, and random sampling of an experiment?

cohort of people for testing, the people of target, randomization

List the scientific "theory" features

Accuracy, consistency, scope, simplicity, fruitfulness, falsifiability

What does it mean for an observation to be representative?

ability for observation to represent a whole population

What is internal validity vs. external validity?

how accurate and controlled an experiment is + how generalizable it is

Consistency is defined as?

The theory has few exceptions to its results in different settings

MOD 1 - Factors that impact adjustment to post-secondary education

lonliness, financial, class format, freedom, social opport., personal prob.

What is the probability model used for? What P-value is considered significant?

used to see if results arise by pure coincidence/anything above 0.05

What is statistical significance?

Measure of how accurate the data is to the whole global society

Why is Randomization in an Experiment needed?

minimize confounds and maximize comparability for observing results

What is a type I error? in research

when they conclude there is a relationship but there isnt

Adoption study for behavioural genetics: compares adopted kids to both their real and adoption parents

skip this, just giving an example of this key term

Nativism and Empiricsm refers to

Genetic hard-wiring vs learning through experience

Rank the strength of research methods (from strongest to weakest)

longitudinal + experimental , correlation + quasi experimental

MOD 2 - What is statistical thinking?

the careful design of a study to collect meaningful data to answer a Q

Accuracy is defined as?

Ability for the theory to match real world observations

Correlations can lead to potential. These findings always have confounds but bring spark to real experiments

true, but depends on the subject due to the varying fruitfulness of subject

Sexual strategies theory (based on sexual selection theory) is what?

humans have varying list of diff mating strategies (short-term + long-term)

The adoption experiment tests nature vs nurture. 1/2 of puppies of a bad dog are adopted and raised by a friendly dog

In this case, nature is shown if the puppies are all aggressive as adults, In this case, nurture is shown if the puppies differ in behaviour as adults

What are the 2 classes of evolution adaptations?

survival adaptation + reproduction adaptation

What is the determinant of natural selection?

Improving qualities to improve reproductive success

What is a primary reason for disagreements ocurring between nature vs nurture debates?

varying heritability coefficients

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PSYC 100 - Queen's University Fall Part 1

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Hey fellow froshes of Queen's University! My name is Jin Byun and I made this Quiz for you! I am in health sciences in the class of 2023, so this Quiz was made for the Fall term PSYC 100 2019! Enjoy.

