Voice Disorders Exam Revision

Bilateral VF paralysis: complete immobility of both VF- potentially life threatening in:

What is THE most common cause of voice disorders?

Inhalation & thermal trauma- voice quality secondary concern, role of tx may be limited

Vocal hygiene should be the first port of call for voice disorders & used in conjunction w

Cysts have a yellowish colour due to mucous build up that does not drain spontaenously: 2 types

Voice efficiency=voice smarter not harder, reduce abuse & overuse, modify way you create voice

One of the most common benign pathologies resulting from phonotrauma, common in teachers is:

Parkinsons disease-difficulty initiating phonation, producing adequate loudness & varying pitch

Medically related aetiologies of voice disorders include: sinusitis, respiratory illness and

Elderly people who experience oesophageal reflux, severe neck/back pain were at?

Reduced phonation range is assoc. w singers when they have difficulty reaching:

What is often a unilateral presentation that can produce a reactive nodule?

Parkinsons on a strobe: mild false VF and anterior posterior approximation, bowed VF, tremor:

The intrinsic muscles of the larynx alter the position, shape & tension of the VF

Perceptual signs of polyps are breathiness, roughness & globus senstation. Acoustic signs are

Polyps are typically fluid filled and form their own bloody supply which possibly accounts for?

Aphonia can be consistent and episodic, consistent= whispering, bilateral vf paralysis and

Myasthenia gravis (hypo) is characterised by muscle weakness, 2x more women than men with

ALS perceptual signs are fasiculations, weak voice, roughness, strained voice & hypernasality:

There are three types of complex sounds what are they?

Varix & Ecstasia originate in SLLP & are direct result of phonotrauma, perceptual sings may be:

Physiological signs such as increased glottal flow, respiratory effort, demands on VF are:

Acute nodules arise form traumatic/hyperfunctional voice use & appear

Epithelium, superficial lamina propria and the intermediate & deep lamina propria are the?

Increased breathiness, strain, roughness, vocal fatigue are features of?

To vibrate efficiently VF need to be:

A vocal polyp is a body structure impairment whereas the polyp leading to adduction gap is a

Perceptual signs of sulcus vocalis:

Papilloma is a benign tumour that can occur in childhood or adult populations juvenile looks:

Spasmodic dysphonia (hyper)-forced closure w unknown origin, affects more women than men during

Ventricular phonation=useof false VF during voicingassoc. w severe muscletension orVF paralysis

Subglottal pressure, VF vibratory phase closure, transglottal flow influence?

The aged voice begins to decline at approximately what year of age?

When the voice is wobbly/shaky & person is unable to produce a stable sustained vowel it is?

Pitch has 4 components 1. Monopitch 2. Innappropriate pitch3.Pitch breaks4. Reduced Pitch range

Nodules sound: rough, breathy, reduced volume depending on size because:

Contact ulcers/granulomas are benign growths that can arise from 3 sources:

Upper respiratory tract infections and airborne irritants complicate voice problems?

Pitch breaks: person may complain of periodic squeakiness/cracks in voice and is often

To manage a laryngeal web you would

Non-instrumental ax= Maximum phonation time (MPT), Respiratory function, glottal efficiency &?

Examples of protocol for standard recording: can read rainbow passage, grandfather passage:

contraints on voice acitivities are activity limitations where as avoidance of voice activties

Tissue viscosity relates to:

Visuals signs of polyps are?

Laryngotracheal separation: looks just like a tracheostomy but:

Voice therapy: voice smarter not harder by:

Voice related effort and discomfort & frustration/anxiety, need to repeat oneself are:

Muscle activity, vibratory behaviours & aerodynamics are?

Strained/strangled voice= difficulty phonating (both inititation & maintainence) you can:

Qualityacoustic paramets r: rough, breathy,tension,tremor, strain/strangle, sudden interruption

What are the most common vocal pathologies in the school age years?

What is a possible specific aim in post-op speech therapy for cysts?

The protocol for voice ax is: Case hx, presenting problems (interview), OPE &

Presbylaryngeus is a term used to refer to an aged voice?

Puperphonia= adolescent males who have gone through puberty but pitch hasnt lowered, perceptual

Symptom= a complaint- what the client is reporting to you e.g. my voice feels scratchy whereas:

Intubation= obtaining an artificial airway which causes trauma to mucosa of the VF and can:

Carcinoma- can affect structures of oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, men>women main cause is:

Falsetto= high f0, modal= mid freqency, glottal fry= lowest end of f0 these are?

VF bowing (males) & VF oedema (Oedema) as well as an increase in collagen & decrease in elastin

The aged voice will experience a decline/increase in pitch, decreased control of loudness &

caused by inflammatory degeneration of SLLP with assoc. fibrosis & oedema, typically bilateral?

