When asked to memorize a shopping list for groceries and another for hardware,

women better on the shopping list, & men outperform women on the hardware.

Overall, gender-related differences in spatial abilities are

complex, with advan for men in some, women in others & no reliable diff

Reviews of research on gender differences in verbal ability have usually concluded that

girls&women have small advantage verbal tasks &a large advantage in writing

The conclusion that mathematics talent is biological, based on studies of mathematically gifted students

is unwarranted because researchers collected no biological data

Men and boys have larger advantages over women and girls in tests of ______ but small or no advantage on ________ tests.

mental rotation . . . . spatial memory

The role of evolution in gender-related differences in brain lateralization is

impossible to confirm or refute

The gender gap in engineering—the disproportionate representation of male engineers—

dispro gen diff in distr of spatial ability More male than based on ability

As samples become more selected for high mathematics ability

fewer girls appear in the sample

Several studies using imaging techniques of brains at work, men & women brains have shown differe patterns of activation

But the function of men’s and women’s brains are more alike than different.

The largest gender-related difference is mathematics occurs in

the attitudes toward the usefulness of mathematics

Performance on spatial like the rod-&-frame task is influn by the situation the testing occurs and by the exp. of partic

performance is variable, and expectation can be an influential factor.

Most media reports of gender differences in cognitive performance focus on a biological basis for these differences, and

researc believe that an interaction of bio& enviro provide a better explain

The spatial ability tested in the rod-and-frame task and Piaget’s water level test

shows small gender diff in child & larger ones during adult boys lead both

When the ability distributions of men and women overlap 99%, such as in verbal ability,

individual difference are more important than gender factor in this ability

An alternative to biological explanations of school and career achievement comes from gender differences in

self-perception and expectancies for success.

holistic, situation-depend thinking Nisbett claimed is typical of people in Asian cultures also leads these individuals

perform more poorly than people in Europe and the US on spatial tasks.

Using the Stanford-Binet intelligence test, Terman found

no difference in intelligence between men’s and women’s test scores.

Gender-related differences in creativity

are not part of the results of most studies on this topic.

One of the large differences in nonverbal communication is

women’s tendency to smile more than men.

Research on the ability to understand nonverbal communication indicates that

greater skill at interpret nonverbal cues goes “subordinates’ intuition.”

The tests scores on the subtests of Wechsler's intelligence tests show ______; scores from the combined test show _____.

gender-related differences . . . . no gender-related differences.

Hyde warned about the danger of confusing the terms well-established and large, arguing that

establi gender differences may be too small to be of practical significance

Evolutionary psychologists take the view that the cognitive abilities of women and men

diff bcz the task demands differ in men and women diff brain organization.

The gender difference in number of male versus female professional musicians is due to

greater dedication to achieve among men rather than diff in musical ability

When examining the cross-cultural research on math and spatial perform for women & men, diff appear among countries

W in some cultures score higher in these tasks than M in other cultures

When comparing women’s and men’s strategies of learning routes and finding their way

both genders are comparably effective a combo actually the most efficient.

Which statement is true concerning the intelligence and mental abilities of women and men?

Women’s and men’s scores on IQ tests are equal.

When trying to find the way, men tend to _______, and women tend to ________.

rely on mental maps . . . . use landmarks

When college women hear that men do better on the type of test that they are about to take,

women perform more poorly than women who do not hear about mens perform

The stereotype that women talk more than men

accepted by many people, but research has not confirmed this difference

Using (fMRI) to study women and men as they performed a verbal task, researchers found that

both women and men left hemispheres were activated during the verbal task.

Considering perform on var types of mental abilities tests, women have the advan on ____ & men have the largest adv ---

writing . . . . mental rotation tasks

One factor in tests of mathematics performance is the number of math courses completed. Men

outnumbered women in math classes in high school until the 1990 now similar

Comparisons of underlying mathematics ability (rather than mathematics performance) for females and males

impossible due to gender differences in experience & expectation with math

Results of a meta-analytic study on experience as a factor in performance on spatial tasks showed that

experience is a factor in the performance of both men and women

One of the main problems in concluding anything about the role of gender in verbal, quantitative, & spatial abilities is

each of these areas has been defined underlying ability is diff 2 determine

Girls with high ability in math

tend to have high verbal ability, allows them career options besides math.

