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AP Psych Exam Review
AP Psych Exam Review
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1
In the 3-box model of information processing, memories are first stored in
long-term memory
short-term memory
procedural memory
sensory memory
2
patients who are described as "split brain" have had what structure removed
hippocampus
prefrontal cortex
corpus callosum
medulla oblongata
3
A teacher ignoring her students' prior grades so her opinion of them is not influenced avoids
cognitive dissonance
self-fulfilling prophecy
fundamental attribution error
self-serving bias
4
a musicians ability to discern between 2 similar pitches depends on which concept
absolute threshold
bottom up processing
difference threshold
signal detection theory
5
Which is a common criticism of Freud's personality theory
his research wasn't representative of the population
Genetics was not advanced enough to be used as Freud tried
his evidence comes from therapy sessions, not empirical data
it doesn't apply to people with disorders
6
What factors are ignored when people commit the fundament attribution error
dispositional
behavioral
social
situational
7
people who catch violent movies are more likely to behave violently: this statement reflects
insight learning
observational learning
latent learning
counterconditioning
8
After a natural disaster Faye says, "Serves them right for not having better warning systems."
false consensus effect
self-serving bias
just world bias
Barnum effect
9
According to humanist theory, psychological disorders are most likely caused by
unhealthy attributional styles
neurochemical imbalances
unfulfilled needs
learned associations
10
what is the principle tool used in all forms of psychotherapy
secondary preventions
biomedical interventions
talking to a patient
cognitive-behavioral interventions
11
Lou believes he is capable of succeeding in nursing school. His mindset is associated with
low self-esteem
high self-efficacy
an extraverted personality
a strong superego
12
Of the following, children will most likely develop this skill first
clap their hands
write with a pencil
say a sentence
cut with a knife
13
According to Kohlberg, in order to reason at the postconventional level, people must
be able to take another person's perspective
resolve the integrity vs. despair conflict
have been exposed to good, moral role models
believe in God
14
What theory of emotion are cognitive psychologists likely to support
Schachter two-factor theory
opponent process theory
social facilitation theory
James-Lange theory
15
Research indicates that which factor most influences one's sexual orientation
masculine/feminine personality traits
traumatic childhood experiences
hormones released in the womb
parenting style
16
An EEG of Lin during dreaming would most likely show
delta waves
NREM
sleep spindles and k complexes
beta waves and delta waves
17
the "c" in the word
cat
is best described as a
phoneme
grapheme
morpheme
holobase
18
Runners in a park increase their speed when another runner comes into view. This illustrates
disinhibition
social roles
conformity
social facilitation
19
which of the following most impacts the speed of motor development
myelination of brain neurons
early gross motor practice
secure attachment with parents
concrete operational exercises
20
Which best explains the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory
people follow a pattern of alarm, resistance, exhaustion
an event causes an emotion and a physiological response
physiological reaction and cognitive labeling cause emotion
perceived control over life reduces stress and improves mood
21
counterconditioning lies at the heart of which therapeutic approach
REBT
systematic desensitization
token economies
client-centered therapy
22
REM sleep deprivation generally causes what kinds of side effects
interference with memory tasks
heightened manifest dream content
sleep apnea and night terrors
intense, prolonged periods of Stage 3 & 4 sleep
23
Reading a job description written with masculine pronouns, people think of the employee as male
gender schema theory
the social role hypothesis
linguistic relativity hypothesis
principle of continuity
24
A musician who signs a recording contract stops playing for fun. This is best explained by
the law of effect
latent learning
