What challenges the basic-level category bias?

It is easier to answer if a face belongs to someone than if a face is human, Dog experts prefer specific breed names

How well do amnesic patients perform on explicit memory tests?

Worse than non-amnesic patients, their explicit memory is not intact

Which theory of speech production says when words activate, words connected by semantic similarity also activate?

Dell's spreading activation theory (1986)

Patterson et al.'s distributed-plus-hub theory of concept organisation states which of the following?

Hubs and spokes are in the anterior temporal lobe, Hubs are concepts and spokes are additional information

What is the purpose of hubs and spokes in distributed-plus-hub theory?

Detecting semantic similarity of concepts w/unique modality-specific traits, Integrating data across sensory modalities

Which is an attribute of speaking, compared to writing or singing?

Generally minimal planning time

What is an advantage to augmented cognition like neural nets and deep neural networks?

Prioritises abnormal cases in medical imaging

Which statement about the encoding-specificity principle is NOT correct?

Memory performance worsens when encoding and retrieval contexts match

When would the fusiform face area activate for cars?

If an autistic person has a hyperfixation on cars, If the person is an expert on cars

Which statements about exogenous attention are true?

Attention shifts are survival-oriented, Bottom-up processing occurs

What is NOT a strength of the WEAVER++ model of speech production?

Neuropsychological data from anomic patients is inconsistent with the model, Can't explain errors better explained by parallel processing

Smith, Shoben & Rips' feature comparison model of semantic memory assumes:

Features are either defining or characteristic, Decisions are made by determining how similar subjects and predicates are

How do you interrupt automatic holistic processing in composite faces?

Inverting the face, Misaligning features

How does Tarr's multiple views theory propose viewpoint invariance develops?

It develops when we are familiarised to objects' other viewpoints

Which target objects are easier to find in visual search tasks?

Targets visually distinct from distractors

Warrington and Shallice's Patient JBR demonstrated:

Impaired knowledge of living things, Impaired knowledge of musical instruments, Intact knowledge of nonliving things, Intact knowledge of body parts

What hinders decision-making?

High cognitive load, Inattentional blindness

How does a visual stimulus get encoded into the phonological loop?

Subvocal rehearsal, Vocal rehearsal

Collins & Quillian's hierarchical network model assumes cognitive economy. How does this apply to the concept of 'dog'?

"A dog barks" is stored at the level of dog, "A dog eats" is stored at the level of animal

Which is NOT evidence which supports the distributed-plus-hub theory?

Patients' impairments aren't necessarily perceptual or functional knowledge

Which statement about the fusiform face area in the brain is correct?

It activates for faces and objects of expertise

Sentence verification tasks ask subjects to judge the truth of statements. Which is correct?

Property attribute sentences involve "x has y" statements, Set inclusion sentences involve "a is b" statements

Which of the following are the purposes of visual attention?

Finding/binding, Favouring/biasing, Filtering

Conrad (1972) argues reaction times in sentence verification tasks can be explained by cognitive economy.

False, Conrad argues data are explained by concept-property co-occurrence

How does the levels of processing framework apply to non-word objects?

Worse, because there's nothing to be semantically encoded

In which order does Marr's theory of vision propose that object recognition occurs?

Primal sketch, 2.5D sketch, 3D sketch

Which statement about face processing in autism is NOT correct?

FFA activation for faces is the same between autistic/non-autistic people

Which is an example of discrete serial processing?

Putting socks on, then putting soes on

Which statements are correct? Automatic processes are:

Unavoidable and habitual, Not attentionally demanding or available to consciousness

