What are ways to assess if there is risk for BRD in the herd due to hygiene/poor ventilation?

Smell ammonia, hydrogen sulphide (high conc. don't smell & lethal),, Spider webs, damp roof, humidity, kneel test, smoke bomb (bad, 2-3m clear)

What is mycoplasma's microscopic & macroscopic characteristics?

Lymphoid cuffing, compress bronchial lumina, mix exudate, 2nd atelectasis

What is the common signalment for cats with asthma?

Typically young cats, siamese are overrepresented

Bronchoscopy can be a risky diagnostic with Feline Asthma (pre-treat with terbutaline). What would we see from testing?

Lots of Mucus, hypermia, epithelial irregularity, collapse, bronchiectasis

How does the option of implanting indwelling drains to facilitate pleural lavage to tx pyothorax work?

leave in situ 5-7d, removed infective material, facilitates AM penetration

What patterns do we see on thoracic radiographs of a cat with asthma?

Broncho/bronchointerstitial, hyperlucency, R middle lung lobe collapse

What is a common diagnostic finding seen when taking radiographs (i.e what patterns seen)?

Often mod/severe bronchointerstitial, mild bronchial or unremarkable

How can you tell a Yorkie has had tracheal collapse on physical exam?

Characteristic cough on tracheal pinch, deformed cartilages may be palpable

How do we implement some biosecurity to prevent BRD?

Avoid intro infected animals to herd/isolation, double fence, source AI

Which is a medical option to treat tracheal collapse?

Antitussive/anti-inflammatory, Inhaled steroids, treat comorbidity

How do we treat pleurisy in sheep?

Prolonged antibioses, procaine penicillin

What are some clinical signs of Eosinophilic Bronchopneumopathy (EBP)?

Cough, gag, retching, decrease exercise intolerance, nasal discharge

What is Feline Asthma?

Type 1 Hypersensitivity to aerosols, see overlaps with other diseases

Bovine Herpesvirus Type 1 (AKA infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), red nose) has what pathology?

Epithelio/endotheliotrophic, fibrinous laryngitis & tracheitis in URT

What is the pathophysiology of Tracheal collapse?

Mechanical injury, chronic irritation, chronic cough, reduced ventilation

What are the cell types seen on BAL with Feline Asthma? for Asthma and Chronic Bronchitis respectively

Eosinophillic & Neutrophilic; non-degenerative neutrophillic

What parasite can be a cause of feline asthma and what is the diagnostic test for it?

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus; Baermann's

Which of the following are ways to prevent BVD?

Vax against virus, m.haemolytica, & h. somni, avoid mixing, optimise diet, Good Colostrum (w/in 2h of birth, 3-4L), ventilation, avoid crowding, rest

What are some clinical findings for an animal presenting with Canine Chronic Bronchitis?

Paroxysmal unproductive cough, obese, tachypnoea, wheeze, sinus arrhythmia

What is the biotypes of m. haemolytica associated with BRD?

Biotype A (arabinose): ruminants + septicaemia in young lambs

What does Pleurisy look like on US (pleural disease in sheep, reduce lung sounds esp ventrally on affected side)?

Seaweed/spider's web appearance

What are some first choice antimicrobials used against BRD

Macrolides (e.g tylosin, tilmicosin), florfenicol, tetracyclines

What is some sequale to BRD?

Severe and acute bronchopneumonia, absessation with chronic BRD, econ loss

Which is the gold standard diagnostic for BRD?

BAL; virus isolate, C&S, send tests to SRUC/APHA, via nostrils to trachea

What is Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) also called and what is it?

Shipping fever; Multifactorial, major cause of calf pneumonia (2-6wks)

Which of the following is Glucocorticoid Therapy for managing Feline Asthma

Prednisolone 2mg/k PO SID, taper over months, 2nd immunosuppressant if need

What is the common clinical history associated with Canine Chronic Bronchitis?

Middle aged/older toy breeds; tracheal collapse, bronchiectasis, DMVD

What are some characteristics of p. multiocida?

Normal oral/resp commensal, gram - rods, penicillin susceptible, blood agar

What is the Pathology of BRD?

