Final Exam Semester 2 Vocabulary

Mutation that shifts the “reading frame” of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide

Transcription:  synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template

Area where an organism lives including the biotic and abiotic factors that affect it

Harmful material that can enter the biosphere through the land, air, or water

Gene mutation in which a single base pair in DNA has been changed

In prokaryotes group of adjacent genes that shares a common operator and promoter and are transcribed into a single mRNA

Chart that shows the presence/absence of a trait according to the relationships within family across several generations

Splitting of ecosystems into pieces

A group of homeotic genes clustered together that determine the head to tail identity of body parts in animals

Growth pattern in which a population’s growth slows and then stops following a period of exponential growth

Enzyme that cuts DNA at a sequence of nucleotides

Organisms that live attached to or near the bottom of lakes, streams, or oceans

A series of steps in an ecosystem in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten

Largest and most inclusive group in classification

Class of regulatory genes that determine the identity of body parts and regions in an animal embryo.

Short DNA region, binds repressor proteins responsible for controlling the rate of transcription of the operon

Single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose

Process by which a gene produces its product and the product carries out its function

Principle that bonds in DNA can form only between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine

Which is the decomposer?

Number of times that an allele occurs in a gene pool compared with the number of alleles in that pool for the same gene

Introduction of double-stranded RNA into a cell to inhibit gene expression

Study of whole genomes, including genes and their functions

Structures that are similar in different species of common ancestry.

Body parts that share a common function, but not structure.

Group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to the three bases of a codon of mRNA

Enzyme that links together the growing chain of RNA nucleotides during transcription using a DNA strand as a template

First species to populate an area during succession

Process in which cells become specialized in structure and function

Chemical or physical agents in the environment that interact with DNA and may cause a mutation

Repetitive DNA at the end of a eukaryotic chromosome

Group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area

Process by which the sequence of bases of an mRNA is converted into the sequence of amino acids of a protein

Classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name

Application of mathematics and computer science to store, retrieve, and analyze biological data

Long chain of amino acids that makes proteins

Which is the detritivore?

Trait controlled by one gene that has two alleles:

In classification, a group of similar genera

In classification, a group of closely related orders

Growth pattern in which the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate

A larger, more inclusive taxonomic category than a kingdom

The process in which certain gases trap sunlight energy in Earth’s atmosphere as heat

Single species that is not usually abundant in a community yet exerts strong control on the structure of a community

Each step in a food chain or food web

Genes that code transcription factors that activate other genes that are important in cell development/differentiation

Type of RNA that carries each amino acid to a ribosome during protein synthesis

Strategy for using natural resources w/o depleting them & for providing human needs w/o causing long-term envr. harm

Process of copying DNA prior to cell division

Chromosome that is not a sex chromosome; also called autosomal chromosome

All the organisms that live in a place, together with their nonliving environment

Micrograph of the complete diploid set of chromosomes grouped together in pairs, arranged in order of decreasing size

Entire set of genetic information that an organism carries in its DNA

Which is the omnivore?

In classification, a group of closely related families

Which is the carnivore?

Structure that is inherited from ancestors but has lost much or all of its original function.

Type of RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes

Scientific study of crime scene evidence

Change in the genetic material of a cell

One of two chromosomes that determines an individual’s sex

In classification, a group of closely related classes

Assemblage of different populations that live together in a defined area

Number of individuals per unit area

Network of complex interactions formed by the feeding relationships among the various organisms in an ecosystem

Principle enzyme involved in DNA replication

Type of RNA that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA

Sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein

A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring:

Procedure used to separate and analyze DNA fragments

All the genes, including all the different alleles for each gene, that are present in a population at any one time:

Group of three nucleotide bases in mRNA that specify a particular amino acid to be incorporated onto a protein

Codons on mRNA, each which directs the incorporation of a particular amino acid into a protein during protein synthesis

Process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria

Error in meiosis in which the homologous chromosomes fail to separate properly

A gene located on a sex chromosome

Which is the herbivore?

Group of closely related species; the first part of the scientific name in binomial nomenclature

Trait controlled by two or more genes:

Change over time; the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms.

Farming strategy of planting a single, highly productive crop year after year

Expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein

Which layer of the atmosphere holds the Ozone layer?

Condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes

Kind of virus that infects bacteria

Specific region of a gene where RNA polymerase can bind and begin transcription