Examin research on spatial performance from one Stone Age culture, the Middle East, from northern Europe results show

men & women varied from the results of studies done on particip from the US

Meta-analytic reviews of the research on verbal abilities has shown that

women’s advantage in verbal ability is only around 1%.

Meta-analytic studies of mathematical ability reveal that

women advantag in some quantitative tasks & men have advantages in others.

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Questions 71

Answers

1
When asked to memorize a shopping list for groceries and another for hardware,
women better on the shopping list, & men outperform women on the hardware.
men outperform women on both tasks
no gender differences appeared.
women outperform men on both tasks
2
Overall, gender-related differences in spatial abilities are
complex w/ varying degrees of advan for men no tasks show advant for women
straightforward, with boys and men outperforming in all 4 types of tasks
complex, with an increasing age-related disadvan 4 women in most spaitial
complex, with advan for men in some, women in others & no reliable diff
3
Reviews of research on gender differences in verbal ability have usually concluded that
neither gender has an advantage in any verbal task.
girls and women have a large advantage in most verbal tasks.
girls&women have small advantage verbal tasks &a large advantage in writing
girls have a large advantage in verbal tasks disappears during adolescence.
4
The intelligence tests developed by Wechsler divided mental abilities into
verbal and quantitative tests.
verbal and performance tests.
quantitative and spatial tests.
performance and spatial tests.
5
Researchers have used which of the following types of tasks to measure verbal ability?
reading comprehension
all of the above
anagram
vocabulary
spelling
6
The conclusion that mathematics talent is biological, based on studies of mathematically gifted students
provides the best available evidence
is unwarranted because researchers collected no biological data
indicates high heritability quotients from parents & first-degree relatives
is unwarranted bcz researchers found such small gender-related differences
7
Men and boys have larger advantages over women and girls in tests of ______ but small or no advantage on ________ tests.
spatial perception . . . . mental rotation
spatial visualization . . . . mental rotation
mental rotation . . . . spatial memory
verbal analogies . . . . mental rotation
8
The role of evolution in gender-related differences in brain lateralization is
impossible to confirm or refute
the most likely explanation for men’s superior spatial ability
not related to other biological factors in natural selection
the most likely explanation for women’s superior spatial ability.
9
Intelligence is
the subject of intense debate.
a complex concept that is not easy to define.
an area of study since the early years of modern psychology.
all of the above
10
The gender gap in engineering—the disproportionate representation of male engineers—
dispro gen diff in distr of spatial ability More male than based on ability
is larger than it was 20 years ago
proport to the gender diff in the distri of spatial abilities
dispro to gender diff in distri of spatial ability. based on ability alone
11
As samples become more selected for high mathematics ability
fewer girls appear in the sample
more groups of ethnic backgrounds appear in the sample
fewer mathematics classes are required for high scores
grades become poorer predictors of mathematics achievement
12
Several studies using imaging techniques of brains at work, men & women brains have shown differe patterns of activation
patterns provide evidence for relatio between structure & behavio gender di
But the function of men’s and women’s brains are more alike than different.
Women’s brains show a more active pattern than men’s brains.
Women brains show more L hemisphere men brains show more R hemisphere activ
13
The largest advantage for girls and women in verbal performance is in
spelling and punctuation.
writing.
vocabulary size.
verbal fluency.
14
The largest gender-related difference is mathematics occurs in
problem solving ability
the attitudes toward the usefulness of mathematics
mathematical reasoning ability
arithmetic computation ability.
15
Performance on spatial like the rod-&-frame task is influn by the situation the testing occurs and by the exp. of partic
performance is variable, and expectation can be an influential factor.
biological determinism is the best explanation for such findings.
verbal mediation strategies give women an advantage in such tasks.
motor perform is related to spatial perform giving boys & men an advantage
16
Experience plays a role in spatial task performance. Evidence confirming this role comes from
people better @ spatial performance participated in physical activity
men who are good at verbal skills are also good at spatial skills.
women familiar with computer erased the gender differ on the spatial task
both a and b
17
Most media reports of gender differences in cognitive performance focus on a biological basis for these differences, and
resear question not only the validity but also the wisdom of this approach.
most researchers accept this view.
researc believe that an interaction of bio& enviro provide a better explain
most psychol reject the possibility of bio factors influencing behavior.
18
The spatial ability tested in the rod-and-frame task and Piaget’s water level test
shows small gender diff in child & larger ones during adult boys lead both
