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AP Psych: Dec. Final Review Flashcards | StudBud
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AP Psych: Dec. Final Review
AP Psych: Dec. Final Review
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1
To confirm results, another researcher repeats a memory experiment using the same methods. What is this process called?
replication
validation
meta-analysis
generalizability
2
In a study, actors pretend to be participants to influence real subjects' behavior. What are these actors called?
research confederates
peer reviewers
independent variables
research assistants
3
What term describes a measure showing the relationship between two variables without proving causation?
hypothesis
experiment
correlation
null hypothesis
4
Andy learns that brain cells support neurons by providing nutrients and removing waste. What are these cells called?
sensory neurons
glial cells
interneurons
motor neurons
5
Jack keeps watching a boring movie because he paid for the ticket. What bias explains his decision?
representativeness heuristic
overconfidence
gambler's fallacy
sunk-cost fallacy
6
What is the range of the numbers 3, 7, 1, 9, and 4?
4
8
9
4.8
7
During a survey, Ivy answers in a way that makes her look good, not honestly. What bias explains this?
social desirability
sampling bias
wording effect
confirmation bias
8
Kari recalls the route to her home without consciously thinking about it. What type of memory process is this?
working memory
automatic processing
effortful processing
episodic memory
9
After losing vision, Mike can still avoid obstacles without conscious awareness. What phenomenon explains this?
prosopagnosia
change blindness
inattentional blindness
blindsight
10
In a study, ants follow a chemical trail left by others to find food. What type of chemical communication is this?
neurotransmitters
hormones
enzymes
pheromones
11
After weeks of drinking coffee, Jake needs more to feel the same energy boost. What is this phenomenon called?
withdrawal
addiction
tolerance
dependence
12
Nate experiences a feeling of satiety. Which hormone is likely responsible for this feeling?
oxytocin
melatonin
ghrelin
leptin
13
Ava keeps using the same math formula that worked in the past, though it doesn’t work for a new problem. Explanation?
heuristic
functional fixedness
perceptual set
mental set
14
After a brain injury, Sarah loses her temper quickly and screams at people. Which brain structure is affected?
amygdala
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
hippocampus
15
What ensures participants are equally likely to be in any group, reducing bias in an experiment?
random sampling
double-blind procedure
single-blind procedure
random assignment
16
On a math test, most students score high, but a few score very low. What shape describes this distribution?
positive skew
negative skew
bimodal distribution
normal distribution
17
After practicing the piano daily, Brian's neurons strengthen their connections. What process explains this?
synaptic gaps
neurogenesis
action potential
long-term potentiation
18
Jake recalls that Paris is the capital of France. Which type of long-term memory is he using?
episodic memory
conditioned memory
procedural memory
semantic memory
19
Bill experiences muscle weakness due to reduced communication at the neuromuscular junction. What disorder is this?
Parkinson's disease
bipolar disorder
multiple sclerosis
myasthenia gravis
20
While studying, Reva thinks about how she learns best and adjusts her strategies. What cognitive process is this?
insight
encoding
recall
metacognition
21
Cora visualizes a map in her mind to plan a route. Which part of working memory handles this task?
central executive
acoustic encoding
phonological loop
visuospatial sketchpad
22
After wearing perfume, Jenny stops noticing the scent over time. What explains this reduced sensitivity?
sensory interaction
perceptual set
mental set
sensory adaptation
23
At a noisy party, Betty hears her name mentioned across the room and focuses on that conversation. What is this called?
inattentional blindness
cocktail party effect
Gestalt principles
sound localization
24
After staring at a green square, Max sees a red afterimage. Which theory of color vision explains this?
opponent-process theory
retinal disparity
triarchic theory
just-noticeable difference
25
While falling asleep, Blake feels like he's falling and jerks awake. What are these sensations called?