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Questions 91

Answers

1
What challenges the basic-level category bias?
It is easier to answer if a face belongs to someone than if a face is human
"I patted the cat" is more common than "I patted the Cornish rex"
"I sat on a chair" is more common than "I sat on a chaise lounge"
Dog experts prefer specific breed names
2
/k/ is a morpheme, while '-ed' is a phoneme.
True
False
3
How well do amnesic patients perform on explicit memory tests?
As well as non-amnesic patients, their explicit memory is intact
Better than non-amnesic patients, their explicit memory is better
Amnesic patients are never given explicit memory tests
Worse than non-amnesic patients, their explicit memory is not intact
4
Which theory of speech production says when words activate, words connected by semantic similarity also activate?
Dell's spreading activation theory (1986)
Levelt et al.'s WEAVER++ model (1999)
5
Patterson et al.'s distributed-plus-hub theory of concept organisation states which of the following?
Hubs and spokes are in the anterior temporal lobe
Hubs and spokes are in the occiptal lobe
Spokes are concepts and hubs are additional information
Hubs are concepts and spokes are additional information
6
Cognitive neuroscience makes inferences on cognition by studying brain-damaged patients.
False
True
7
I can't read irregular words well and I regularise them. I can read nonwords. What do I have?
Nothing
Phonological dyslexia
Surface dyslexia
Deep dyslexia
8
Which bottleneck model of attention is this?
Broadbent's filter model
Deutsch and Deutsch's late selection model
Johnston and Heinz's flexible bottleneck view
Treisman's attentuation model
9
According to Collins and Quillian, which sentence would have the fastest reaction time?
"A cat is a feline"
"A shark eats fish"
"A child is an animal"
"A tame rat is an animal"
10
What kind of note-taking best allows for deeper levels of processing?
Generative note-taking
Non-generative note-taking
11
What is the purpose of hubs and spokes in distributed-plus-hub theory?
Detecting semantic similarity of concepts w/unique modality-specific traits
Integrating data across sensory modalities
Nothing, they're for decorative purposes
12
Which is an attribute of speaking, compared to writing or singing?
Generally minimal planning time
Prior memorisation always occurs
No turn-taking is involved
Previously communicated content is always accessible
13
What is an advantage to augmented cognition like neural nets and deep neural networks?
Prioritises abnormal cases in medical imaging
Underuse leads to alert fatigue
Overuse leads to too much trust
Biases transferred by programmer
14
Which statement about the encoding-specificity principle is NOT correct?
Memory performance worsens when encoding and retrieval contexts match
Memory performance improves when encoding and retrieval contexts match
15
When would the fusiform face area activate for cars?
If an autistic person has a hyperfixation on cars
Never
Always
If the person is an expert on cars
16
These memory tests test which kind of memory?
Implicit memory
Explicit memory
17
Which statements about exogenous attention are true?
Attention shifts are survival-oriented
Top-down processing occurs
Attention shifts are task-oriented
Bottom-up processing occurs
18
What is NOT a strength of the WEAVER++ model of speech production?
Neuropsychological data from anomic patients is inconsistent with the model
Redirects focus from "how" to timing of language production
Models speech production progression at all stages
Can't explain errors better explained by parallel processing
19
Smith, Shoben & Rips' feature comparison model of semantic memory assumes:
Features are defining only
Features are either defining or characteristic
Decisions are made by determining how different subjects and predicates are
Decisions are made by determining how similar subjects and predicates are
20
How do you interrupt automatic holistic processing in composite faces?
Yelling really loudly
Looking at another face
Inverting the face
Misaligning features
21
How does Tarr's multiple views theory propose viewpoint invariance develops?
It doesn't
It develops when we are familiarised to objects' other viewpoints
It develops automatically
It develops subconsciously
22
Which target objects are easier to find in visual search tasks?
Targets semantically similar to distractors
Target objects are never easier to find than distractors
Targets visually distinct from distractors
Targets visually similar to distractors
23
In Norman & Shallice's (1986) attentional control model, what prioritises reading over colour-naming in a Stroop test?
Supervisory attentional system
Action schemas
Central executive
Contention scheduling
24
What is NOT an advantage of heuristics in decision-making?
Discounts logical reasoning
Reduces effort
Can outperform general knowledge
Reduces decision-making time
25
Warrington and Shallice's Patient JBR demonstrated:
Impaired knowledge of living things
Impaired knowledge of musical instruments
Intact knowledge of nonliving things
Intact knowledge of body parts
26
What hinders decision-making?
Minimal distraction
High cognitive load
Inattentional blindness
A low cognitive load
27
How does a visual stimulus get encoded into the phonological loop?
Articulatory suppression
Subvocal rehearsal
Directly
Vocal rehearsal
28
Which is not a processing effect in face recognition?
Mandela effect
Part-whole effect
Composite effect
Face-inversion effect
29
The part-whole effect makes it easier to recognise individual features when they are seen:
The part-whole effect doesn't affect feature recognition
On their own
On a face
With another feature
30
A linguistic hedge that contains a feature that is both defining and characteristic to a concept is:
Technically false
False
True
Technically true
31
Collins & Quillian's hierarchical network model assumes cognitive economy. How does this apply to the concept of 'dog'?