the overjustification effect
social learning theory
25
seeing someone at the grocery store and remembering their name is an example of
episodic memory
retroactive memory
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
recall
26
testing the problem-solving skills of 10, 20, and 30-year-olds in a study uses this method
social-cognitive study
developmental study
cross-sectional study
longitudinal study
27
Which of the following models of personality is the least deterministic
psychodynamic
humanistic
biological
evolutionary
28
The case study of Phineas Gage was significant because it was one of the the first examples of
treatment with drugs that alter neurotransmission
a specific brain area associated with emotional changes
treating a brain-damaged patient with psychotherapy
using a CAT scan to document the extent of the injury
29
What research method could study the relationship between owning a hybrid car and being vegan
naturalistic observation
case study
experiment
correlation study
30
In people, rods, unlike cones,
are unable to detect motion
have a lower absolute threshold for light
respond more quickly to colors
are located in the center of the retina
31
A variable ratio of reinforcement is often preferable to a fixed ratio because
variable ratio schedules produce the quickest results
fixed ratios allow both classical and operant learning
fixed ratio schedules are more time intensive
variable ratio schedules are more resistant to extinction
32
People who are easily hypnotizable are likely to score highly on which Big 5 trait
neuroticism
conscientiousness
openness
extraversion
33
According to Piaget, when we can't ______ new information, we change our schemas through ______
ignore : adaptation
reduce : stereotypes
reward : punishment
assimilate : accomodate
34
When running for class president, Edy puts pictures of herself everywhere. Why might this help
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
deindividuation
central route persuasion
mere-exposure effect
35
Which concept is most relevant to Noam Chomsky's theory of how children learn language
phonemes and morphemes
language acquisition device
linguistic relativity hypothesis
serial position effect
36
Dan is a toddler who avoids eye contact and resists to changes to routine. He shows symptoms of
fetal alcohol syndrome
autism spectrum disorder
mental retardation
Down syndrome
37
A librarian gives a prize for every five books students read. Her schedule of reinforcement is
variable interval
fixed variable
fixed ratio
continuous
38
An artist making a drawing could use which of the following to add depth to the picture
closure
linear perspective
convergence
retinal disparity
39
What number will tell that two variables have a strong relationship?
probability
a mean that is the same as the median
correlation coeifficient
standard deviation
40
Which technique would be most helpful in avoiding the problems associated with groupthink
responding to deindividuation among group members
increasing group polarization within different groups
identifying approach-avoidance conflicts
encouraging contrary opinions within the group
41
which type of therapist is most likely to prescribe lithium for a patient with bipolar disorder
cognitive psychotherapist
psychiatrist
clinical psychologist
psychoanalyst
42
What area of psychology focuses on subjective well-being, optimism, self-esteem, and happiness
health psychology
positive psychology
social psychology
psychometrics
43
Which best describes how neurons communicate with one another
hormones jump from one axon to the next
electrical signals between two myelin sheaths
physical contact between dendrites
chemical signals at the synaptic cleft
44
Delusions and hallucinations are most characteristic of
dissociative identity disorder
antisocial personality disorder
schizophrenia
obsessive-compulsive disorder
45
If a distribution of scores includes outliers, which measure of central tendency should be used
mean
standard deviation
range
median
46
Lana learns how to be goalie as her coach gradually rolls the ball faster at parts the goal
higher-order conditioning
law of effect
behavior shaping
token economy
47
Which is an important technique used by humanist psychologists during therapy
unconditional positive regard
secondary central dispositions
defense mechanisms
factor analysis
48
The WISC is a...
