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Cognitive Psychology - Alternative MCQs Pt. 3 Flashcards | StudBud
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Cognitive Psychology - Alternative MCQs Pt. 3
Cognitive Psychology - Alternative MCQs Pt. 3
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Language and Language Processing through the Psychology of Choice
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1
How does linguistics contribute to understanding of language?
Studies complex arrangements and structures of language
Irrelevant to language learning
Focuses on spoken language
Explores internal word structure only
2
How does the size of the state space relate to problem difficulty?
The larger the state space, the easier the problem
The smaller the state space, the harder the problem
The larger the state space, the harder the problem
State space has no correlation
3
What is the purpose of the Wason Selection Task in understanding heuristics and biases?
Examine framing effect on choices
Investigate heuristics in probabilistic reasoning
Measure accurate information memorization
Assess anchoring effectiveness
4
Which heuristic involves selecting an operator to reduce distance between initial and goal states?
Trial and error
Means-ends analysis
Anchoring
Hill-climbing
5
What is the phenomenon called when a person is unable to see a problem from a new perspective due to pre-existing ideas?
Incubation
Gestalt
Fixation
Impasse
6
What is alignment in dialogue?
The alignment of spoken language with sign language
The tendency for speakers to align their linguistic output in dialogue
The synchronization of speech and writing
The process of aligning words with their syntactic structures
7
What is the Towers of Hanoi used to illustrate?
Means-ends analysis
Concept of state space
Depth-first problem decomposition
Bounded rationality
8
What does the pseudodiagnosticity phenomenon involve in decision-making?
More information -> most diagnostic choice
The preference for familiar choices over novel ones
The reliance on irrational decision-making processes
The tendency to avoid decisions due to uncertainty
9
How does analogy contribute to enhancing insight?
Irrelevant to problem-solving
Involves transfer from example to new problems
Analogy rarely occurs spontaneously
Only applies to visual insight
10
What does the concept of anchoring refer to in decision-making?
Avoiding making decisions altogether
Influence of loss aversion
Relying on first encountered information
Impact of probability weighting
11
What is abduction in the context of inference?
Drawing general inferences based on intuition
Selecting the best available explanation
Drawing specific inferences based on logic
Deriving conclusions from existing knowledge
12
What is the role of working memory in problem-solving?
Working memory is a constraint on planning steps
Working memory stores long-term knowledge
Working memory is irrelevant to problem-solving
Working memory determines the size of the state space
13
What are the different orders of problem decomposition mentioned?
Breadth-first, depth-first, and opportunistic
Breadth-first, depth-first, and criticality
Hierarchical, sequential, and parallel
Complexity, creativity, and novelty
14
How do Gestalt accounts explain insight?
Focusing on the deterministic nature of thought
Breaking problems into smaller components
Highlighting the role of perceptual 'whole' and to extend perspectives
Promoting conscious control over thinking
15
What are the four tasks related to proof mentioned in the lecture overview?
Generalization, categorization, synthesis, and analysis
Abstraction, representation, transformation, and integration
Explanation, diagnosis, prediction, and imagination
Deduction, induction, abduction, and reduction
16
What is the primary focus of stylistics in language?
Unrelated to literary criticism
Explores universal principles
Stylistics studies forms of language and its link to literary criticism
Considers only literal meanings
17
What are the three factors mentioned in the process of deduction as logical reasoning?
Form, function, and frequency
Structure, semantics, and statistics
Consciousness, determinism, and modularity
Assumption, types of inferences, and evidence
18
How is spoken language comprehension constrained?
By the speaker's knowledge
By the listener's background
By the listener's linguistic competence
By the speaker's delivery
19
What is linguistic competence concerned with?
Knowledge of language structures
Word recognition
Comprehension and production
Syntactic processing
20
According to the satisfactory progress theory, what makes a problem hard?
Specific actions taken by the solver
Conscious control exerted by the solver
Depth of incubation during problem-solving
Knowledge factors involved in the problem
21
What is the Wason Selection Task, and what does it assess?
It assesses the ability to select cards to test the truth of a given rule.