Reactive nodular change= when pt presents with VF polyp, cyst etc- creates contralateral

Indirect therapy=

Nodules have three types what are they?

3 categories of phonological dysfunction that may be caused by neurological:

Contact ulcers are raw sores that can bi or unilateral & granulomas tend to grow over

Unilateral VF paralysis- complete immobility of 1 VF- cant move toward midline. Perceptual sign

Pain in neck, lump in throat, tension, dryness may be how vocal tract feels and can be assoic.

QOL can be measures using Voice handicap index (VHI) & VHI-10 & VAPP=

Unstable voice post-operatively should be expected for the first minutes-hours need to:

Roughness reflects aperiodic vibration of the VF and nodules

Chronic nodules usually appear:

What originates from vocal abuse or a single traumatic event-yelling (e.g. haemorrhagic)

Sulcus vocalis affects SLLP-thinning or loss of VF tissue, unclear aetiology potentially:

Perceptual signs of laryngitis are roughness (key sign), difficulty speaking loud

What is a possible specific aim in post-op speech therapy for polyps, nodules, granuloma's?

Voice disorders are associated with behaviours such as: talking, coughing & throat clearing

What are the three ingredients we need for our voice to be productive?

Roughness, vocal fatigue, breathy voice, aphonia (no voice), tremor, strain r primary signs of:

Excessive throat clearing frequently accompanies voice disorder when its frequent & consistent

Perceptual descriptions are parameters considered important when assessing a voice & include:

You can treat myasthenia gravis with pharcotherapy and surgery to remove thymus gland?

Which muscles connect the laryngeal cartilages to other structures of the head & neck?

Until puberty gendered differences are not evident in laryngeal structure between boys & girls

What are the perceptual & visual signs of spasmodic dysphonia?

The epiglottis grows, flattens & elevates during puberty?

Management of laryngitis is rest, hydration and antibiotics if indicated- may need:

LSVT is the management for parkinsons disease it specifically targets:

Quantitative voice assessment options are?

Can measure VF movements by using Stroboscopy or high speed laryngoscopy helps assess?

Laryngeal web: 75% occur at birth, can block up to 75% of glottal airway can also be acquired:

Objective dimensions of sound are?

Huntingtons disease- strain, roughness & pseudobulbar palsy are also:

Visual signs of candida are edema, erythema (redness), decreased mucosal wave. Treatment is:

Should rest the voice little but don't do it for ages- muscles start to atrophy if not used

Therapy is not effective for cysts so Surgery is a common treatment choice

Targets for voice therapy are:

Acoustic signs of voice disorders ar f0 (range, variation, perturbation), amplification, tremor

GRBAS scale measures: Grade (hoarsness), Roughness, Breathiness, Asthenia, Strain

Vocal mutation where the larynx descends into the next occurs at which stage of life?

Perceptual signs of papilloma are roughness and breathiness w chronic cough. Visual signs are:

Voice therapy goals should be: client centred, outcome based NOT method based &

Visual signs of sulcus vocalis groove/furrow surface of VF, sulcus area doesnt vibrate normally

Physiological signs of polyps are increased airflow, subglottal pressure increase &

Muscle tension dysphonia: you can see clear tension in head and neck region Perceptual=

Visual signs of varix: prominent vein that is enlarged & dilated Ectasia:

Cricothyroid contraction lengthening the VF =

Breathiness occurs when someone cannot say complete sentences without running out air

Inspiratory stridor,dyspnea(difficultybreathing), roughness r perceptual signs of laryngeal web

Aetiologies of laryngitis include: GORD, Environmental irritants, URI, Chronic Abuse and can be

Fundamental frequency decreases in women but increases in males with age?

What interferes with teachers being heard and causes them to use voice as largest tool of trade

Functional voice disorders dont have an underlying physiology and they are:

Cysts are often mistaken for polyps or nodules- can they co-occur with nodules?

Voice problems can generalise to poorer perception of non-speech characteristics such as:

Vocal fatigue can result in complaints of feeling tired after prolonged vocalisation:

Collagen, elastin and hyaluronic acid constitute the ECM and their role is to?

Therapy plans need: goals- sessional, short & long-term, rationales, methods used &

Parkinsons diease is a PND, affects basal ganglia= slowness of movement affects VF

The functions of the larynx are?

Efficiency model- physiological efficiency= energy conversion & output obtained for given input

PVFD= VF adduction occurs on inspiration, cram of larynx, can appear like asthma. Perceptual=

The primary functions of vocal fold mucus barrier is to provide:

In spasmodic dysphonia the onset is variable: emotional event, URI and management involves?

Voice problems are common in children mostly due to hyper-functional nature and are mostly seen

What provides structural scaffolding and support and is bound within the lamina propria?