Bronchopneumonia fibrinous-necrotising (LPS), pleuritis, meningitis

How do we treat individuals for m. haemolytica infections?

Long acting oxytetracycline or macrolide and NSAIDs

What are we culturing and PCR for with BRD, respectively?

P. multiocida, m. haemolytica, h. somni; m. bovis & virus (PI3, RSV, IBR)

Which stent is most appropriate for young patients with tracheal collapse?

Extraluminal rings (prosthetic tracheal rings, for weakness/collapse)

What does m. haemolytica grow on and what characteristics are seen?

Blood Agar; complete haemolysis by leukotoxins

What is Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (bRSV, a paramyxoviridae) main characteristics?

Cause URTi, bronchitis, bronchiolitis, form syncitial cells, self-limiting

What is the characteristic change seen on histopathology with m. haemolytica?

Oat Cells: in necrotic/hypoxic lesions with large colonies of bacteria

What antihelmentics can we use to treat lungworms involved in BRD?

Macrocyclic lactones (extended protection), observe milk withdrawal, vax

What are the common clinical signs of tracheal collapse? Most commonly seen in toy breeds (yorkie, pomeranians)

Honking, quacking cough, prog. to cyanosis/collapse, ~comorbidity (i.e HF)

PI3 is a paramyoviridae and URT infection. What are the characteristics of the vaccine you can use against it?

Mod. Live intranasal IgA, quick local reaction but short a lived (every 6m)

What are our common findings on BAL?

+Cellularity, eosinophilia, neutrophilia, mcus, excl. parasite & bacteria

When should vaccine programs for BRD start and how many times should it be given?

Start early age e.g 2wk onwards; revax ~15d prior to risk period, Older calves no vax - 2 doses admin 4wks apart, ~2wks prior to weaning

How do we treat Canine Chronic Bronchitis with Glucocorticoids?

1-2mg/kg/d SID, taper to lowest effective, inhale fluticasone

Which of the following are signs of an asthmatic crisis?

Tachypnoea, open-mouth breathing, orthopnoea, esp. "push", long cough hx

What is mycobacterium like on growth?

Growth 3-8wks, catalase+, blood agar, don't send to lab, gram+ rods

Chronic Bronchitis often overlaps with Feline Asthma. What are some characteristics of the condition?

Chronic, inflamed change to airways, not always allergic, often idiopathic

BRD manifests as 'shipping fever' in older calves (weaned, up to 2yrs). Which of the following describes it?

Normally seen 10-30d post-transport; pyrexia, hyporexia, +RR, cough, grunts

By when is colostrum depleted (loss of passive protection) and how long does it take for lungs to develop?

3m (makes them more vulnerable to BRD); 12m

What is the predisposed breed and what is Eosinophilic Bronchopneumopathy?