REM rebound
somnambulism
sleep spindles
hypnagogic sensations
26
Tara studies for her exam over several days instead of cramming the night before. What learning strategy is she using?
testing effect
serial position effect
distributed practice
massed practice
27
A neuron fires completely or not at all when reaching threshold, like a light switch. What explains this?
depolarization
refractory period
all-or-none principle
absolute threshold
28
Lily learns a dolphin is a mammal, not a fish, and adjusts her schema. What cognitive process is this?
habituation
assimilation
accomodation
conservation
29
Mary plans her day, prioritizes tasks, and solves problems effectively. Which cognitive abilities enable this?
executive functions
semantic memory
implicit memory
procedural memory
30
After losing his arm, Aiden feels pain and itching where his arm used to be. What phenomenon explains this?
sensory adaptation
neural plasticity
gate-control theory
phantom limb sensation
31
John remembers the last items on a shopping list better than the middle ones. What memory phenomenon explains this?
spacing effect
primacy effect
law of effect
recency effect
32
Ava's eyes adjust their lens shape to focus on a nearby book, then a distant clock. What process allows this?
adaptation
accomodation
transduction
assimilation
33
After an injury, Mia's brain adapts by forming new connections to regain lost functions. What concept explains this?
contralateral hemispheric organization
brain plasticity
lesioning
cortex specialization
34
Researchers measure Stella's brain waves to study her brain activity during sleep. Which tool do they use?
EEG
lesion
PET
CT
35
After spinning, Jolene feels dizzy due to fluid movement in part of her inner ear. Which structure causes this?
semicircular canals
anvil
hammer
cochlea
36
Omar speaks fluently but his sentences lack meaning, and he struggles to understand others. What condition does he have?
REM sleep behavior disorder
Broca's aphasia
multiple sclerosis
Wernicke's aphasia
37
When feeling sad, Lisa easily recalls other sad moments from her past. What memory phenomenon explains this?
context-dependent memory
mood-congruent memory
flashbulb memory
state-dependent memory
38
Amina struggles to differentiate red from green but sees other colors normally. Which condition explains this?
monochromatism
farsightedness
dichromatism
nearsightedness
39
To study therapy effectiveness, Tamera reviews and combines data from multiple studies. What research method is this?
meta-analysis
correlation
experiment
longitudinal
40
Maria quickly solves a new puzzle without prior knowledge. What type of intelligence is she using?
fluid intelligence
emotional intelligence
crystallized intelligence
grit
41
Anna notices her music volume change only when it increases by 10%. What principle explains this?
synesthesia
Weber's law
signal detection theory
absolute threshold
42
Bri sees an alligator in her yard. Which system calms the body and conserves energy after a stress response?
sympathetic nervous system
central nervous system
endocrine system
parasympathetic nervous system
43
After a brain injury, Jake has trouble staying awake and alert. Which brain structure is likely damaged?
reticular activating system
cerebellum
thalamus
medulla
44
James decides to move his arm to catch a ball. Which part of the nervous system controls this voluntary movement?
parasympathetic nervous system
somatic nervous system
autonomic nervous system
sympathetic nervous system
45
A study finds a p-value of 0.03, suggesting results are unlikely due to chance. What concept does this represent?
standardization
statistical significance
validity
reliability
46
After a traumatic event, Kya unconsciously blocks the memory and can't recall it. What defense mechanism explains this?
regression
reaction formation
repression
projection
47
After a brain injury, Luca can recall his past but struggles to form new memories. What condition does he have?
anterograde amnesia
retrograde amnesia
Alzheimer's disease
infantile amnesia
48
After pulling an all-nighter, Sam sleeps deeply to recover. Which sleep theory explains this?
activation synthesis
triarchic
memory consolidation
restoration
49
A small area in the retina of the eye where there are no photoreceptor cells, resulting in a lack of visual perception
blind spot
retinal disparity
linear perspective
peripheral vision
50
After a brain injury, Amy's basic life functions like heartbeat and breathing are affected. What brain area is involved?
brainstem
hypothalamus
limbic system
cerebral cortex
51
Angie remembers she needs to call her doctor tomorrow. What type of memory involves planning future actions?