"A dog eats" is stored at the level of dog
"A dog barks" is stored at the level of dog
"A dog barks" is stored at the level of animal
"A dog eats" is stored at the level of animal
32
Which is NOT evidence which supports the distributed-plus-hub theory?
Patients with semantic dementia had ATL degeneration
Patients' impairments aren't necessarily perceptual or functional knowledge
Congruency effect in naming tasks eliminated by TMS applied to ATL
Left ATL is important for verbal concepts ("kangaroos live in Australia")
33
Craik & Lockhart consider the shallowest form of processing to be:
Phonological processing
Visual processing
Semantic processing
34
Which statement about the fusiform face area in the brain is correct?
It activates for faces only
It activates for objects only
It activates for faces and objects of expertise
It activates for faces and all objects
35
Sentence verification tasks ask subjects to judge the truth of statements. Which is correct?
Property attribute sentences involve "x has y" statements
Set inclusion sentences involve "a is b" statements
Property attribute sentences involve "a is b" statements
Set inclusion sentences involve "x has y" statements
36
Which of the following are the purposes of visual attention?
Finding/binding
Seeing
Favouring/biasing
Filtering
37
Marr's theory of vision proposes that visually perceived objects are comprised of geons.
False
True
38
Which is affected by changes in environmental contexts?
Recall
Recognition
39
Conrad (1972) argues reaction times in sentence verification tasks can be explained by cognitive economy.
False, Conrad argues data are explained by concept-property co-occurrence
True, because memory retrieval requires more level ascension
40
Covert attention occurs when the eyes aren't directed to the stimuli of focus.
False
True
41
Which component in Baddeley's working memory model stores and manipulates spatial and visual information?
Visuospatial sketchpad
Phonological loop
Episodic buffer
Central executive
42
How does the levels of processing framework apply to non-word objects?
Worse, because there's nothing to be semantically encoded
Better, because there's no words to remember
43
Which division of long-term memory is specialised to trivia-based information?
Semantic memory
Procedural memory
Declarative memory
Episodic memory
44
In which order does Marr's theory of vision propose that object recognition occurs?
3D sketch, 2.5D sketch, primal sketch
2.5D sketch, primal sketch, 3D sketch
Primal sketch, 2.5D sketch, 3D sketch
2.5D sketch, 3D sketch, primal sketch
45
Which statement about face processing in autism is NOT correct?
Eye movements preferentially focus on non-eye features during processing
FFA activation occurs for items which pertain to a hyperfixation
There is no inversion effect for faces
FFA activation for faces is the same between autistic/non-autistic people
46
What type of stimuli has direct access to the phonological loop?
Auditory
Smelly
Olfactory
Visual
47
According to Caravolas et al. (2013), languages with transparent orthographies take LONGER to learn.
False
True
48
Which is an example of discrete serial processing?
Filling in missing letters in words
Putting socks on, then putting soes on
Turning to look for the cause of a loud noise
Talking to a passenger while driving
49
Are multitaskers better at shifting attention?
Multitaskers don't exist
No
Reseach is inconclusive
Yes
50
Which statements are correct? Automatic processes are:
Unavoidable and habitual
Avoidable and not habitual
Attentionally demanding and available to consciousness
Not attentionally demanding or available to consciousness
51
What are Miyake's (2000) executive functions?
Inhibiting, shifting, updating
Inhibiting, ignoring, updating
Inhibiting, shifting, ignoring
Ignoring, shifting, updating
52
Which theory states surface dyslexia impairs the lexical route, forcing overreliance on nonlexical routes?
Connectionist triangle model
Dual-route cascaded model
53
What does it mean for a concept to have a high family resemblance score?
It is very similar to the prototype
It is a prototype
It is not similar to the prototype
54
Which statements about endogenous attention are true?
Bottom-up processing occurs
Attention shifts are survival-oriented
Top-down processing occurs
Attention shifts are task-oriented
55
How long is verbal information stored in the phonological loop?
2 - 2.5 seconds
1.5 - 2 seconds
1 - 1.5 seconds
Less than a second
56
What are the components of a problem?
Constraints
Goal state
Initial state
Untold procedure
57
Autistic people process faces differently. Which statement is true?
They perform well in face tasks, and have the same processing mechanisms
They perform well in face tasks, and have different processing mechanisms
They have deficits in face tasks, and have the same processing mechanisms
They have deficits in face tasks, and have different processing mechanisms
58
Which is NOT an example of generative note-taking?
Writing the lecturer's main points
Writing everything the lecturer says
Summarising from course notes
Mind mapping ideas relating to the same point
59
Which stage in feature integration theory requires conscious attention?
Focused attention stage
Neither stage
Prattentive stage
Both stages
60
What characterises an expert, according to Stemberg & Ben-Zeev (2001)?
They find out what they are missing to solve the problem
They have large domain-specific, organised and interconnected schemas
They know when to discard a strategy
They're smart
61
Which is NOT a weakness of sentence verification tasks in research?
Data aided the development of theories in semantic memory
It is uncertain if data reflect semantic memory structure or task process
It is uncertain if meaning recognition always indicates object recognition
Same data can be explained by multiple theories
62
Where do Norman & Shallice assume the supervisory attentional system is in the brain?
Prefrontal cortex
Cerebral cortex
Frontal lobe