Huskies; Infiltration of bronchial mucosa+-pul. parenchyma w eosinophils

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Questions 55

Answers

1
What are ways to assess if there is risk for BRD in the herd due to hygiene/poor ventilation?
Calculate wind speed ratios between indoor & outdoor areas during rainfall
Measure sunlight intensity and count dust particles in afternoon air only
Smell ammonia, hydrogen sulphide (high conc. don't smell & lethal),
Spider webs, damp roof, humidity, kneel test, smoke bomb (bad, 2-3m clear)
2
What is mycoplasma's microscopic & macroscopic characteristics?
Bronchiectasis w squamous metaplasia and extensive fibroblast proliferation
Prog. cranioventral consolidation mimic mycobacterial infection
Granulomatous inflammation w giant cells and calcified nodules in airways
Lymphoid cuffing, compress bronchial lumina, mix exudate, 2nd atelectasis
3
What is the common signalment for cats with asthma?
Persian cats between 8-10 years exclusively
Middle-aged male cats with obesity and concurrent diabetes
Only geriatric cats over 15 years with concurrent cardiac disease
Typically young cats, siamese are overrepresented
4
Bronchoscopy can be a risky diagnostic with Feline Asthma (pre-treat with terbutaline). What would we see from testing?
Normal airway appearance with occasional blood clots and mucosal ulceration
Parasitic cysts, granulomatous lesions, and tracheal stenosis
Fungal plaques, bronchial polyps, and severe airway mineralization
Lots of Mucus, hypermia, epithelial irregularity, collapse, bronchiectasis
5
How does the option of implanting indwelling drains to facilitate pleural lavage to tx pyothorax work?
Replace every 48h with new sterile tubing, apply continuous suction only
leave in situ 5-7d, removed infective material, facilitates AM penetration
Permanent placement for 30d min, hourly antibiotic instillation required
Remove after 24h, daily saline flushes, req general anesthesia each time
6
What patterns do we see on thoracic radiographs of a cat with asthma?
Multiple pulmonary nodules with interlobar fissure thickening
Broncho/bronchointerstitial, hyperlucency, R middle lung lobe collapse
Focal consolidation of cranial lobes with hilar lymphadenopathy
Dense alveolar infiltrates with pleural effusion and cardiomegaly
7
What is a common diagnostic finding seen when taking radiographs (i.e what patterns seen)?
Diffuse alveolar pattern with air bronchograms and mediastinal shift
Often mod/severe bronchointerstitial, mild bronchial or unremarkable
Multiple discrete nodular lesions with cavitation and pleural thickening
Focal consolidation of caudal lobes with bronchiectasis and bullae
8
How can you tell a Yorkie has had tracheal collapse on physical exam?
Decreased capillary refill time with concurrent tachycardia during rest
Palpable thoracic masses with irregular tracheal margins and wheezing
Bilateral pupillary dilation and tongue cyanosis during inspiration only
Characteristic cough on tracheal pinch, deformed cartilages may be palpable
9
Minimum duration for Canine Chronic Bronchitis is 2 months?
False
True
10
How do we implement some biosecurity to prevent BRD?
Wk foot baths & UV light installation in all barns 2 daily steam cleaning
Avoid intro infected animals to herd/isolation, double fence, source AI
Rotating AM in feed and mandatory quarterly blood testing of all animals
Housing animals by weight class & implementing strict visitor dress code
11
Which is a medical option to treat tracheal collapse?
Extraluminal rings (cervical collapse), intraluminal stents (severe)
Antitussive/anti-inflammatory, Inhaled steroids, treat comorbidity
12
How do we treat pleurisy in sheep?
Short-term corticosteroids with vitamin C supplementation for 3 days only
Prolonged antibioses, procaine penicillin
Local application of menthol rubs and daily thoracic physiotherapy
Weekly bronchodilator nebulization combined with herbal expectorants
13
What are some clinical signs of Eosinophilic Bronchopneumopathy (EBP)?
Chronic diarrhea, polyuria, polydipsia with concurrent heart murmur
Seizures, ataxia, muscle tremors, and increased appetite with weight gain
Cough, gag, retching, decrease exercise intolerance, nasal discharge
Acute onset fever, jaundice, and peripheral lymph node enlargement
14
What is Feline Asthma?
Type 1 Hypersensitivity to aerosols, see overlaps with other diseases
Progressive fibrosis of lung tissue due to repeated viral infections