shows small gender diff in child & larger ones during adult girls lead both
shows no gender differences
shows large gender diff in child & larger ones during adult boys lead both
19
When the ability distributions of men and women overlap 99%, such as in verbal ability,
the ability differ is as large as physical differences in height and weight
large differences must be based on biological differe between women and men
individual difference are more important than gender factor in this ability
such large differences should be reflected in career choices.
20
In selected groups of mathematically talented adolescents
boys outnumber girls
girls are never chosen, because their scores are always too low
girls outnumber boys
the gender ratio is approximately equal
21
An alternative to biological explanations of school and career achievement comes from gender differences in
self-perception and expectancies for success.
hormonal and chromosomal inheritance.
personal relationships and sexual behavior.
self-acceptance of personal weaknesses and tendency to blame others.
22
holistic, situation-depend thinking Nisbett claimed is typical of people in Asian cultures also leads these individuals
perform better than people in Europe and the United States on spatial tasks
both a and c
have less confidence in verbal abilities than people in Western countries
perform more poorly than people in Europe and the US on spatial tasks.
23
Using the Stanford-Binet intelligence test, Terman found
difference between men’s and women’s test scores was small but consistent
difference between men and women test scores was large women outscored men.
difference between men and women test scores was large men outscored women.
no difference in intelligence between men’s and women’s test scores.
24
Gender-related differences in creativity
appear as early as first grade.
filter women out of careers that require high creative ability
do not appear until junior high school but become larger during adolescence
are not part of the results of most studies on this topic.
25
Rather than being related to gender, memory differences for various types of material seem related to
gender stereotypes.
emotional associations to the material
age.
educational background
26
One of the large differences in nonverbal communication is
women’s tendency to smile more than men.
men’s reluctance to establish nonverbal but to maintain verbal dominance.
women’s ability to hide their emotions, especially from men.
men’s ability to dominate through eye contact.
27
Research on the ability to understand nonverbal communication indicates that
women are better at these skills—a confirmation of “women’s intuition.”
men are better a these skills—it should be called “men’s intuition.”
greater skill at interpret nonverbal cues goes “subordinates’ intuition.”
no gender diffe in these skills failure to confirm the concept of women int
28
The tests scores on the subtests of Wechsler's intelligence tests show ______; scores from the combined test show _____.
gender-related differences . . . . no gender-related differences.
no gender-related differences . . . . gender-related differences
gender-related differences . . . . gender-related differences.
no gender-related differences . . . . no gender-related differences
29
The perception of mathematics as a male domain
has diminished and will likely disappear by 2010.
is shared by girls, boys, parents, and other adults.
discourages girls from pursuing careers in math.
both a and b.
30
Hyde warned about the danger of confusing the terms well-established and large, arguing that
diff may be well estab & large but neither statistical nor practical signi
large gender differences may be well established yet unimportant.
establi gender differences may be too small to be of practical significance
gender diff may not be statistically significan but may be of practical sig
31
Evolutionary psychologists take the view that the cognitive abilities of women and men
similar bcz spatial abili were more impor than verbal abilities
dif women good spatial abil by foraging men nonverbal commun due to hunting
diff bcz the task demands differ in men and women diff brain organization.
differ becaus men dom women during prehistory which prevented spatial abili
32
The gender difference in number of male versus female professional musicians is due to
diff in musical ability, with men having higher ability but lower achiev
diff in musical ability, with women having higher ability but lower achiev
greater dedication to achieve among men rather than diff in musical ability
a combo of musical ability & greater dedication to musical achiev among men
33
The ability to detect the horizontal or vertical in the presence of distracting information is
spatial perception
spatial orientation.
figure-ground contrast.
perceptual distortion.
34
What type of experience has been shown to increase performance on spatial tasks?
board games
games that involve taking turns
video games
team sports
35
When examining the cross-cultural research on math and spatial perform for women & men, diff appear among countries
Cultural variation is much smaller than the differences between men & women
But men always show an advantage in a wide range of spatial tasks
women in Asia score as high in spatial performance as men in those cultures
W in some cultures score higher in these tasks than M in other cultures
36
When comparing women’s and men’s strategies of learning routes and finding their way
women’s reliance on using landmarks to navigate is ineffective