Thalamus
63
Considering Baddeley's working memory model, which statements are correct?
2 tasks using different components can be performed together
2 tasks using the same components can be performed together
2 tasks using the same components can't be performed together
2 tasks using different components can't be performed together
64
A pattern of results that show one impaired and one intact cognitive ability is a...
Case study
Case series
Single dissociation
Double dissociation
65
Collins & Loftus' spreading activation model cannot account for:
How negative judgments are made
The within-category typicality effect
The lack of a hierarchical effect
The semantic priming effect
66
Dual-task performance will be more successful if:
The tasks have different stimulus and response modalities
The tasks have the same stimulus but different response modalities
The tasks have different stimulus but the same response modalities
The tasks have the same stimulus and response modalities
67
Biederman's recognition-by-components theory says object recognition is viewpoint invariant. What does this mean?
Recognition occurs from limited angles
Recognition occurs from one angle only
Recognition occurs from all angles
68
Why do amnesic patients generally perform well on implicit memory tests?
They don't
They're good at guessing
Because the answers don't rely on context clues
Because the tests are easier
69
Which of the following is NOT a network model of semantic memory?
Collins and Quillian's hierarchical network model
Treismen's attenuation model
Smith, Shoben and Rips' feature comparison model
Collins and Loftus' spreading activation model
70
Assuming all autistic people are savants is an example of the heuristic of:
Anchoring and adjustment
Base-rate neglect
Availability
Representativeness
71
What kind of reasoning am I using if I infer the case from the rules and results?
None of these
Abductive reasoning
Inductive reasoning
Deductive reasoning
72
According to Grice (1967), frowning is what kind of gesture?
It is a prosodic cue
Adaptor
Regulator
Affect display
73
What describes a brain area that has domain specificity?
It exclusively processes a domain of stimuli
It selectively processes a category of stimuli
74
The feature comparison model of semantic memory posits the fastest reaction time occurs when:
The subject and predicate's overall similarity is indeterminate
The subject and predicate's defining features lead to a conclusion
The subject and predicate's overall similarity leads to a conclusion
None of these
75
What supports the interactive activation model of visual word recognition?
Transposed letter priming effect
Cambridge email
Noisy slot assumption
Word superiority effect
76
Which is NOT a type of deductive reasoning?
Categorical deduction (if some/all A is/isn't B, some/all a are/aren't C)
Causal inference (degree of association = likelihood events co-occur)
Conditional reasoning (if P then Q. P/not Q, therefore Q/not P)
Linear deductions (if A and B are true, then C)
77
A patient with damage to the left posterior temporal lobe speaks fluently, but it lacks meaning. What could this be?
Wernicke's aphasia
Broca's aphasia
78
How does Warrington & Shallice's perceptual function theory find concepts are differentiated?
Nonliving things are differentiated by perceptual properties (like colour)
Living things are differentiated by functional properties (like purpose)
Living things are differentiated by perceptual properties (like colour)
Nonliving things are differentiated by functional properties (like purpose)
79
What does Logan's instance theory say about automaticity?
Logan's instance theory doesn't say anything about automaticity
More encounters with stimuli stored in memory lead to automaticity
More encounters with stimuli stored in memory don't lead to automaticity
Fewer encounters with stimuli stored in memory lead to automaticity
80
I'm scanning everybody wearing red to find Wally. What kind of visual attention am I using?
Feature-based attention
Spatial attention
Object-based attention
Overt attention
81
The dual-process theory argues that conscious/manual and unconscious/automatic systems run in parallel.
True
False
82
Which is NOT a feature of natural categories?
Independent dimensions
Ill-defined boundaries
Occurs in natural language
Often mutually exclusionary dimensions
83
Easier to read content is characterised by:
Short fixations, long saccade lengths
Long fixations, short saccade lengths
More regressions, lower WPM
Fewer regressions, higher WPM
84
Which risk-taking theory says decisions are made by weighing possible losses against possible gains?
Descriptive decision theory
Expected utility theory
Normative decision theory
Prospect theory
85
What is a strategy we use to minimise processing demands in language production?
Over-specification
Under-specification
Pre-formulation
Post-formulation
86
What increases the likelihood of speech errors?
Phrase simplicity
Feeling alert
Feeling fatigued
Phrase complexity
87
Which type of processing involves environmental stimuli influencing processing?
Parallel
Bottom-up
Cascaded
Top-down
88
Where do Deutsch and Deutsch consider the bottleneck in attention to be?
As early as possible
After the attenuator
At response selection
After the selective filter
89
I am looking directly at my lecturer while I listen to this week's lecture. What kind of visual attention is this?
Overt attention
Covert attention
90
Which statement supports recognition-by-components theory?
It doesn't explain how we can tell apart individuals within categories
Other studies also found geons were important to object recognition
Sometimes object recognition is viewpoint-dependent
We recognise clouds, which have no geons
91
What is associated with the semantic level of speech production?
What individual morphemes mean
What phrases and words mean
How phonemes are vocalised
How words are arranged logically and structurally

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