personality test
none of these
Intelligence test
Personality inventory
49
which of the following statistics provides most information about how spread out a data set is
mean
median
range
standard deviation
50
Garcia and Koelling's research on aversions established which UCS/CS pairs as most powerful
nausea and food or drink
punishment and aversion
performing a task and receiving food
movement and electrical shocks
51
Erikson's initiative vs. guilt stage is most closely related to Freud's
latency period
phallic stage
oral stage
anal stage
52
Lara is attracted to Craig but can't stand his friends and family. Her conflict is classified
she does not have a conflict
avoidance-avoidance
approach-approach
approach-avoidance
53
which social psychology principle best explains prejudice
individualism
self-serving bias
in-group bias
compliance strategies
54
Which is one of the key factors distinguishing major depressive disorder from sadness
specific changes in the brain
normal sadness is much less intense than depression
sadness is paired with heightened senses and mania
lasts longer than 2 weeks without an obvious cause
55
Elizabeth Loftus' research on wording and misinformation effects on memory best demonstrate
the reconstructive nature of memory
the serial position effect
the rate at which people forget information
the role of the hippocampus in memory
56
Pat is laughing because she just won the lottery. Sal thinks she is a fun person. Sal's opinion
is influenced by the norm of reciprocity
is influenced by the fundamental attribution error
is influenced by the just world hypothesis
is influenced by the self-serving bias
57
Which of the following is found in Jung's model of the collective unconscious
functional fixedness
archetypes
repressed memories
inferiority complexes
58
our ability to perceive depth depends on what other perceptual abilities
binocular and monocular cues
vestibular and kinesthetic senses
top-down and bottom-up processing
proximity and similarity
59
A personality test which calls Jan an extravert the first time and an introvert the next lacks
aptitude measures
test-retest reliability
standardization
construct validity
60
Which statement best represents the relationship between performance and arousal
too little or too much arousal is harmful to performance
performance continually decreases as arousal increases
performance is best at low and high levels of arousal
performance steadily increases as arousal increases
61
which is an example of an implicit memory
recognizing a celebrity
recalling the name of your JH math teacher
remembering how to tie your shoelace
describing the taste of a birthday cake
62
The ability to solve a new computer game based on logical puzzles probably depends on
aptitude intelligence
crystallized intelligence
multiple intelligences
fluid intelligence
63
Bandura's Bobo doll experiment evidenced the importance of __________ in social learning
sublimation
mirror neurons
latent learning
modeling
64
an A+ grade in a class is which kind of reinforcer
continuous
partial
secondary
primary
65
Abraham Maslow theorized that people are motivated by
desire to achieve in the eyes of others
reinforcement of primary and secondary needs
achieving physiological homeostasis
satisfying needs on a hierarchy
66
negative reinforcers __________ a stimulus in order to ___________ a behavior
add : decrease
remove : increase
remove : punish
remove : decrease
67
Which personality theory is criticized for its overly optimistic view of human nature
humanistic
cognitive
trait
psychoanalytic
68
4YO Kate sits right in front of all the other kids to watch a magician. According to Piaget,
Kate is demonstrating egocentrism
Kate lacks object permanence
Kate cannot reason hypothetically
Kate has a lack of conservation
69
When Susie went to prom with Dan, Max channeled his feelings of frustration into artwork
displacement
sublimation
projection
reaction formation
70
What would Piaget test to see if a child is in pre-operational or concrete operational stage
universal ethical principles
object permanence
conservation
attachment
71
what kind of symptom is common among all somatic symptom disorders
experiencing a physical problem without a physical cause
inappropriate or flat affect
disconnection from reality and delusions
substance abuse and dependence
72
A doctor determining whether an accident caused structural damage to the brain would use
rTMS
PET
MRI
EEG
73
According to Freud, what is the dominant factor in determining our personality traits
genetics and nutrition
unconscious conflicts
secondary drives and needs
parenting styles
74
a charity includes free address labels in its fundraising letters to increase contributions
fundamental attribution error
reciprocity norm
self-fulfilling prophecy
out-group homogeneity
75
How would drive reduction theory explain a person eating half a bowl of M&M's and stopping
the person stopped when their body had reached homeostasis
people eat in moderation to prevent being seen as selfish