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Questions 100

Answers

1
Choose the most true choice below
All other answer choices are false
A correlation shows exclusive relationships between two variables
A correlation is stronger than causation
A correlation is a weaker relation than causation but still shows relation
2
Reductionism - describing a complex phenomenon in terms of phenomena that are held to represent a simpler aspect
True
False
3
Psychology is grounded in?
only behaviour
history and philosiphy
biology
BROAD - empiricism and scientific method
4
All research methods have at least one limitation to it
True
False
5
Psychoanalysis only covers the environmental part to behaviour, BUT does NOT cover the genetics, which is essential
True
False
6
What is better? single blind or double blind procedure?
single
double
7
Pseudoscience is a belief that seems scientific but is not, because it is not ____ (fill the blank)
consistent
flasifiable
accurate
pseudoscience is indeed a scientific observation
8
Induction is drawing general conclusions from specific observations... Conclusions are drawn from samples
True
False
9
Wundt showed that through introspection - method of focusing on internal processes, the mind was quantifiable
False
True
10
monozygotic twins are from two zygotes and share 50% of their DNA
True
False
11
What is the sample, population, and random sampling of an experiment?
sample of results, population the sample applies to, randomization
cohort of people for testing, the people of target, randomization
12
List the scientific "theory" features
Validity, accuracy, simplicity
Accuracy, consistency, scope, simplicity, fruitfulness, falsifiability
validity, generalizability, scope, size
all given choices are wrong. No right answer is shown
13
The nature-nurture debate involves whether human behaviour is determined by the environment or by genetics
True
False
14
Locke and Reid emphasized knowledge comes from experience
True
False
15
What does it mean for an observation to be representative?
ability for observation to represent a whole population
ability for observation to be accurate in the experiment
16
The more genetically similar people are, the more similar they are for everything.
skip
skip
17
What is internal validity vs. external validity?
how randomized it is + how much confounds are eliminated
how accurate and controlled an experiment is + how generalizable it is
how much confounds are eliminated + how randomized it is
how generalizable it is + how accurate and controlled an experiment is
18
Consistency is defined as?
The theory is consistent among locations
The theory has few exceptions to its results in different settings
19
MOD 1 - Factors that impact adjustment to post-secondary education
professor, school, type of class, race.
Athletics, health, class size, location
such a question does not exist
lonliness, financial, class format, freedom, social opport., personal prob.
20
What is the probability model used for? What P-value is considered significant?
used to see if results arise by pure coincidence/anything above 0.05
used for seeing the chance of confounds happening/anything above 0.05
used to see if results arise by pure coincidence/anything below 0.05
used for seeing the chance of confounds happening/anything below 0.05
21
What is statistical significance?
Measure of how strong the data is, with limited confounds in the experiment
Measure of how accurate the data is to the whole global society
22
Why is Randomization in an Experiment needed?
minimize confounds and maximize result accuracy in terms of calculations
minimize confounds and maximize comparability for observing results
23
What is a type I error? in research
when they conclude there is a relationship but there isnt
When they conclude that there isnt a relationship but there is
24
Adoption study for behavioural genetics: compares adopted kids to both their real and adoption parents
skip this, just giving an example of this key term
skip this
25
Psychoanalysis is to identify the roots of behaviour in individuals early-life history. GENETICS IS NEGATED
True
False
26
Smoking and lung cancer have a positive correlation
True
False
27
Nativism and Empiricsm refers to
Genetic hard-wiring vs learning through experience
learning through experience vs genetic hard wiring
28
A statistical investigation is "finding more about a certain study by going through the steps on the slide before this"
True
False
29
Rank the strength of research methods (from strongest to weakest)
longitudinal + experimental , correlation + quasi experimental
no order is available
Quasi-experimental, correlational, longitudinal, experimental
Longitudinal, correlation, experimental, Quasi
30
Resource availability and ethics determine which method is best to use in any scenario
True
False
31
Quasi-experimental designs have many confounds usually
False
True
32
In a negative correlation, the R-value is negative
False
True
33
A narrative analysis is defined as studying stories of personal biographies/cultures to analyze what and how they answer
False
True
34
MOD 2 - What is statistical thinking?
calculating statistics in an experiment
the careful design of a study to collect meaningful data to answer a Q
35
Accuracy is defined as?
Ability for the theory to match real world observations
Ability for the theory to be accurate in the experiment
36
Correlations can lead to potential. These findings always have confounds but bring spark to real experiments
false, correlations are sufficient for enforcing changes in society
true, but depends on the subject due to the varying fruitfulness of subject
