Discovery Exam 1

Question 1

All risks involve medical issues

Accepted Answer

False

Question 2

What does "FINER" mean for a research question?

Accepted Answer

Feasible, interesting, novel, ethical, relevant

Question 3

RCTs are....

Accepted Answer

Subjects that are randomly assigned into groups, Are prospective, quantitative research studies, All aspects of the study are tightly regulated & compared to control group, Comparing outcomes after participants have received interventions

Question 4

The Belmont Report = Beneficence (do no harm), Respect for persons(informed consent), & Justice(fair benefits & burdens)

Accepted Answer

True

Question 5

Parametric will rely on median and interquartile ranges to describe the distribution

Accepted Answer

False

Question 6

What is the difference between an experimental event rate (EER) & control event rate (CER)?

Accepted Answer

Exp. = X events or cases/total subjects in experimental group, Control = X events or cases/total subject in control group

Question 7

Select the correct data distribution for each graph

Accepted Answer

Top = normal, Middle = positively skewed, Bottom = negatively skewed

Question 8

The 3 ethics of research include beneficence, respect for animals, and justice

Accepted Answer

False

Question 9

What are some of the types of bias in clinical trials?

Accepted Answer

Allocation, Selection, Observer, Attrition

Question 10

What is the difference between basic vs applied research?

Accepted Answer

Applied = goal is to improve the human condition, Basic = main motivation is to expand our knowledge

Question 11

What some examples of sources of data for health services research?

Accepted Answer

Charts/medical records, Health insurance claims, Pharmacy dispensing data

Question 12

Type II error = false positive; stating there is a difference when actually there wasn’t; probability denoted w/ α

Accepted Answer

False

Question 13

What is the difference between primary & secondary data?

Accepted Answer

Secondary = collected from studies or experiments from other researchers, Primary = collected by a researcher using surveys, interviews, experiments

Question 14

What is a theory?

Accepted Answer

All of the above describes a theory

Question 15

HCUP created from billing data,contains one record per hospitalization, ambulatory surgery, & emergency department visit

Accepted Answer

True

Question 16

Descriptive research...

Accepted Answer

Careful observations and detailed documentation of a phenomenon of interest

Question 17

"If I vaccinate older adults w/ Shingrix, then I expect lower incidence of shingles" - ID the (in)dependent variables

Accepted Answer

Independent = vaccinate older adults w/ Shingrix, Dependent = lower incidence of shingles

Question 18

What are some factors that can break "blinding"?

Accepted Answer

Recognizable side effects, Easily identifiable attributes of the product (smell, taste, dosage forms)

Question 19

What is the difference between practice & research?

Accepted Answer

Research = using groups of individuals w/ goal of improving public health, Practice = keeping the individual in mind & a goal of meeting their needs

Question 20

Social science theories explain different types of social behaviors

Accepted Answer

True

Question 21

Experimental research...

Accepted Answer

Researcher will wait for the result, observes, and obtains data, Data collected in 2/+ conditions that are the same in all aspects but one

Question 22

Based on this set of numbers, 24 is...

Accepted Answer

The median

Question 23

Primary data advantages include controlling how data is collected, specifiy which data is collected, & can be dynamic

Accepted Answer

True

Question 24

A statistically significant p-value does not tell you anything about the clinical relevance

Accepted Answer

True

Question 25

Randomized controlled trials are meant to increase bias

Accepted Answer

False

Question 26

The probability value (also know as p-value) states the null hypothesis is rejected when it is greater than α

Accepted Answer

False

Question 27

What is the difference between quantitative & qualitative data?

Accepted Answer

Quantitative = measurable data using numbers to find what/who/when/where, Qualitative = broad data using words to describe a health-related event

Question 28

What is this diagram?

Accepted Answer

Theory of Planned Behavior

Question 29

What is the difference between a research & statistical hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

Statistical = restating the research hypothesis in a way that can be tested, Research = expected/predicted relationship between variables

Question 30

Select the correct type of inferential statistics test with its definition

Accepted Answer

A = t-test, B = ANOVA, C = Χ2 test

Question 31

"Nominal" & "ordinal" are types of categorical variables

Accepted Answer

True

Question 32

What is the difference between descriptive & inferential statistics?

Accepted Answer

Inferential = indicate whether a difference exists between groups/variables, Descriptive = present, organize and summarize the data about a variable

Question 33

What are the benefits (specifically for society) for participating in research?

Accepted Answer

Participating in research that will help others w/ similar conditions, Interest in contributing to general medical knowledge

Question 34

What are the type of healthcare services in Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP)?

Accepted Answer

Emergency department visits, Ambulatory surgeries, Hospitalizations

Question 35

Disadvantages of secondary data include time consuming, expensive, and small data amount for collection

Accepted Answer

False

Question 36

Exploratory research have goals of...

Accepted Answer

Generate some initial ideas about that phenomenon, Scope out the magnitude of a particular phenomenon, problem, or behavior, Test feasibility of undertaking a more extensive study regarding a phenom.

Question 37

What is the difference between a "null" & "alternative" hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

Alternative = HA, there IS a difference between groups, Null = H0, NO difference exists between groups

Question 38

A good hypothesis statement should include an "if" and "then" components

Accepted Answer

True

Question 39

Type II error = false negative; stating there is no difference when actually there was; probability denoted w/ β

Accepted Answer

True

Question 40

What is the difference between a predictor and outcome variable?

Accepted Answer

Predictor = independent variable being manipulated in the experiment/study, Outcome = dependent variable, changes when the independent is altered

Question 41

Scientific research...

Accepted Answer

Extend human knowledge of the physical, biological, or social world, Uses the scientific method, Must follow specific rules about treatment of humans & animals by US Gov., Can be done with human beings, animals, plants, other organisms & inorganic

Question 42

Based on this set of numbers, 33 is...

Accepted Answer

The mean

Question 43

The goal of informed consent is to provide information to only researchers & keep patients in the dark about reasearch

Accepted Answer

False

Question 44

What are the benefits (specifically for the patient) for participating in research?

Accepted Answer

Excellent medical care & follow up, Financial Incentives, Access to best treatments

Question 45

What is quality improvement?

Accepted Answer

Data-guided activities designed to bring improvements in health delivery, Systematic, Occurs in particular settings, Program evaluations related to a specific initiative

Question 46

Scientific research is a systematic invesitgation designed to develop or contribute to generalize knowledge

Accepted Answer

True

Question 47

You should know why you are collecting data for research, do not collect data just to have data

Accepted Answer

True

Question 48

Fill in the table about hypothesis outcomes

Accepted Answer

A = false positive, B = correct, C = correct, D = false negative, A = Type I error, B = correct, C = correct, D = Type II error

Question 49

Epidemiology is the study of how diseases are distributed in populations & factors that influence or determine them

Accepted Answer

True

Question 50

Health Services Research...

Accepted Answer

Multidisciplinary field of scientific investigation, Main factors include quality, health, costs, access to care

Question 51

HCUP Hospitliazation data can include...

Accepted Answer

Expected payer, Patient demographics (age, sex), Length of stay, Diagnoses

Question 52

CONSORT guidelines = consolidated standards of reporting trials

Accepted Answer

True

Question 53

What is a hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

An educated guess that can be true or false, Establishes a basis for statistical testing and significance, Can be statistical, Can be research

Question 54

Analytical research...

Accepted Answer

Attempts to establish "why" it is that way or how it came to be, Concerned with cause-effect relationships, Based on the question asked

Question 55

HCUP includes medicatoins dispensed by community pharmacies, physician visits, & physical therapy

Accepted Answer

False

Question 56

What are the characteristics of a good hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

Specific, Simple

Question 57

Select the correct type of categorical or continuous variable category with its definition & examples

Accepted Answer

A = ratio, B = nominal, C = interval, D= ordinal

Question 58

What is the biggest difference between inductive and deductive approaches?

Accepted Answer

Theory building vs theory testing

Question 59

Observational research...

Accepted Answer

All of the above explains observational research

Question 60

Based on this set of numbers, 12 is...

Accepted Answer

The mode

Question 61

A single-blind research is where the investigator does not know treatment allocation

Accepted Answer

False

Question 62

Select the correct term for the definitions for each column

Accepted Answer

A = standard deviation, B = interquartile range

Question 63

What are some of the criteria for IRB approval?

Accepted Answer

Consent is appropriately documented, Must have additional safeguards for vulnerable populations

Question 64

"Interval" & "ratio" are types of categorical variables

Accepted Answer

False

Discovery Exam 1

Questions 70

Discovery Exam 1

Questions 70