both genders are comparably effective a combo actually the most efficient.
men’s reliance on spatial orientation is ineffective.
both gen are effec in finding their way women strategy offers more flexibil
37
Which statement is true concerning the intelligence and mental abilities of women and men?
On the average, men are better than women at verbal tasks
On the average, men are better than women at math
Women’s and men’s scores on IQ tests are equal.
Both b and c are true
38
When trying to find the way, men tend to _______, and women tend to ________.
use landmarks. . . . rely on memory
ask for directions . . . . rely on maps
rely on mental maps . . . . use landmarks
rely on memory . . . . ask for directions
39
When college women hear that men do better on the type of test that they are about to take,
women perform more poorly than women who do not hear about mens perform
the women perform better because they want to prove that they can succeed
the women’s performance is not affected.
women perform poorly if they are weak in the subject if well prep no effect
40
The stereotype that women talk more than men
was confirmed by early psychology researchers in the late 1800s.
is one of the few gender stereotypes validated by modern research.
accepted by many people, but research has not confirmed this difference
was once a widely accepted stereotype but is no longer widely accepted.
41
The most influential tests of intelligence have defined intelligence in terms of
sensory acuity.
motor skills
school-related abilities.
adaptability.
42
Using (fMRI) to study women and men as they performed a verbal task, researchers found that
both women and men left hemispheres were activated during the verbal task.
cerebellum more active in men than women related to mens better performance
the activation patterns of women’s and men’s brains showed no average diff
men R hemispheres and women L hemispheres were activated in the verbal task
43
Considering perform on var types of mental abilities tests, women have the advan on ____ & men have the largest adv ---
verbal abilities tests . . . . mathematics and quantitative abilities
mathematics problem solving . . . . verbal analogies
vocabulary tests . . . . arithmetic computation
writing . . . . mental rotation tasks
44
One factor in tests of mathematics performance is the number of math courses completed. Men
not only outnumber women in math class but also make better grades
outnumbered women in math classes in high school until the 1990 now similar
are less numerous in math classes during both high school and college
always outnumber women in math classes during high school & continue to
45
Comparisons of underlying mathematics ability (rather than mathematics performance) for females and males
impossible due to gender differences in experience & expectation with math
can be done at many periods of development through achievement test scores.
can be done before formal training in higher mathematics through the SAT
is easier than an assessment of verbal ability
46
Results of a meta-analytic study on experience as a factor in performance on spatial tasks showed that
experience is a factor in women’s but not men’s performance.
men perform consistently better than women regardless of experience.
men’s greater ability allows them to perform consistently better than women
experience is a factor in the performance of both men and women
47
One of the main problems in concluding anything about the role of gender in verbal, quantitative, & spatial abilities is
each of these areas has been defined underlying ability is diff 2 determine
abilities change so much boys & girls exp many fluctu in their perform
meta-analytic studies indicate no gender differences in any of these areas.
that the role of hormones has not been studied
48
Girls with high ability in math
make poor grades in advanced math classes than boys with high math ability.
both a and b
find math more difficult than boys with high math ability.
tend to have high verbal ability, allows them career options besides math.
49
Examin research on spatial performance from one Stone Age culture, the Middle East, from northern Europe results show
men & women varied from the results of studies done on particip from the US
gender diff that appear in the US is common to other industrialized (but n
boys&men outperformed girls &women in all cultures. largest in US
girls and women only show a performance deficit in the United States.
50
Meta-analytic reviews of the research on verbal abilities has shown that
women advantage in verbal ability reviews showed, about a 25% a advantage
women’s advantage in verbal ability is only around 1%.
women have no advantage in this area.
men have an average advantage of 5% in verbal ability.
51
Meta-analytic studies of mathematical ability reveal that
gender diff in math ability reversed women do better vs men in prob solving
men’s advantage is larger than previously believed.
women advantag in some quantitative tasks & men have advantages in others.
men advant small arithmetic computation large mathematical problem solving
52
Researchers who concentrate on gender-related differences in cognitive abilities
allow oppo for individual diff are not gender differenc are more important
tend to focus on the diff and obscure the similarities between women & men
provide info that allows parents & educa to develop chil strengths & weak
emphasize the magnitude of large diff gender-related cognitive
53
According to Richard Nisbett, ________ is more important than _________ in understanding cognitive abilities