false, correlations with confounds dont give any potential at all
absolutely true
37
Sexual strategies theory (based on sexual selection theory) is what?
humans have varying list of diff mating strategies (short-term + long-term)
humans have varying list of diff sexual desires (LGBTQ+, etc.)
38
The scientific and mathematical methods of inferring genetic and environmental processes on similarities of organisms is
Quantitative genetic study
Research of genetics
Research of DNA
Quantitative DNA study
39
Hertiability constant shows how genetics influence similarities AND differences among individual traits of people
False
True
40
part of sexual strategies theory --> males tend to not care about raising babies and would rather have short-term sex
False
True
41
Flashbulb memory is a highly detailed vivid memory of an emotionally significant event
False
True
42
Strategies to cope with stress of this course
all of the above
Mental hygiene and self care
visualization of happiness, exercise, deep breathing
Coping and exercise and mental grounding
43
Genes and environment BOTH account for behavioural differences
true
false
44
The adoption experiment tests nature vs nurture. 1/2 of puppies of a bad dog are adopted and raised by a friendly dog
In this case, nature is shown if the puppies are all aggressive as adults
In this case, nurture is shown if the puppies are all agressive as adults
In this case, nature is shown if the puppies differ in behaviour as adults
In this case, nurture is shown if the puppies differ in behaviour as adults
45
What are the 2 classes of evolution adaptations?
reproduction adaptation + cognitive adaptation
cognitive adaptation + survival adaptation
survival adaptation + reproduction adaptation
46
Distributional thinking is the analysis of distribution of data (see data from the whole + outlier, not just the average
True
False
47
What is the determinant of natural selection?
Improving qualities to improve survival success
Improving qualities to improve reproductive success
survival success and reproductive success are exactly equal
48
What is a primary reason for disagreements ocurring between nature vs nurture debates?
consistent methods of research for genetics
varying methods of research for genetics
varying heritability coefficients
consistent heritability coefficients
49
Twin study is a behaviour genetic research method that involve comparing similarities of monozygotic and dizygotic twins
False
True
50
Genes can boost their replicative success by both influencing odds for survival/mating + parent supporting their child
False
True
51
Type II error is when the data fails to show a relationship that does exist
False
True
52
Fruitfulness is defined as?
How recently created it is (ripe)
usefulness of the theory to humanity
53
Heritability coefficient values are simple to compute BUT difficult to interpret
True
False
54
Which of these can be a confound when testing if babies like red toys by presenting them with one red and one blue toy?
the size of the toys
all of the above
the heaviness of the toy
which side of them it is presented: right handed people like the right side
55
Survival adaptation is the mechanism that helps us survive - i.e. sweat glands to cool us down, or fear to stay safe
False
True
56
The R-value of a strong correlation is ...
negative
positive
can be either or
57
In a positive correlation, the R-value is positive
False
True
58
falsifiability?
ability to be falsified - ability to be tested and possibly refuted
the fact that the theory is wrong to begin with
59
Go to oneNote and review the Research methods section last part (methods of studying daily experiences)
ok
no u
ok
ok
60
The percent of confidence for a confidence interval is? (click red for 100%, click blue for 95%)
False
True
61
Which below best describe Participant observation methodology?
investigator acts as a subject to limit confounds during experiment
investigator acts as a subject to better observe the other participants
62
Functionalism - focus on the utility of consciousness. This is concerned with what the mind "does"
True
False
63
reproductive adaptations refer to the sexual selection theory - evolution of characteristics due to mating advantage
False
True
64
Downsides to Laboratory experiments are what?
Finds what CAN happen, but not necessarily applicable to real life
Finds what CAN happen, but only scientific and not practical for society
65
Describe gene selection theory
genes that give advantage for reproduction are passed along to offspring
animals avoid others that may cause offspring to have mutations
66
Choose the appropriate negative correlation
The taller you are, the higher lifespan you have
no relation between height and lifespan = negative correlation
all above can be considered negative correlations
The taller you are, the shorter lifespan you have
67
Nature and Nurture refers to?
Nature - environment causes phenotype, Nurture - genetics cause phenotype
Nature - genetics cause phenotype, nurture - environment cause phenotype
68
Is deception a part of ethics? and if so, what is it?
Yes, it is when researchers hide true natures of their study
No, it is when researchers hide true natures of their study
Yes, it is when researchers trick the participants into harming themselves
No, it is when researchers trick the participants into harming themselves
69
What does psychology incorporate?
physiology, physics, art
math, athletics, physics
biology, math, philosophy
such a question doesnt exist
70
Psychophysics is the study of relationships between physical stimuli and perception of those stimuli
False
True
71
Explain generalizability
relates to consistency and relates to the ability to apply to other labs