It assesses the ability to solve complex mathematical problems.
It assesses pragmatic reasoning schemas.
It assesses the ability to draw conclusions based on syntactic structure.
22
What is the mental lexicon?
The storage of word frequency in memory
The storage of word meaning in memory
The grammatical rules governing word usage
The process of word recognition in the brain
23
How does written language relate to spoken language?
Uses letters corresponding to morphemes
Has its own phonemes
No rules for letter-sound correspondence
Entirely unrelated to spoken language
24
What factors can affect word processing?
Phonology and morphology
Syntax and semantics
Word length, frequency, spelling regularity, and homophones
Grammar and punctuation
25
What is the primary principle of compositionality?
Meaning is determined solely by phonetics
Meaning is entirely independent of word structure
Compositionality applies only to spoken language
The combination of meanings parallels the combination of parts in structure
26
Remote Associates Tasks (RATs), developed by J.P. Guilford, tests a person's connections between
Concepts
Images
Words
Numbers
27
What is the role of formal logic in the structural view of deduction?
To determine the validity of an argument based on syntactic structure
To provide a statistical framework for inference
To emphasize the importance of pragmatic reasoning schemas
To highlight the natural deduction process in problem-solving
28
How is problem decomposition related to the complexity of a problem?
Problem decomposition is constrained by complexity of a problem
Problem decomposition simplifies all types
Problem decomposition is not constrained
The complexity is constrained by problem decomposition
29
What does the state space represent in problem-solving?
The physical space where a problem occurs
The range of possible solutions to a problem
The mental representation of a problem, including initial and goal states
The time frame within which a problem must be solved
30
What is the Chernobyl deduction example used to illustrate?
The importance of induction
A successful deduction process
A failed deduction process
The impact of fixation on proof
31
What is the role of compositionality in language?
Meaning depends on meanings of words and their arrangement
Compositionality only applies to written language
Compositionality is a principle in phonology
Compositionality is unrelated to the meaning of words
32
According to the structural view, what determines the validity of an argument?
The knowledge factors involved
The use of syntactic structure (form)
The statistical probability of conclusions
The cognitive load during reasoning
33
What distinguishes normative models of decision-making from descriptive accounts?
Normative models and descriptive accounts are synonymous terms
Normative -> how decisions are made; descriptive -> optimal decisions
Normative -> normal decisions; descriptive -> describe decisions
Normative -> optimal decisions; descriptive -> how decisions are made
34
What are the three stages of language processing?
Words, sentence structure, and meaning
Linguistic competence, linguistic performance, and morphological processing
Comprehension, production, and analysis
Syntax, semantics, and pragmatics
35
What are the two types of decision-making?
Diagnostic hypothesis testing and predilection
Predilection and rational decision-making
Diagnostic hypothesis testing and prediction
Rational & irrational
36
What are morphemes in the context of language?
Morphemes are meaningless sounds in language
Morphemes are only present in spoken language
Morphemes are the smallest meaningful units in language
Morphemes are the smallest units of sound
37
According to Nisbett and Wilson's study (1977), what do verbal reports on mental processes often go beyond?
People are aware of the mental processes involved in decision-making
Verbal reports accurately reflect the decision-making process
Verbal reports often go beyond individuals' actual knowledge and awareness
Verbal reports provide insights into unconscious mental processes
38
What does 'bounded rationality' mean in problem-solving?
Rationality is unlimited
Rationality is limited by cognitive constraints
Rationality is bounded only by problem constraints
No rational constraints
39
How does morphology contribute to the study of language?
Concerned with meanings in sign languages
Explores universal principles
Studies internal structure
Focuses on sound patterns
40
What term is used to describe the sudden realization of solution to a problem, often accompanied by an "Aha"?
Fixation
Impasse
Insight
Incubation
41
What is incubation and how does it impact problem-solving?
Facilitates problem-solving, especially with high cognitive loads
Focused attention on a problem without any breaks
Unrelated to problem-solving
Prolonged period of inactivity during problem-solving
42
In the experiment by Tversky and Kahneman (1983), what is the term for when people choose a more specific outcome?