they were satisfying the 2nd step on the hierarchy of needs
humans are instinctively driven to eat sugar and fat
76
When Wade is late to basketball practice his coach makes him run laps. Wade is not late again
positive reinforcement
positive punishment
negative reinforcement
modeling
77
A person who experiences flashbacks after a serious car accident is likely to be diagnosed with
dissociative identity disorder
bipolar disorder
post-traumatic stress disorder
panic disorder
78
You girlfriend dumps you. "I always knew she was bad news" your friend says. This demonstrates
self-serving bias
a theory
hindsight bias
overconfidence
79
turning up the volume on a radio changes which aspect of sound
transduction of the wave
amplitude of the wave
frequency of the wave
pitch of the tone
80
Which of the therapies below is no longer used to treat patients
free association
electro-convulsive shock therapy
prefrontal lobotomy
gestalt therapy
81
Choosing 20 people at random from a large lecture class of 400 is an example of
representative assignment
assignment to conditions
random sampling
random assignment
82
When like-minded groups take more extreme positions than individuals comprising the group
social facilitation
groupthink
deindividuation
group polarization
83
which of the following is most likely to lead to a confabulated memory
relearning effect
leading questions
brain injury
proactive interference
84
An American's prototype of a chair is most likely to include
pens, pencils, and a computer
four legs and a seat
a desk and/or table
an armchair, chairlift, and wheelchair
85
classical conditioning involves __________; operant conditioning involves __________
fixed intervals; variable ratios
schedules; punishers
learned responses; physiological reactions
pairing stimuli; rewards and punishments
86
A teacher whose class culture encourages intrinsic motivation uses which management style
theory Y
postconventional
approach-avoidance
James-Lange
87
Restarting your printer over and over but failing to notice it is out of paper demonstrates
divergent thinking
belief perseverance
low experiential intelligence
a mental set
88
learned helplessness is most likely to be directly related to
the self-serving bias
the Oedipus complex
an external locus of control
unconditional positive regard
89
Sherif's Robbers Cave study indicates that this principle best reduces tensions between groups
group polarization
superordinate goals
deindividuation
diffusion of responsibility
90
which technique controls for both experimenter and subject bias
double blind study
counterbalancing
single blind study
Hawthorne effect
91
Someone who can't move the muscles needed for accurate speech might have brain damage where
Gage's area
hippocampus
Broca's area
Wernicke's area
92
psychogenic amnesia is an indication of which kind of psychological disorder
anixety
dissociative
schizophrenic
personality
93
which structure in the eye is most responsible for color vision
optic nerve
rods
cornea
cones
94
en route
to the visual cortex, information from the eyes' retinas crosses at the
optic nerve
optic chiasm
feature detectors
fovea
95
Which of the following is LEAST likely to contribute to prejudice
stereotyping
scapegoating
superordinate goals
out-group homogeneity
96
Harlow's rhesus monkey experiment illustrated
that language is a uniquely human skill
the importance of physical contact to development
the danger of separating babies from their natural parents
that primates can make and use tools
97
which newborn reflex helps infants find and eat food
rooting
Moro
stepping
Babinski
98
Amy has a cat. The first time she sees a rabbit she calls it a cat. Her mistake is due to
accommodation
assimilation
habituation
discrimination
99
Vance's psychiatrist diagnoses him with bipolar disorder. Which medication would he prescribe
benzodiazepines
L-Dopa
SSRIs
lithium
100
One group receives an ad for 99% fat free milk; the other for 1% fat milk. What being tested
inattentional blindness
confirmation bias
representativeness heuristic
framing effects
101
Which theory explains how experiences from infancy through old age influence personality
Erikson's psychosocial stage theory
Harlow's contact comfort theory
Piaget's cognitive development theory
Kohlberg's moral development theory
102
A medication prescribed for major depression would most likely act on which neurotransmitter
dopamine
serotonin
adrenaline
acetylcholine
103
Bandura's theory of reciprocal determinism states personality results from the interaction of
rewards, punishments, and reinforcers
traits, the environment, and behavior
genetics, the unconscious, and social facilitation
id, ego, and superego
104
a test which places someone into personality categories (e.g.extravert/introvert) is based on
trait theory
social cognitive theroy
psychodynamic theory
biological theory
105
Most people can taste 1g of salt in 1qt of water. Which concept is related to this statement
sensory adaptation
frequency theory
difference threshold