power . . . . gender
culture . . . . gender
gender . . . . culture
status . . . . culture
54
According to studies by Richard Nisbett and his colleagues on the influence of culture on cognitive processes,
none of the above
people in Asian cultures tend to think more analytically
women in Asian cultures think more analytically than women in Western cultu
people in Western cultures tend to think more holistically
55
A study of attitudes toward mathematics of children around the world showed that
younger children gave more negative evals than older children & adolescents
children tend to evaluate mathematics as difficult & not very interesting
children in Asia evaluated mathematics as not difficult but not interesting
children in Europe evaluated math as interesting students in the US did not
56
Research on quantitative performance with children as participants shows
an advantage for boys as young as 4 years old.
either no gender differences or a small advantage for girls.
a small advantage for young boys but a larger advantage for adolescent boys
small advantage for young girls but a larger advantage for adolescent girls
57
According to research ontypes of testosterone exposure, what type is likely to be related to increased spatial ability?
anabolic steroid increas spatial performance during adolescence & adulthood
Prenatal expo to testoster is likely to relate to better spatial performanc
increase in testost production during puberty boosts spatial ability in boy
high testost lvls in adults is related 2 increased spatial performan in b&g
58
Which of the following statements describes the status of mathematical performance for women and men?
Men higher math test scores, women better grades elm-college
Men higher math ability and better grades in math courses from elem to coll
Boys higher test and grades, Jr high onward women better scores and grades
Men higher test scores, fades in jr high, equals out in college
59
On what type of spatial tasks do women usually outperform men?
remembering the placement of objects
both a and c
rapid identification of matching objects
estimating arrival time of objects moving in space
60
Small gender-related differences in cognitive abilities
can produce larger differences in achievement
cannot produce large perfo diff—without basic abili diff no perform dif pos
are diminished by workplace demands, which are similar for women and men.
both a and c.
61
Terman’s finding during the early 1900s that women and men score similarly on IQ tests
people still estimate men’s IQs as higher than women’s IQs.
both b and c
provoked educators, who began reforms to change education.
prompted educators to begin encouraging women to seek higher education.
62
Gender-related differences in mental abilities are _____, but differences in the choices that women & men make are ____.
small . . . .small
large . . . .large
large . . . .small
small . . . .large
63
In the general population, mathematical ability is
not equal for men and women, and women have an advantage
men’s and women’s ability is nothing more than a point for argument
equal for men and women.
not equal for men and women, and men have an advantage.
64
SAT shows higher average scores for the young men than for the young women who take the Math subtest, This may reflect
brain develop in the R hemisphere, leads to better male performance in math
a test format that favors men
all of the above
women taking more math courses than men
65
Small gender-related differences in cognitive abilities, such as verbal or quantitative ability
are often ignored in the classroom.
can be magnified through gender-stereo expectations of teachers and parents
are rarely noticed by children and do influence self-concept.
noticed by parents who encourage their daughters but not their talented son
66
Women’s and men’s scores on early intelligence tests
contradicted the view that women have lower intelligence than men.
confirmed the view of the time that women have lower intelligence than men.
confirmed the view that men have lower intelligence than women.
contradicted the view that there is no difference between the intelligence
67
When asked to remember a list,
girls memory was better than boys, but men’s memory was better than women’s
the labeling of the task and the gender of the learner influenced learning.
men’s memory performance was faster but not better than women’s performance
no gender differences appeared
68
The definition of spatial ability has included the ability to
all of the above
locate figures embedded in a larger figure.
perceive spatial patterns.
mentally manipulate objects.
visualize objects.
69
women perform poorly on a math test after hearing that women do worse on this test than men do, _____ has shown an effec
male superiority
stereotype threat
a negative reinforcement gradient
reverse discrimination
70
Parents explain the math achieve of their sons in terms of ___ and use _____ as an explanation of their daughters succes
hard work . . . . natural talent
hard work . . . . hard work
natural talent . . . . hard work
natural talent . . . . natural talent
71
On tests of memory involving verbal material __________, and when the material to be memorized is spatial __________.
women have a small advantage . . . . men have a small advantage
women have a small advantage . . . . no gender differences appear
no gender differences appear . . . . men have a small advantage
no gender differences appear . . . . no gender differences appear

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