Inherited genetic disorder affecting alveolar development in young cats
Bacterial infection of bronchi causing chronic mucus airway accumulation
15
Bovine Herpesvirus Type 1 (AKA infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), red nose) has what pathology?
Epithelio/endotheliotrophic, fibrinous laryngitis & tracheitis in URT
Granulomatous pneumonia with caseous necrosis and pleural adhesions
Necrotizing vasculitis affecting pulmonary vessels w bronchial metaplasia
Lymphocytic infiltration of bronchi with concurrent alveolar hemorrhage
16
What is the pathophysiology of Tracheal collapse?
Primary bacterial infection leading to mucosal ulceration and scarring
Mechanical injury, chronic irritation, chronic cough, reduced ventilation
Congenital malformation of bronchial smooth muscle causing airway spasms
Acute inflammation of cartilage rings with mineralization and stenosis
17
What are the cell types seen on BAL with Feline Asthma? for Asthma and Chronic Bronchitis respectively
Mast cells & macrophages; predominantly monocytic infiltration
Lymphocytic & basophilic; mixed inflammatory with plasma cells
Eosinophillic & Neutrophilic; non-degenerative neutrophillic
Mixed granulocytic; primarily degenerative neutrophils with giant cells
18
What parasite can be a cause of feline asthma and what is the diagnostic test for it?
Paragonimus westermani; Modified acid-fast staining of sputum
Aelurostrongylus abstrusus; Baermann's
Toxocara cati; Direct fecal smear with Lugol's iodine staining
Dirofilaria immitis; Snap ELISA with bronchial wash cytology
19
Which of the following are ways to prevent BVD?
Vax against virus, m.haemolytica, & h. somni, avoid mixing, optimise diet
Annual vaccination only, monthly deworming, outdoor housing in all seasons
Weekly vitamin injections, strict grain-only diet, isolation of all calves
Good Colostrum (w/in 2h of birth, 3-4L), ventilation, avoid crowding, rest
20
What are some clinical findings for an animal presenting with Canine Chronic Bronchitis?
Paroxysmal unproductive cough, obese, tachypnoea, wheeze, sinus arrhythmia
Productive cough with green discharge, fever spikes, and peripheral edema
Intermittent snoring, regurgitation, nasal discharge, and lymphadenopathy
Acute onset lethargy, hypersalivation, cardiac murmur, & collapse episodes
21
What is the biotypes of m. haemolytica associated with BRD?
Biotype A (arabinose): ruminants + septicaemia in young lambs
Biotype C (mannose): mild upper respiratory infection in adult cattle only
Biotype D (lactose): opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised calves
Biotype T (trehalose): septicaemia in young adult sheep
22
What does Pleurisy look like on US (pleural disease in sheep, reduce lung sounds esp ventrally on affected side)?
Honeycomb pattern with multiple air-filled cavities
Seaweed/spider's web appearance
Railroad track sign with parallel hyperechoic lines
Snowstorm appearance with diffuse white echogenic spots
23
What are some first choice antimicrobials used against BRD
Macrolides (e.g tylosin, tilmicosin), florfenicol, tetracyclines
Penicillins combined w aminoglycosides and third-generation cephalosporins
Quinolones with metronidazole and polymyxin B combinations
Carbapenems and vancomycin with rifampicin as primary therapy
24
What is some sequale to BRD?
Mild arthritis, temporary hair loss, and reversible metabolic changes
Occasional gut flora imbalance leading to improved feed conversion rates
Severe and acute bronchopneumonia, absessation with chronic BRD, econ loss
Transient immunosuppression with seasonal allergic reactions only
25
Which of the following types of p. multiocida is associated with BRD?
Type F
Type B
Type A
Type D
26
Which is the gold standard diagnostic for BRD?
Serology; paired sample, 2 clotted sample 14-21d apart, slow (wait 4w)
BAL; virus isolate, C&S, send tests to SRUC/APHA, via nostrils to trachea
Tracheal wash/NP Swab; C%S, virus FAT, check with lab before sample
PME; distribution of BRD lesions to lung, specific diagnostic, histopath.
27
What is Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) also called and what is it?
Shipping fever; Multifactorial, major cause of calf pneumonia (2-6wks)
Transit cold; Acute Resp inflammation specific to transported yearling
Summer pneumonia; Seasonal virus affecting only dairy cows in hot weather
Stockyard cough; Bacteria of upper airways in adult beef cattle only
28