Majority of voice disorders are short lived (<4 weeks) & occur more in females than men?

Laryngitis describes a number of inflammatory conditions, can arise from:

Management for bilateral VF paraylsis:

Diagnostic Probing= production of reflexive sounds which give idea of non-speech phonation:

Monoloudness, excessive loudness variation & reduced loudness range rall categories of loudness

The 5 layers of the VF are 1. Squamous epithelium 2- 4 Lamina Propria, 5. vocalis muscle:

Ensuring airway efficiency, laser surgery, microsurgery, drug therapy, antivrial drugs are:

Aerodynamic measurements measure airflow and air pressure: good to use if you suspect a

Haemorrhage= vascular lesion-typically unilateral, appears red & yellow w significant swelling

Increased mass, hourglass closure pattern of VF, incomplete VF Closure, reduced mucosal wave

Visual signs of contact ulcers/granulomas are that they prevent VF close & management:

Noisy/audible breathing on inspiration or expiration, potentially due to airway blockage is?

To manage sulcus vocalis you would do a resection?

There are three types of polyps: sessile= blister like, Pedunculated= attached to stalk &

Diagnostic probing also= altering pitch, sustaining steady prolonged /ah/- MPT and:

Candid is a fungal infection due to weakness in the immune system with symptoms of:

Aphonia is an absence of voice, person may speak in a whisper and complain of:

Personality related disorders include identity conflict such as transgender where there are

When the thyroarytenoid muscle contracts to shorten the VF it =

S/Z ratio differentiates between laryngeal efficiency and respiratory support- do at least 2x

When do the 5 VF layers fully develop?

What is a definite surgical treatment for refractory & severe dysphagia?

There is a very significant decline in fundamental frequency as we age, the most significant is

Perceptual signs of a cyst include: roughness, lowered pitch & throat clearing whilst acoustic:

Scaling= using a visual analogue scale & can use CAPE= consensus auditory-perceptual ?

In juvenile populations papilloma occurs in first 5 years of life, can occur very rapidly and

Epithelial cells experience nearly constant turnover and form a physical barrier against injury

In neonates the larynx is higher in the neck than at any other time, the decline starts?

Power=lungs, Source= larynx, Filter = articulators

f0 Is the first harmonic which is called fundamental frequency, the entire set of harmonics is?

Management for VF paralysis is:

In laryngitis everything will look very inflamed, swollen and sore, there will be redness &

To lengthen and shorten VF: pitch is controlled by the

Females are more prone to voice disorders because of their short VF & higher f0 as well as:

A cyst is a benign mucous fluid lesion surrounding a membrane near VF surface it's usually

In the aged voice the ILLP can become thin and loose and VF can become stiff w reduced

What are the treatment options for hypersalivation?

Periodicity is important because if someone has an aperiodic VF function they have:

Trauma due to direct surgery e.g. laryngectomy, indirect surgery e.g. intubation is an:

Transgender voice transition: change pitch. Perceptual: pitch too high/low, resonance Visual:

Absence of adequate amplification systems= teachers expending physical effort to be heard over:

20% of which occupation reported voice problems with females 2x as likely to report disorder?

Physiologcial signs of cysts r higher than average airflow w slower closing phase visual signs:

Perceptual= what you can hear acoustic= what we can see, physiological= how everything is:

Conversion aphonia =manifest of stress, psychogenic, emerges quickly, no neuro/physical cause

Clinical outcomes must be multi-factorial, include patient perception of change:

Management of nodules is BEHAVIOURAL VOICE THERAPY but not surgery because the aetiology is:

Key stages in voice are:

Auditory perceptual ax= rating scales, standardisation, CAPE-V, GRBAS, Perceptual voice profile

Perceptual signs of ulcers/granulomas are globus sensation, chronic throat clearing/cough &

Male-to-female voice Type IV thyroplasty may be attempted after speech therapy which will:

Perceptual signs of nodules are subtle in the early stages but include:

Diplophonia is also related to voice quality and its= when you hear two pitchs at the same time

Laryngomalacia is a laryngeal condition associated with?

Peripheral nerve lesions: affect vagus nerve & result in weakness of larynx muscles:most common

What are the key nerves for voice production?

What are voice perceptual signs?

Pre-op pts need to stop smoking >2 weeks and teeth need to be checked

Shouting, loud talking, screaming, coughing & throat clearing cause vigorous AF adduction=

Voice therapy approaches are: Vocal hygiene, psychongeic, symptomatic, physiological

Loudness, Pitch, Fast/slow are the?

F0 is high because of small size & mass of VF and larynx & vocalisations are loud because:

To manage polyps you can use behavioural voice therapy, vocal hygiene & surgery- usually: