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Chapter 7 Review Flashcards | StudBud
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Chapter 7 Review
What is convergent thinking?
What is grammar?
Chapter 7 Review
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1
What is grammar?
the total vocabulary used by a language
the rules for using lexicon meaningfully
a set of sounds that help distinguish meaning between words
2
What is convergent thinking?
narrowing ideas to find the correct or best solution
thinking outside the box - coming up with unique solutions
3
What is confirmation bias?
judgements based on easily recalled experiences, not actual frequency
over-reliance on one initial piece of info
using stereotypes or prototypes in judgements
focus on info that supports prior beliefs
4
Do you feel prepared for the exam?
No
Yes
5
What is the definition of cognitive psychology?
the investigation of physical brain structures
the exploration of unconsciousness
the study of how people think, problem solve, and use language
the study of human behavior and emotions
6
What is the definition of cognition?
emotional reactions to external stimuli
social norms and cultural behaviors
physical changes in brain chemistry
thinking processes including perception, memory, and problem solving
7
What is dysgraphia?
difficulty understanding and using numerical concepts
impaired sound-letter processing
difficulty writing legibly due to spatial/motor issues
8
What is anchoring bias?
focus on info that supports prior beliefs
judgements based on easily recalled experiences, not actual frequency
over-reliance on one initial piece of info
belief that outcomes were predictable after they occur
9
All of these have a role in language development except...
Chomsky - language acquisition is biologically determined
Jean Piaget - language develops as a result of cognitive development stages
Critical Period Hypothesis - language mastery is easiest in early childhood
Skinner - language learned through reinforcement (behaviorist view)
10
What is hindsight bias?
using stereotypes or prototypes in judgements
belief that outcomes were predictable after they occur
focus on info that supports prior beliefs
over-reliance on one initial piece of info
11
What is dyslexia?
difficulty writing legibly due to spatial/motor issues
impaired sound-letter processing
difficulty understanding and using numerical concepts
12
What is availability bias?
belief that outcomes were predictable after they occur
over-reliance on one initial piece of info
judgements based on easily recalled experiences, not actual frequency
using stereotypes or prototypes in judgements
13
What is a schemata (schema)?
a bias that influences how we interpret information
clusters of concepts helping with efficient thought processing
the part of the brain responsible for storing long-term memory
a type of mental shortcut used to solve complex problems
14
What is a role schema?
how individuals adapt their behavior to fit social norms
helps individuals understand and predict the sequence of events
assumptions based on roles
a mental framework used to organize knowledge about objects and events
15
All of these are part of Sternberg's triarchic theory except...
analytical - academic problem solving
practical - street smarts
academic - book smarts
creative - imagination and invention
16
Which is an example of a pitfall to problem solving?
anchoring - over-reliance on one initial piece of info
functional fixedness - seeing objects only in their traditional use
17
What is lexicon?
the process by which humans acquire language over time
the vocabulary of a language
the innate ability to produce speech sounds
the grammatical rules that govern sentence structure
18
Natural vs artificial concepts
Natural concept is from direct experience; artificial are defined by rules
Natural are emotional, artificial are cognitive
They are both innate and unchangeable
Natural are unlearned, artificial are learned
19
What is trial and error?
attempting solutions until one works
a precise step by step method that always leads to a correct result
20
What is a heuristic?
sticking to old approaches even when ineffective
misapplication of grammar rules
the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills
a general rule/mental shortcut that simplifies decision making
21
What is a problem solving strategy?
spontaneous insight with no prior thought process
a plan of action to reach a solution
22
What is dyscalculia?
impaired sound-letter processing
difficulty writing legibly due to spatial/motor issues
difficulty understanding and using numerical concepts
23
What is an algorithm?
a precise step by step method that always leads to a correct result
attempting solutions until one works
24
What are prototypes?
Best examples or representations of a concept
Definitions used in scientific research
25
What is linguistic determinism?
language habits influence cognition and perception
language habits influence the formation of grammatical rules
language habit influence personality development and emotional intelligence
language habits influence how quickly children learn to speak
26
What is divergent thinking?
thinking outside the box - coming up with unique solutions
narrowing ideas to find the correct or best solution
27
What is an event schema (cognitive script)?
a mental timeline people follow when learning new information
a set of cultural values and beliefs shared by a group
behavioral routines
a framework for how the brain process sensory input during new experiences
28
What is Spearman's theory of intelligence?
organizes intelligence in a hierarchy: general - broad - narrow abilities
general intelligence a single factor underlying all intellectual abilities
29
What are concepts?
categories/groupings of information used to organize thoughts
Formulas used for decision-making
30
What is representative bias?
focus on info that supports prior beliefs
using stereotypes or prototypes in judgements
judgements based on easily recalled experiences, not actual frequency
belief that outcomes were predictable after they occur