short-term memory
iconic memory
prospective memory
explicit memory
52
Pam sees a cloud as a dog after her friend mentions animals. What mental predisposition is influencing her perception?
mental set
perceptual set
monocular depth cues
visual perceptual constancy
53
Kylie hears a faint ticking clock from across the room. What concept explains the minimum stimulus she can detect?
transduction
just-noticeable difference
Weber's law
absolute threshold
54
Kevin stores sensory info briefly, transfers it to short-term memory, then long-term memory. Which model explains this?
implicit memory model
retrieval model
multi-store memory
levels of processing model
55
While tasting a savory soup, Gia detects a rich, meaty flavor. Which taste sensation is she experiencing?
bitter
salty
sweet
umami
56
Tom remembers his speech by visualizing each point in rooms of his house. Which memory strategy is he using?
method of loci
mnemonic devices
chunking
semantic encoding
57
Which perspective studies how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information?
cognitive
biopsychosocial
psychodynamic
behavioral
58
After drinking coffee, Ted feels more alert and energetic. Which type of drug is he experiencing?
depressant
opiate
stimulant
hallucinogen
59
Axel hears a low-pitched sound, explained by the rate of nerve impulses matching the sound's frequency. Theory?
frequency theory
place theory
gate-control theory
opponent-process theory
60
While eating, Dani enjoys flavors from taste and smell working together. Which group of senses does this involve?
chemical senses
vestibular senses
auditory senses
kinesthetic senses
61
A psychologist conducts interviews to explore patients' emotions and experiences. What research is this?
quantitative research
correlational research
qualitative research
experiment
62
When sleep deprived during finals week, teens become susceptible to viral infections due to lack of stage __ sleep.
4
3
1
2
63
Sara distinguishes between a high violin note and a low cello note. What auditory property allows this?
pitch
amplitude
frequency
timbre
64
Birds with better camouflaged feathers survive predators and pass on their genes. What principle explains this?
eugenics
behavioral genetics
natural selection
evolutionary adaptation
65
After taking a drug, Mila experiences vivid hallucinations and distorted perceptions. Which drug is she likely using?
LSD
heroin
barbiturates
nicotine
66
After surgery to stop seizures, Dwight's brain hemispheres can’t communicate. What structure was severed?
cerebellum
corpus callosum
thalamus
medulla
67
During REM sleep, Leah’s brain is active, but her body is immobile. What is this state called?
NREM stage 2
NREM stage 3
paradoxical sleep
alpha waves
68
Mark suddenly falls asleep during a conversation, unable to control it. What sleep disorder does he likely have?
sleep apnea
narcolepsy
REM sleep behavior disorder
insomnia
69
After visualizing a childhood event repeatedly, Isla believes it actually happened. What memory error explains this?
imagination inflation
source amnesia
availability heuristic
memory consolidation
70
After a brain injury, Mia struggles to process sounds and understand speech. Which brain area is likely affected?
frontal lobe
parietal lobe
temporal lobe
occipital lobe
71
After an unusually bad test score, Alan's next score is closer to his average. What statistical concept explains this?
correlational coefficients
standard deviation
regression toward the mean
random assignment
72
From a mountain, Jill notices distant objects appear hazy while nearby ones are clear. What depth cue explains this?
texture gradient
relative clarity
linear perspective
interposition
73
Which scan shows brain structure, and which shows brain activity by detecting blood flow?
MRI (activity), fMRI (structure)
MRI (structure), fMRI (activity)
Both show activity
Both show structure
74
After spinning, Emma feels dizzy as her body struggles to regain balance. Which sense is responsible for this?
olfactory sense
vestibular sense
kinesthetic sense
gustation
75
At night, Jake sees shapes but struggles to see color. Which photoreceptors help him detect light in low conditions?
cones
visual nerve
rods
ganglion cells
76
What is the correct order of visual transduction in the eye?