Availability heuristic
Sunk cost fallacy
Anchoring effect
Conjunction fallacy
43
How are comprehension and production intertwined in everyday dialogue?
Comprehension involves speaking, and production involves listening
Comprehension and production occur simultaneously during everyday dialogue
Both comprehension and production are separate in everyday dialogue
Comprehension involves writing, and production involves reading
44
What role does representational change theory play in understanding insight?
Focuses on the difficulty of a problem
Suggests knowledge factors contribute to problem difficulty
Argues that what you know makes the problem hard
Emphasizes conscious control over thinking
45
According to Prospect Theory, what term describes the tendency to avoid losses more than acquiring equivalent gains?
Anchoring
Framing effect
Probability Weighting
Loss Aversion
46
How does the task environment influence problem-solving?
The task environment determines the solution
The task environment affects how the problem is presented
It has no impact
The task environment determines the size of the state space
47
What is syntactic processing or parsing in language comprehension?
Organizing identified words based on their meanings
The process of working out sentence structure
The identification of individual phonemes in words
The use of punctuation in sentence structure
48
What factors are considered in the multiple factor theory of insight proposed by Kershaw & Ohlsson (2004)?
Motivational factors, emotional factors, and social factors
Perceptual factors (Gestalt), knowledge factors, and search factors
Cognitive factors, sensory factors, and motor factors
Linguistic factors, memory factors, and spatial factors
49
What is fixation in problem-solving?
Gaining insight on a problem through contemplation
Generating creative solutions to problems
Ability to focus on a problem without distraction
The inability to solve a problem due to preconceived ideas
50
What is the primary difference between deduction and induction?
Deduction is a form of logical reasoning, induction is based on intuition
Deduction -> specific inferences; induction -> general inferences
Deduction is used in science, while induction is used in everyday reasoning
Deduction -> general inferences; induction -> specific inferences
51
What is the primary concept associated with rational decision-making in normative models?
Anchoring
Probability Weighting
Loss Aversion
Expected Value
52
What are the key components of a problem?
Initiators, goals, conditions, and operators
Constraints, breadth-first, depth-first, and opportunistic
Task environment, state space, and information processing system
Initial state, goal state, operators, constraints, and additional rules
53
What distinguishes speech sounds from other types of sounds?
Speech sounds have meanings
Speech sounds are studied by linguistics.
Speech sounds are units of language used in spoken communication.
Speech sounds are meaningless
54
What does psycholinguistics focus on?
Language production only
Syntax and grammar
Language use, including comprehension and production
Word morphology
55
How did the study by Stewart (2009) demonstrate the anchoring effect in decision-making?
Deciding without prior information
Choosing specific outcomes preference
Influence with minimum payment amount
Preference for the status quo
56
How do sign languages use finger spelling?
Finger spelling has no relevance to sign languages
An interface between sign languages and spoken language
Sign languages use finger spelling to create new words
Finger spelling is used for written communication in sign languages
57
According to Cheng & Holyoak (1985), what is the role of pragmatic reasoning schemas in the Wason Selection Task?
They facilitate the application of syntactic rules.
They hinder the correct selection of cards.
They have no impact on task performance.
They are irrelevant to problem-solving.
58
What did the review by Sio and Ormerod (2009) reveal about the effects of incubation and sleep on problem-solving?
Sleep helps solving easy problems only
Incubation helps solving difficult problems
Incubation always hinders problem-solving.
Incubation helps solving easy problems, and sleep helps difficult problems
59
How does Johnson-Laird (1983) describe the process of drawing inferences in problem-solving?
Drawn by applying a deterministic process with no reliance on mental models
Drawn by searching mental representations for possibilities with counter
Drawn by mental representations for possibilities that have no counter
Drawn by applying rules of logic to derive multiple valid conclusions
60
How does Chomsky distinguish between linguistic competence and linguistic performance?
Competence refers to structure knowledge, and performance refers to use
Competence and performance are unrelated in Chomsky's framework
Competence refers to use, and performance refers to structure knowledge
Both competence and performance are terms used interchangeably