Which of the following is Glucocorticoid Therapy for managing Feline Asthma
Fluticasone, likely best start shortly after oral pred., long term tx
Prednisolone 2mg/k PO SID, taper over months, 2nd immunosuppressant if need
29
What is the common clinical history associated with Canine Chronic Bronchitis?
Middle aged/older toy breeds; tracheal collapse, bronchiectasis, DMVD
Geriatric large breeds with concurrent pneumonia and pleural effusion
Brachycephalic puppies with primary ciliary dyskinesia and rhinitis
Young sporting dogs with acute onset following intensive training regimens
30
What are some characteristics of p. multiocida?
Acid-fast bacilli, forms spores, requires complex growth media
Gram + cocci in clusters, resistant to beta-lactams, strict anaerobe
Spiral-shaped organism, motile, produces hydrogen sulfide gas
Normal oral/resp commensal, gram - rods, penicillin susceptible, blood agar
31
What is the Pathology of BRD?
Interstitial pneumonia with lymphocytic infiltration and pulmonary fibrosis
Bronchopneumonia fibrinous-necrotising (LPS), pleuritis, meningitis
Suppurative bronchiolitis with abscessation and emphysematous changes
Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage with bronchiectasis and granuloma formation
32
How do we treat individuals for m. haemolytica infections?
Weekly administration of cephalexin and probiotics for 3 months
Intermittent doses of aminoglycosides with bronchodilator therapy
Short-acting penicillin combined with local corticosteroid injections
Long acting oxytetracycline or macrolide and NSAIDs
33
What are we culturing and PCR for with BRD, respectively?
P. multiocida, m. haemolytica, h. somni; m. bovis & virus (PI3, RSV, IBR)
E. coli, Klebsiella, Streptococcus; h. somni & respiratory picornavirus
B. bronchiseptica, M. dispar; coronavirus & adenovirus only
S. aureus, P. aeruginosa; rhinovirus & respiratory syncytial virus
34
Which stent is most appropriate for young patients with tracheal collapse?
Intraluminal (palliate those with comorbidities, self expanding)
Extraluminal rings (prosthetic tracheal rings, for weakness/collapse)
35
What does m. haemolytica grow on and what characteristics are seen?
Chocolate Agar; small green colonies with partial hemolysis
Sabouraud Agar; white mucoid growth with beta-hemolysis patterns
MacConkey Agar; pink colonies with yellow zones of fermentation
Blood Agar; complete haemolysis by leukotoxins
36
What is Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (bRSV, a paramyxoviridae) main characteristics?
Primarily affects LN causing systemic immunosuppression and arthritis
Cause URTi, bronchitis, bronchiolitis, form syncitial cells, self-limiting
Results in reproductive failure & congenital malformations in pregnant cows
Causes chronic enteritis w concurrent neurological manifestations in calves
37
What is the characteristic change seen on histopathology with m. haemolytica?
Spindle cells: chronic inflammatory infiltrate w fibroblast proliferation
Giant cells: granulomatous reaction with multinucleated macrophages
Reed-Sternberg cells: lymphoid hyperplasia with atypical lymphocytes
Oat Cells: in necrotic/hypoxic lesions with large colonies of bacteria
38
What antihelmentics can we use to treat lungworms involved in BRD?
Short-acting benzimidazoles combined with bronchodilators for 48 hours only
Niclosamide powder in feed for 5 days with vitamin D supplementation
Macrocyclic lactones (extended protection), observe milk withdrawal, vax
Piperazine citrate with monthly boosters and concurrent antibiotic therapy
39
What are the common clinical signs of tracheal collapse? Most commonly seen in toy breeds (yorkie, pomeranians)
Progressive weight loss with nocturnal regurgitation and laryngeal spasms
Acute onset stridor with fever and submandibular lymphadenopathy
Intermittent sneezing w epistaxis and facial swelling during exercise only
Honking, quacking cough, prog. to cyanosis/collapse, ~comorbidity (i.e HF)
40
PI3 is a paramyoviridae and URT infection. What are the characteristics of the vaccine you can use against it?
Inactivated IM vaccine producing IgM response lasting exactly 2 years
Mod. Live intranasal IgA, quick local reaction but short a lived (every 6m)
Killed subq vaccine with lifetime immunity after single dose administration
Live attenuated oral vax requiring annual boosters with systemic IgG only
41
What are our common findings on BAL?
Low cellularity with macrophage dominance and viral inclusion bodies
Predom. plasma cells with mild lymphocytosis and bacterial colonization
Mast cell degranulation with basophilia and fungal hyphae presence
+Cellularity, eosinophilia, neutrophilia, mcus, excl. parasite & bacteria
42
When should vaccine programs for BRD start and how many times should it be given?
Start at weaning only; administer weekly for first 3 months of life
Start early age e.g 2wk onwards; revax ~15d prior to risk period
Older calves no vax - 2 doses admin 4wks apart, ~2wks prior to weaning
Vaccinate at birth; then monthly boosters until 1 year of age
43
How do we treat Canine Chronic Bronchitis with Glucocorticoids?
1-2mg/kg/d SID, taper to lowest effective, inhale fluticasone
0.1mg/kg/week IM injection combined with oral prednisone 10mg/kg daily
5mg/kg BID for 6 months continuously with no tapering required
3-4mg/kg TID for 3 days followed by immediate discontinuation
44
Haemothorax is usually defibrinated and will not clot, dorsn't indicate coagulopathy
False
True
45
Which of the following are signs of an asthmatic crisis?
Positive tracheal pinch, expiratory wheeze, maybe unremarkable, tachypnoea
Tachypnoea, open-mouth breathing, orthopnoea, esp. "push", long cough hx
Coughing, hacking, possible cases of emesis, distress
46
What is mycobacterium like on growth?
Immediate growth on MacConkey, lactose fermenting, motile colonies
Growth 3-8wks, catalase+, blood agar, don't send to lab, gram+ rods
Rapid growth in 24hrs on minimal media, oxidase-, strictly anaerobic
Growth in 48hrs on chocolate agar, urease+, requires CO2 enrichment
47
Chronic Bronchitis often overlaps with Feline Asthma. What are some characteristics of the condition?
Reversible bronchial spasms triggered only by exercise and cold weather
Chronic, inflamed change to airways, not always allergic, often idiopathic
Acute viral infection with rapid onset, causing permanent lung scarring
Seasonal bacterial colonization with intermittent remission periods
48
Which capsule serotypes of M. haemolytica associated with BRD?
S5 and S8
S9 and S10
S2 and S7 with occasional S4
S1 and S6
49
BRD manifests as 'shipping fever' in older calves (weaned, up to 2yrs). Which of the following describes it?
Immediate onset, 24h of travel; lethargy, bloat, & neurological signs only
Develops 3-6m after transport; chronic weight loss & intermittent diarrhea
Occurs 2-4d post-move; mild fever, excessive salivation, & joint swelling
Normally seen 10-30d post-transport; pyrexia, hyporexia, +RR, cough, grunts
50
By when is colostrum depleted (loss of passive protection) and how long does it take for lungs to develop?
Colostrum depleted by 6m; 18m with alveolar maturation
3m (makes them more vulnerable to BRD); 12m
Colostrum remains active for 9m; lungs complete development by 4m of age
Colostrum protection lasts 1m; lungs reach full maturity by 24m postnatally
51
What is the predisposed breed and what is Eosinophilic Bronchopneumopathy?
Bulldogs; Chronic inflammation of small airways w neutrophilic infiltrates
Goldies; Bacterial colonization leading to granulomatous pneumonia
Huskies; Infiltration of bronchial mucosa+-pul. parenchyma w eosinophils
Poodles; Autoimmune reaction causing bronchiolar smooth muscle hyperplasia
52
What are some reasons that it is difficult to ID pathogens?
PCR testing is only effective when samples are collected during full moons
Implicated pathogens can be fastidious, sample calves in very early stage
Bacterial cultures only grow in specialized media at specific lunar phases
Pathogens spontaneously mutate every 24h making identification impossible
53
What is a severe consequence that can arise from involvement of h. somni in the complex of BRD
Hemorrhagic enteritis with concurrent renal failure in adult cattle
Thromboembolic meningocephalitis (TME) in calves, peracute with rapid death
Fibrinous pericarditis leading to cardiac tamponade within 48 hours
Chronic granulomatous pneumonia with slow recovery over 6-8 months
54
What is the complex of BRD and its importance?
Primarily affects NS with mild resp signs, Only impacts neonates
Coronavirus, Adenovirus & B. bronchiseptica
Poor/reduced growth, pain. poor welfar, death, expensive, econ. losses
PI3, RSV, IBR, M. bovis & p. multiocida, m. haemolytica
55
Tracheal Collapse are often dynamic so stationary rads are not always effective, better to use fluoroscopy
False
True

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