absolute threshold
106
Which structure is located at the most central and protected part of the brain
sensory cortex
medulla
cerebellum
cerebral cortex
107
Intelligence researchers like Gardner and Sternberg argue that schools focus too much on
traditional and analytical subjects and methods
meeting the needs of students with disabilities
environmental factors that influence intelligence
nonessential subjects like art and music
108
If Pavlov's dogs began to salivate when they heard a sound similar to a bell they would show
stimulus discrimination
stimulus generalization
unconditioned response
spontaneous recovery
109
which psychologist would agree w/the following: behavior results from reinforcers & punishers
Carl Rogers
Sigmund Freud
B.F. Skinner
Albert Bandura
110
At what age is the onset of schizophrenia most typical
late 40s
mid 30s
puberty
early 20s
111
James is interested in the processing strategies children use to learn new information. He is a
cognitive psychologist
sociocultural psychologist
personality psychologist
clinical psychologist
112
How would a psychometrician interpret an IQ score of 145
slightly above average
well below the average of 200
the person has high verbal bot low logical intelligence
three standard deviations above the mean of 100
113
What kind of personality theorist would be most interested in the results of the MMPI
biological
psychoanalytic
trait
humanistic
114
which would a researcher need to use to determine whether experiment data is significant
counterbalancing
standard deviation
inferential statistics
descriptive statistics
115
damage to the occipital region of the brain would most likely affect which sense
balance
sight
touch
hearing
116
which kinds of personality theorists would make use of a projective test
trait
psychoanalyst
social-cognitive
humanist
117
The fact that our ears are located on opposite sides of our head best helps us with
hearing high frequencies
detecting absolute threshold
sound localization
sensory adaptation
118
Knowledge of different categories of trees is an example of what type of long-term memory
procedural memory
eidetic memory
semantic memory
episodic memory
119
Milgram's obedience study was criticized based on what ethical grounds
lack of debriefing
risk of psychological harm
lack of informed consent
violation of confidentiality
120
What was one of the factors that increased conformity in Asch's studies
presence of an authority figure
placebo effect
size of the group
wearing guard uniforms
121
Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation experiment studied what developmental concept
attachment
assimilation
motor development
parenting style
122
Which is most directly involved speed of the electrical signal?
terminal button
neurotransmiters
synaptic cleft
myelin
123
A person with a painful skin rash finds hard scratching temporarily relieves the pain
opponent-process theory
transduction theory
frequency theory
gate-control theory
124
which 2 competing theories explain the effects of hypnosis
role theory and dissociation theory
conscious level and non conscious level
circadian rhythm and paradoxical sleep
manifest content and latent content
125
How would a person with schizophrenia most differ from a person with a dissociative disorder
a person with schizophrenia experiences hallucinations
a person with a dissociative disorder has delusions
a person with schizophrenia has more than one personality
a person with dissociative disorder has trouble keeping jobs
126
Which best summarizes the results of Tolman's latent learning experiment
rats who explored the maze first ran faster when reinforced
rats that received punishment ran the maze faster
rats that were continually reinforced ran the maze faster
reinforcement had little impact on the rats' performance
127
Julie is more alert in the morning; John in the evening. This is because of differences in
sleep cycles
personalities
daily activities
circadian rhythm
128
Which theory would assert that a key motivation for people is spreading their genetic material
humanistic
evolutionary
psychodynamic
cognitive
129
if the College Board left out questions about neuroscience on the AP exam, the test would lack
content validity
test-retest reliability
predictive validity
split-half reliability
130
Why are psychoanalysts interested in talking with patients about dreams
symbols in dreams represent unconscious conflicts
neurotransmitter anomalies cause dream disturbances
counter conditioned behaviors are often revealed in dreams
disturbing dreams are obstacles to self actualization
131
which structure is part of the inner ear
auditory canal
tympanic membrane
malleus (hammer)
basilar membrane
132
After repeated firings, neural connections are strengthened. What is this process
state-dependent memory
proactive interference
long-term potentiation
semantic encoding
133
In a class of 25 students, all but 2 score between 82 and 94. The 2 scores of 47 and 55 are
modes
outliers
variances
normally distributed
134