The degree to which we can apply conclusions to other groups in the world
72
Generalizability is the ability to be generalized to a whole population?
False
True
73
Qualitative research designs include
systematic reviews, meta-analysis
participant observation methodoloy, case study method, narrative analysis
Systematic reviews, case study method, narrative analysis
74
Dizygotic twins are from a single zygote with the same DNA (clones)
True
False
75
The graph below shows
weak correlation
no correlation
strong correlation
76
Longitudinal studies are powerful because they are long-term, AND they are cheap
False
True
77
The line of best fit for a strong correlation is loose, and the line of best fit for a weak correlation is tight
True
False
78
Essential elements of science?
i love GLPH
systemic observation, hypotheses, theories, democratic, cumulative
biology, physiology, psychology, physics, chemistry
Independent variable, dependent variable, randomization
79
Scope is defined as?
Extent to which the theory extends (how far it reaches into society)
a sniper scope
80
Describe types of bias: participant demand (Subject-expectancy effect) + conformational bias (observer expectancy effect
subjects know their group (i.e. control)/the investigator records results
the investigator records results/subjects know their group (i.e. control)
81
What is "empiricism"???
not relevant to psychology
Approaches to inquiry that are tied to actual measurement and observation
philisophical measurements based on personal sensation
theory based on emotion
82
What is the operational definition of experimental research?
A quantifying process for measuring an abstract principle or concept
Such a thing does not exist
It is an empiricism definition, not an operational definition
A process for measuring a theory by reviewing other studies
83
What are the key steps to statistical investigation?
planning --> inferring --> examining --> concluding
planning --> creating --> concluding
planning --> examining --> inferring --> concluding
84
MOD 3 - What are 3 questions to the philosophy and science of natural world?
Mind-body, free will, nature-nurture
mind-body, nature-nurture, good spirit
85
Two components of sexual selection theory (intrasexual competition + intersexual selection) refer to
when members of one sex compete to mate, mating due to preferred phenotype
females are selected by males, males are selected by females
mating due to preferred phenotype, when members of one sex competes to mate
86
Evolutionary psychology adaptations best matches which description?
evolution of genes to promote faster blood flow in the brain for thinking
mechanisms of the mind that evolved to solve specific problems of survival
87
Ecological validity is the degree to which a study finding has been obtained under conditions that match daily-reality
True
False
88
Psychophysics was investigated by Weber and Falio
True
False
89
Which one of the following is a quasi-experimental research design? [no randomization, using pre-existing cohorts]
finding the relation between speed and strength by analysis of olympics
differing 2 universities by analysis of grades in each school
90
The case study method is described as?
Many exams for specific individuals because the study cohort is too small
Examining many cases of instances to determine more accurate results
91
Von Helmholtz measured speed of neural impulse, suggeested that there is separate physical and psychological reality
True
False
92
Gestalt psychology, cognitive psychology, behaviourism
study of: unity of experience, mental process, behaviour
study of: mental process, unity of experience, behaviour
93
Untrue example of error management theory (cost asymmetry - doing something based off two potentially danger results)
visual descent illusion - when looking down it appears higher to stop you
auditory looming bias - things coming toward you seem more scary and loud
school danger theory - school seem more daunting than they really are
sexual overperception bias - misreading friendly gestures for sexual act
94
The correct example of a correlational study is?
Comparing existing smokers' happiness with non-smokers via. self-report
Comparing existing results of happiness with amount of smokers in Kingston
Making an experiment between smokers and happiness in kingston
95
A heritability coefficient is an easily misinterpreted statistic that claims to measure role of genetics in phenotype
false, it is 1-10 and is meant to measure genetic influence of a trait
true, it is 0-1 and is meant to measure genetic influence of a trait
true, it is 1-10 and is meant to measure genetic influence of a trait
false, it is 0-1 and is meant to measure influence of a trait
96
Separated by a comma: (1) general conclusion from specific observation (2) scientific instance from general conclusion
deductive reasoning, inductive reasoning
inductive reasoning, deductive reasoning
falsifiability, scope
97
A strong correlation has many exceptions and rarely ever follows the trend, while a weak correlation has no outliers
True
False
98
In statistics, distribution is how the data/results are spread out through a certain population
not
depends
yes
distribution refers to the location of the experiment
99
Structuralism is breaking down the full into components and observing/measuring the individual components
False
True
100
Is anecdotal evidence good or bad and why?
bad, it is based off of personal experience that is biased
good, brings emotion into science to make it more realistic
bad, it is based off of a nation's selfish opinion

PSYC 100 - Queen's University Fall Part 1 Flashcards | StudBud