Photoreceptor cells → Bipolar cells → Ganglion cells → Visual nerve
Visual nerve → Ganglion cells → Bipolar cells → Photoreceptor cells
Bipolar cells → Photoreceptor cells → Ganglion cells → Visual nerve
Ganglion cells → Bipolar cells → Photoreceptor cells → Visual nerve
77
Blake sees colors when he hears music, experiencing a blending of senses. What phenomenon explains this?
synesthesia
bottom-up processing
top-down processing
perceptual set
78
Sam dreams of flying over mountains. Which theory suggests dreams result from the brain making sense of neural signals?
activation-synthesis theory
restoration theory
opponent-process theory
Weber's law
79
Aria forgets her old password after learning a new one. What memory phenomenon explains this?
retrograde amnesia
anterograde amnesia
retroactive interference
proactive interference
80
Lou notices a greater difference between images from each eye when objects are closer. What depth cue explains this?
color constancy
relative size
interposition
retinal disparity
81
In a study on sleep and test scores, researchers vary the hours of sleep. Sleep is the
independent variable
dependent variable
confounding variable
third variable
82
What is the mean of the numbers 4, 7, 3, 6, and 5?
5
6
4
7
83
After several nights of poor sleep, Danny experiences vivid dreams when he finally gets rest. What explains this?
circadian rhythm
sleep debt
REM rebound
sleep apnea
84
Ivan's learning and memory improve with increased activity of this excitatory neurotransmitter. Which is it?
substance P
GABA
glutamate
endorphins
85
To measure intelligence, Dr. M gives Tim an IQ test, but Tim gets a different score each time.
This test is not reliable or valid.
This test is both reliable and valid.
This test is reliable, but not valid.
This test is valid, but not reliable.
86
Jeremy sees a white shirt as equally bright in sunlight and shade. What perceptual principle explains this?
stroboscopic movement
brightness constancy
relative color
size constancy
87
Sam improves his exam score with quizzes instead of rereading notes. What learning principle explains this?
testing effect
spacing effect
massed practice
distributed practice
88
Tina avoids flying after hearing about a plane crash, though it’s rare. What thinking error explains this?
confirmation bias
hindsight bias
representativeness heuristic
availability heuristic
89
A drug mimics serotonin, binding to its receptors and enhancing its effects. What type of drug is this?
agonist
reuptake inhibitor
hallucinogen
antagonist
90
Beth finds food tasteless when she has a cold and can’t smell. Which concept explains this experience?
sensory interaction
sensory adaptation
perceptual adaptation
top-down processing
91
After taking a calming medication, Mia's neurons fire less often. Which type of neurotransmitter is likely involved?
agonist
excitatory neurotransmitter
inhibitory neurotransmitter
antagonist
92
After taking a sugar pill he believes is medicine, Theo feels his headache improve. What phenomenon explains this?
double-blind procedure
placebo effect
experimenter bias
convenience sampling
93
What structure speeds up neural impulses by insulating axons?
dendrites
synapse
myelin sheath
soma
94
Daisy finds certain foods unbearably bitter due to her heightened taste sensitivity. What term describes her?
medium taster
supertaster
nontaster
gustation outlier
95
When Eva touches a hot stove, her hand jerks back before she feels pain. What process explains this quick reaction?
Motor pathway
Action potential
Synaptic transmission
Reflex arc
96
Which perspective focuses on self-actualization, free will, and personal growth?
humanistic
biological
cognitive
behavioral
97
A study on sleep and grades ignores stress levels, affecting results. What are these uncontrolled factors called?
confounding variables
operational definitions
independent variables
dependent variables
98
A neuron is inactive, with a stable negative charge inside. What is this state called?
resting potential
action potential
refractory period
depolarization
99
Liam struggles to see a paperclip as anything but for holding papers. What cognitive hinderance is he displaying?
functional fixedness
hindsight bias
sunk-cost fallacy
confirmation bias
100
When Lara touches a hot stove, her hand sends pain signals to her brain. Which type of neurons are responsible for this?
efferent neurons
interneurons
sensory neurons
motor neurons