in the nature vs. nurture debate, nature is most closely associated with
temperament
family
environment
culture
135
10 YO Genna underwent a right hemispherectomy. What action best shows her neuroplasticity
solving a logic problem
understanding what was said to her
speaking aloud
moving her left hand
136
After studying for weeks and taking an AP exam, Conrad gets the flu. What theory explains this
Selye's general adaptation syndrome
James-Lange theory of emotion
Yerkes-Dodson law
Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory
137
Which of the following has been linked to a deficit of dopamine
Parkinson's disease
major depressive disorder
autism
Alzheimer's disease
138
light enters the eye through an opening in the
iris
fovea
blind spot
retina
139
Which question would be most useful to test Kohlberg's idea of pre & post-conventional morality
If 3 are taken from a group of 12, how many are left
what is the best way to respond to a baby crying in her crib
should you tell a small lie to not hurt someone's feelings
at what age can children reason abstractly
140
What is true about experiments that is not of other research methods
they involve more research participants than other studies
they can determine causal relationships between variables
they take place in more realistic, real-life settings
they can gather data from a large number of people quickly
141
when first born, humans' dominant sense is
touch
sight
smell
hearing
142
physiological reactions like surprise or shock are controlled by which part of the NS
serotonin system
somatic nervous system
endocrine system
sympathetic nervous system
143
Maria slams the car door and yells at her kids. Now when they hear a car door slam they cringe
instrumental learning
observational learning
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
144
the limbic system plays an important role in
regulating emotion
maintaining balance
planning for the future
processing sensory information
145
Which part of the brain is "newest" in an evolutionary sense
cerebellum
hypothalamus
cerebral cortex
pons
146
what kinds of motivations best encourage positive behaviors to persist over time
intrinsic motivation
extrinsic motivation
need for achievement
primary drives
147
which disorder would respond best to cognitive behavioral therapy
bipolar disorder
major depressive disorder
dissociative identity disorder
schizophrenia
148
children who suffer brain damage can regain function more quickly than older patients due to
contralateral control
neuroplasticity
effective psychological environment
hemispheric lateralization
149
what is the first step in any example of classical conditioning
pairing an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus
reinforcing for a behavior similar to the desired behavior
following a response with a reinforcement or punishment
rewarding a conditioned response with a conditioned stimulus
150
What is the purpose of the DSM
explain the symptoms and cures of disorders
describe the biopsychosocial causes of disorders
list the diagnostic criteria and symptoms of disorders
discuss theories related to the treatment of disorders
151
which of the following terms applies to IQ tests
projective
triarchic
standardized
achievement
152
Sigmund Freud made this perspective popular in Western Europe at the turn of the 20th century
evolutionary
behavioral
cognitive
psychoanalytic
153
What kind of therapy involves both cognitive and behavioral interventions
systematic desensitization
counterconditioning
aversion therapy
rational emotive behavior therapy
154
A therapist who tells a client to write down their depressed thoughts is using this perspective
behavioral
structuralist
cognitive
pharmacological
155
Withdrawal symptoms are most directly caused by this process
dissociation
activation-synthesis
antagonists
tolerance
156
which brain structure is involved in hunger motivation
medulla
amygdala
hypothalamus
cerebellum
157
Ryan suffers from constant, low-level arousal of his autonomic NS. He most likely suffers from
generalized anxiety disorder
obsessive-compulsive disorder
post-traumatic stress disorder
major depressive disorder
158
A low level of glucose in Sam's bloodstream would most likely make him want to
go for a run
make new friends
eat a meal
pursue a romantic interest
159
the somatic nervous system is part of the
peripheral nervous system
sympathetic nervous system
central nervous system
autonomic nervous system
160
Someone who fails an exam and reacts by studying longer probably has this locus of control
external
internal
situational
fundamental
161
authoritarian parents demonstrate
low warmth and low control
high warmth and high control
high warmth and low control
low warmth and high control
162
A test that identifies people with the potential to be great lawyers is an example of a(n)
achievement test
EQ test
IQ test
aptitude test
163
Which is most closely associated with creativity
functional fixedness
contextual intelligence
divergent thinking
hypothesis testing